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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY

THE AGE OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas Bulfinch

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Author's Preface

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If no other knowledge deserves to be called useful but that which helps to enlarge our possessions or to raise our station in society, then Mythology has no claim to the appellation. But if that which tends to make us happier and better can be called useful, then we claim that epithet for our subject. For Mythology is the handmaid of literature; and literature is one of the best allies of virtue and promoters of happiness.

¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ´Ã¸®°Å³ª »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§¸¦ ³ô¿©Áִµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» Áִ  Áö½Ä¸¸ÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ºÒ·ÁÁú °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ½ÅÈ­´Â ±× ÁöĪ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸òÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®¸¦ º¸´Ù ÇູÇϰÔ, ±×¸®°í º¸´Ù ³´°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â ÂÊÀ» À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù°í º»´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ±× ¸íĪÀº  ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ¸Â´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.  ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ½ÅÈ­´Â ¹®ÇÐÀÇ ½Ã³àÀ̸ç, ¹®ÇÐÀº °¡Àå µÎµå·¯Áø ´ö(Óì)ÀÇ µ¿¸ÍÀÚ Áß¿¡ ÇϳªÀ̸ç, ¶Ç ÇູÀÇ ÃËÁøÀÚÀ̱⵵ Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

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Without a knowledge of mythology much of the elegant literature of our own language cannot be understood and appreciated. When Byron calls Rome "the Niobe of nations," or says of Venice, "She looks a Sea-Cybele fresh from ocean," he calls up to the mind of one familiar with our subject, illustrations more vivid and striking than the pencil could furnish, but which are lost to the reader ignorant of mythology. Milton abounds in similar allusions. The short poem "Comus" contains more than thirty such, and the ode "On the Morning of the Nativity" half as many. Through "Paradise Lost" they are scattered profusely. This is one reason why we often hear persons by no means illiterate say that they cannot enjoy Milton. But were these persons to add to their more solid acquirements the easy learning of this little volume, much of the poetry of Milton which has appeared to them "harsh and crabbed" would be found "musical as is Apollo's lute." Our citations, taken from more than twenty-five poets, from Spenser to Longfellow, will show how general has been the practice of borrowing illustrations from mythology.The prose writers also avail themselves of the same source of elegant and suggestive illustration. One can hardly take up a number of the "Edinburgh" or "Quarterly Review" without meeting with instances. In Macaulay's article on Milton there are twenty such.

½ÅÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½Ä ¾øÀÌ´Â ¿ì¸®µéÀÇ ¾ð¾î·Î ¾º¾îÁø ±âǰ ÀÖ´Â ¹®ÇÐÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀÌÇØµÇ°Å³ª °¨»óµÇ¾î Áú ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.  ¹ÙÀÌ·±ÀÌ ·Î¸¶¸¦ "¿©·¯³ª¶óÀÇ ´Ï¿Àº£"¶ó°í ºÎ¸£°Å³ª, ȤÀº º£´Ï½º¸¦ "´ë¾ç(ÓÞåÇ)¿¡¼­ °«³ª¿Â ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ Å°º§·¹Ã³·³" À̶ó°í À¼¾úÀ» ¶§, ±×°¡ ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿Í Ä£¹ÐÇÑ °Í, ¿¬Çʷδ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ´õ¿í »ý»ýÇÏ°í ¶Ù¾î³­ ±×¸²µéÀ» ºÒ·¯´Ù ÁÖÁö¸¸, ½ÅÈ­¸¦ ¸ð¸£´Â µ¶Àڵ鿡°Õ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁ® ¹ö¸°´Ù. ¹ÐÅÏÀÇ ½Ã¿¡µµ ÀÌ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ ÀÎÀ¯(ìÚêç)°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ªÀº ½Ã "ÄÚ¸Ó½º"´Â  ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ»  ¼­¸¥ °³ ÀÌ»óÀ̳ª ´ã°í ÀÖ°í, "ź»ýÀÇ ¾ÆÄ§¿¡"¶ó´Â ¼Û½Ã(áèãÌ)´Â ±× Àý¹Ý Á¤µµ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. "½Ç¶ô¿ø" ¿©±â Àú±â¿¡µµ dzºÎÇÏ°Ô Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ °¡²û, °áÄÚ ¹®¸ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ¹ÐưÀº Àç¹Ì°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µè´Â ÀÌÀ¯ ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀοëµéÀº, ½ºÆæ¼­ºÎÅÍ ·ÕÆç·Î¿ì±îÁö ½º¹° ´Ù¼¸ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ½ÃÀεé·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡Á® ¿Â °ÍÀ¸·Î,  ½ÅÈ­·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¹½Ã¸¦ Â÷¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀϵéÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÈçÇѰ¡¸¦ º¸¿© ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ê¹® ÀÛ°¡µé ¶ÇÇÑ ±âǰÀÖ°í ÇÔÃ༺À» °¡Áø ²À °°Àº Ãâó¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿¹°¡ ¾ø´Â "¿¡µò¹ö±×"³ª "°è°£ ¼­Æò"À» ¹Þ¾Æ º¸±â´Â °ÅÀÇ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¸ÅÄ÷¹ÀÌÀÇ ¹Ðư¿¡ °üÇÑ ±â»ç¿¡´Â ½º¹« °¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

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¡¡But how is mythology to be taught to one who does not learn it through the medium of the languages of Greece and Rome? To devote study to a species of learning which relates wholly to false marvels and obsolete faiths is not to be expected of the general reader in a practical age like this. The time even of the young is claimed by so many sciences of facts and things that little can be spared for set treatises on a science of mere fancy.

ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×¸®½º³ª ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¾ð¾î¶ó´Â ¸Åü¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿©  ¹è¿ìÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÌ¿¡°Ô ¾î¶»°Ô ½ÅÈ­°¡ °¡¸£ÃÄ Áú °ÍÀΰ¡? ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï±âÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç°Çµé°ú ¼èÅðÇÏ¿© ¹ö¸° ½Å¾ÓÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Â ÇÑ ºÎ·ùÀÇ Çй®¿¡ ¸ôµÎÇÏ¿© °øºÎÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Áö±Ý°ú °°Àº ½Ç¸®ÀûÀÎ ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ç´Â ÀÏ¹Ý µ¶ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±â´ë µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ÀþÀºÀÌ µéÀÇ ½Ã°£Àº ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº »ç½Ç°ú »ç¹°µé¿¡ °üÇÑ Çй®¿¡ ºÙµé·Á À־ ´Ü¼øÇÑ °ø»óÀ¸·Î µÈ Çй®¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ³í¹®µé¿¡  ÇÒ¾ÖÇÒ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.

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But may not the requisite knowledge of the subject be acquired by reading the ancient poets in translations? We reply, the field is too extensive for a preparatory course; and these very translations require some previous knowledge of the subject to make them intelligible. Let any one who doubts it read the first page of the "AEneid," and see what he can make of "the hatred of Juno," the "decree of Parcae," the "judgement of Paris," and the "honors of Ganymede," without this knowledge.

ÇÏÁö¸¸  ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÌ, ¹ø¿ª¹°À» ÅëÇØ °í´ëÀÇ ½ÃÀεéÀ» ÀÐÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¾ò¾î Áú ¼ö´Â ¾øÀ»±î? ¿ì¸®´Â ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù: ±× ºÐ¾ß°¡ Áغñ °úÁ¤À¸·Î¼­´Â ³Ê¹« ³Ð´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ÀÌµé ¹ø¿ª¹°ÀÌ  ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ·Á¸é ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾à°£ÀÇ »çÀü Áö½ÄÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¶ó°í. ±×°ÍÀ» ÀǽÉÇÏ´Â À̵鿡°Ô "¾ÆÀ̳×À̵å"ÀÇ Ã¹ ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ ÀÐ¾î º¸°Ô Ç϶ó, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ Áö½ÄÀÌ ¾øÀÌ, "À¯³ëÀÇ Áõ¿À", "ÆÄ¸£Ä«ÀÇ ¸í·É", "ÆÄ¸®½ºÀÇ °áÁ¤", ±×¸®°í  "°¡´Ï¸Þµ¥½ºÀÇ ¿µ¿¹"¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö º¸¶ó.

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Shall we be told that answers to such queries may be found in notes, or by a reference to the Classical Dictionary? We reply, the interruption of one's reading by either process is so annoying that most readers prefer to let an allusion pass unapprehended rather than submit to it. Moreover, such sources give us only the dry facts without any of the charm of the original narrative; and what is a poetical myth when stripped of its poetry? The story of Ceyx and Halcyone, which fills a chapter in our book, occupies but eight lines in the best (Smith's) Classical Dictionary; and so of others.

±×·¯ÇÑ Áú¹®µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯µéÀÌ ÁÖ¼®À̳ª °íÀü¹®ÇÐ »çÀüÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿© ã¾Æ Áú ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù°í µè°Ô µÉ±î? ¿ì¸®´Â ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù: ¾çÂÊ °úÁ¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿© µ¶¼­°¡ ÁߴܵÊÀº ³Ê¹« Â¥Áõ½º·¯¿ö¼­ ´ë°³ÀÇ µ¶ÀÚµéÀº Â÷¶ó¸® ±× °Í¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â ÀοëÀ» ¸ð¸£´Â ä·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡·Á ÇÑ´Ù. ´õ±º´Ù³ª, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼³¸íµéÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´ÜÁö ¿ø·¡ À̾߱âÀÇ ¸Å·ÂÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÈ ¸Þ¸¶¸¥ »ç½Ç¸¸À» ÁÙ »ÓÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ½ÅÈ­¿¡¼­ ½Ã¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù¸é ½ÃÀûÀÎ ½ÅÈ­´Â µµ´ëü ¹«¾ùÀϱî? ÄÉÀ¨½º¿Í ¾ËÄû¿À³×ÀÇ À̾߱â´Â, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã¥¿¡¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ Àå(íñ)À» ä¿ì´Âµ¥, °¡Àå ÁÁÀº (½º¹Ì½ºÀÇ)°íÀü »çÀü¿¡¼­´Â ¿©´ü ÁÙÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °Íµµ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù.

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Our work is an attempt to solve this problem, by telling the stories of mythology in such a manner as to make them a source of amusement. We have endeavored to tell them correctly, according to the ancient authorities, so that when the reader finds them referred to he may not be at a loss to recognize the reference. Thus we hope to teach mythology not as a study, but as a relaxation from study; to give our work the charm of a story-book, yet by means of it to impart a knowledge of an important branch of education. The index at the end will adapt it to the purposes of a reference, and make it a Classical Dictionary for the parlor.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ç®±â À§ÇÑ ½Ãµµ·Î¼­, µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô Áñ°Å¿òÀÇ ¿øÃµÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ÁÖ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ À̾߱âµéÀ» µé·Á ÁØ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍµéÀ» °í´ëÀÇ Àü°Å(îðËà)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©, Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô À̾߱âÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿©, ±× °á°ú·Î µ¶ÀÚ°¡ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÂüÁ¶µÇ¾î Áø °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¶§, ±×°¡ ±× Âü°í¸¦ ÀνÄÇϴµ¥ ´çȲÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©,¿ì¸®´Â ½ÅÈ­¸¦ ¿¬±¸·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¿¬±¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¿©À¯¸¦ °¡ÁüÀ¸·Î½á °¡¸£Ä¡±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù; ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÛǰ¿¡ À̾߱âÃ¥À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¸Å·ÂÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â °Í, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀ» ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ±³À°ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ºÐ¾ß·Î¼­ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀ» ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. 

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Most of the classical legends in "Stories of Gods and Heroes" are derived from Ovid and Virgil. They are not literally translated, for, in the author's opinion, poetry translated into literal prose is very unattractive reading. Neither are they in verse, as well for other reasons as from a conviction that to translate faithfully under all the embarrassments of rhyme and measure is impossible. The attempt has been made to tell the stories in prose, preserving so much of the poetry as resides in the thoughts and is separable from the language itself, and omitting those amplifications which are not suited to the altered form.

½Åµé°ú ¿µ¿õµéÀÇ À̾߱⿡¼­ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °íÀü Àü¼³µéÀº ¿Àºñµð¿ì½º¿Í º£¸£±æ¸®¿ì½º¿¡¼­ °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ÀúÀÛÀÚÀÇ Àǰ߻ó, ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ëÀÇ »ê¹®À¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÈ ½Ã´Â ½Ç·Î ¸Å·Â ¾ø´Â ÀÐÀ» °Å¸®À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼­´Â ¹°·ÐÀ̰í, ¿î°ú ¿îÀ²ÀÇ ¸ðµç ³­°¨ÇÔ ¾Æ·¡¼­ Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¹ø¿ªÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â »ý°¢¿¡¼­ ¾î´À °Íµµ ¿î¹®À¸·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. À̾߱âµéÀ» »ê¹®À¸·Î ÁøÇàÇϰíÀÚ ½ÃµµÇϸ鼭, »ç»óµé¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇϰí, ¾ð¾î ±× ÀÚü·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ë·ÎÀÇ ½ÃÀûÀÎ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» º¸Á¸Çϵµ·Ï Çϰí, º¯ÇüµÈ ÇüÅ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº Áߺ¹µÈ °ÍÀ» »ý·«Çϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. 

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The Northern mythological stories are copied with some abridgment from Mallet's "Northern Antiquities." These chapters, with those on Oriental and Egyptian mythology, seemed necessary to complete the subject, though it is believed these topics have not usually been presented in the same volume with the classical fables.

ºÏ±¸ÀÇ ½ÅÈ­ À̾߱â´Â ¸»·¹ÀÇ "ºÏ±¸ À¯Àûµé"¿¡¼­ ¾à°£ ¿ä¾àµÇ¾î º¹»çµÇ¾ú´Ù.  °íÀü ¿ìÈ­¿Í °°Àº Ã¥ ¾È¿¡ ÈçÈ÷ ½Ç·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ¹Ï¾îÁö³ª, ÀÌ ÀåµéÀº µ¿¾ç°ú ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ Àå°ú ÇÔ²² ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í º¸¿´´Ù.

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The poetical citations so freely introduced are expected to answer several valuable purposes. They will tend to fix in memory the leading fact of each story, they will help to the attainment of a correct pronunciation of the proper names, and they will enrich the memory with many gems of poetry, some of them such as are most frequently alluded to in reading and conversation.

¹«Ã´ ÀÚÀ¯·ÎÀÌ ¼Ò°³µÇ´Â ½ÃÀûÀÎ ÀοëµéÀº ¿©·¯ °¡ÁöÀÇ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ñÀû¿¡ ºÎÇյǸ®¶ó ±â´ëµÈ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±â¾ï ¼Ó¿¡¼­ °¢ À̾߱âÀÇ ÁÖµÈ »ç½ÇµéÀ» ¹Ù·ÎÀâ¾Æ ÁÖ°í, °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ¹ßÀ½À» ȹµæÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±â¾ï ¼Ó¿¡ ¸¹Àº º¸¼® °°Àº ½Ã·Î ä¿ö ÁÙ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±× Áß ¾ó¸¶´Â µ¶¼­¿Í ´ëÈ­¿¡¼­ ¸Å¿ì ÀÚÁÖ ¾ð±ÞµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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Having chosen mythology as connected with literature for our province, we have endeavored to omit nothing which the reader of elegant literature is likely to find occasion for. Such stories and parts of stories as are offensive to pure taste and good morals are not given. But such stories are not often referred to, and if they occasionally should be, the English reader need feel no mortification in confessing his ignorance of them.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ Áö¹æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Çп¡ ¿¬°áµÇ´Â ½ÅÈ­¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, ±âǰ ÀÖ´Â ¹®ÇÐÀÇ µ¶ÀÚ°¡ ã°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °è±âÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² °Íµµ ºü¶ß¸®Áö ¾ÈÀ¸·Á ¾Ö½è´Ù. ¼ø¼öÇÑ ÃëÇâ°ú ¼±ÇÑ ¾ç½É¿¡ »óó¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ À̾߱â¿Í À̾߱âÀÇ ºÎºÐµéÀº ³»¾î ³õÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¯ÇÑ À̾߱âµéÀº ±×·¸°Ô ÀÚÁÖ ¾ð±ÞµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¿µ¾î µ¶ÀÚµéÀº ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¸ð¸¥´Ù°í °í¹éÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¾Æ¹«·± ºÎ²ô·¯¿òÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÈ´Ù. 

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Our work is not for the learned, nor for the theologian, nor for the philosopher, but for the reader of English literature, of either sex, who wishes to comprehend the allusions so frequently made by public speakers, lecturers, essayists, and poets, and those which occur in polite conversation.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ½ÄÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, öÇÐÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸, ³²³à¸¦ °¡¸®Áö ¾Ê°í, ´ëÁß ¿¬¼³°¡, °­¿¬ÀÚµé, ¼öÇʰ¡µé, ±×¸®°í ½ÃÀε鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¸Å¿ì ºó¹øÈ÷ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áö°í, °ø¼ÕÇÑ ´ëÈ­¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Â ÀÎÀ¯¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϰíÀÚ ¼Ò¿øÇϴ  ¿µ±¹ ¹®ÇÐÀÇ µ¶ÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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In the "Stories of Gods and Heroes" the compiler has endeavored to impart the pleasures of classical learning to the English reader, by presenting the stories of Pagan mythology in a form adapted to modern taste. In "King Arthur and His Knights" and "The Mabinogeon" the attempt has been made to treat in the same way the stories of the second "age of fable," the age which witnessed the dawn of several states of Modern Europe.

"½Åµé°ú ¿µ¿õµéÀÇ À̾߱â"¿¡¼­ ÆíÁýÀÚ´Â, À̱³ ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ À̾߱⠵éÀ» Çö´ëÀÇ ±âÈ£¿¡ ¸Â°Ô °¢»öµÈ ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¦½ÃÇÏ¿©, °íÀü ¹®ÇÐÀ» ¹è¿ì´Â ±â»ÝµéÀ» ¿µ¾î µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ°íÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. "¾Æ´õ¿Õ°ú ±×ÀÇ ±â»çµé" ±×¸®°í "¸¶ºñ³ëÁ¸"¿¡¼­ ¶È °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î µÎ¹øÂ°ÀÇ "¿ìÈ­ÀÇ ½Ã´ë,"ÀÇ À̾߱⵵ ´Ù·ç¾î º¸·Á´Â ½Ãµµ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ½Ã´ë´Â Çö´ë À¯·´ÀÇ ¿©·¯ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿©¸íÀ»  Áõ°ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù.

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It is believed that this presentation of a literature which held unrivalled sway over the imaginations of our ancestors, for many centuries, will not be without benefit to the reader, in addition to the amusement it may afford. The tales, though not to be trusted for their facts, are worthy of all credit as pictures of manners and it is beginning to be held that the manners and modes of thinking of an age are a more important part of history than the conflicts of its peoples, generally leading to no result. Besides this, the literature of romance is a treasure-house of poetical material, to which modern poets frequently resort. The Italian poets, Dante and Ariosto, the English, Spenser, Scott, and Tennyson, and our own Longfellow and Lowell, are examples of this.

¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È ¿ì¸® ¼±Á¶ÀÇ »ó»ó·ÂÀ» ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ÇÊÀûÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï Áö¹èÇÏ¿© ¿Â ¹®ÇÐÀÇ Á¦½Ã´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â Áñ°Å¿ò¿¡ ´õÇÏ¿©¼­, µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô À¯ÀÍÇÔÀÌ ¾øÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó ¹Ï¾îÁø´Ù. ±× À̾߱âµéÀº, ºñ·Ï ¾×¸é ±×´ë·Î ¹ÏÁø ¸øÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¹æ¹ýÀûÀÎ ±¸µµ·Î¼­ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Æ¹«·± °á°ú¿¡µµ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ¹Ý¸ñ º¸´Ùµµ, ÇÑ ½Ã´ë¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý°ú ¾çŰ¡ ´õ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ª»çÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀÌ´Ù¶ó´Â ÁÖÀåÀÌ Á¦±âµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ µ¡ºÙ¿©¼­, ¹«¿ë´ãÀÇ ¹®ÇÐÀº ½ÃÀû ¼ÒÀçÀÇ º¸¹° â°íÀ̸ç, Çö´ëÀÇ ½ÃÀεéÀº ÀÚÁÖ À̰Ϳ¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ ½ÃÀεé, ´ÜÅ×¿Í ¾Æ¸®½ºÅä, ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ½ºÆæ¼­, ½ºÄÚÆ® ¹× Å״Ͻ¼, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®³ª¶óÀÇ ·ÕÆç·Î¿ì, ·ÎÀ£Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù.

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These legends are so connected with each other, so consistently adapted to a group of characters strongly individualized in Arthur, Launcelot, and their compeers, and so lighted up by the fires of imagination and invention, that they seem as well adapted to the poet's purpose as the legends of the Greek and Roman mythology. And if every well-educated young person is expected to know the story of the Golden Fleece, why is the quest of the Sangreal less worthy of his aquaintance? Or if an allusion to the shield of Achilles ought not to pass unapprehended, why should one to Excalibar, the famous sword of Arthur?

"Of Arthur, who, to upper light restored,
With that terrific sword,
Which yet he brandishes for future war,
Shall lift his country's fame above the polar star."
[William Wordsworth, Artegal and Elidure, lines 53 - 56]

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àü¼³µéÀº ¼­·Î ³Ê¹« ¿¬°üÀÌ À־, ³Ê¹«³ª Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Æ´õ, ·Ð½º·ÎÆ®, ¹× ´Ù¸¥ µ¿·áµé¿¡¼­ °­ÇÏ°Ô °³¼ºÈ­µÈ Àι°µéÀÇ ±×·ìÀ¸·Î °¢»öÀÌ µÇ¾î, ³Ê¹«³ªµµ »ó»ó·Â°ú âÁ¶ÀÇ ºÒ·Î¼­ ¹àÇô Á³±â¿¡, ±×¸®½º¿Í ·Î¸¶ ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ Àü¼³µé ¸¸Å­À̳ª ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ½ÃÀÎÀÇ Àǵµ¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ¹ø¾ÈÀÌ µÈ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×¸®°í ¸¸¾à ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ±³À°¹ÞÀº °¢°¢ÀÇ ÀþÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ È²±Ý ¾çÅÐ À̾߱⸦ ¾Ë°í Àֱ⸦ ±â´ëÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿Ö »ó±×¸®¾óÀÇ Å½ÇèÀº ±×ÀÇ ±â¾ï¿¡¼­ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¶³¾î Áö´Â°¡? ¶Ç´Â ¾ÆÅ³·¹½ºÀÇ ¹æÆÐ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÎÀ¯¸¦ ¸ð¸£°í ³Ñ¾î°¡¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù¸é,  ¾Æ´õÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ Ä®ÀÎ ¿¢½ºÄ®¸®¹ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÎÀ¯´Â ¿Ö ¸ô¶óµµ µÇ´Â°¡?

¾Æ´õ, ±×´Â, ¶Ù¾î³­ Àι°·Î ´Ù½Ã ¼­°í,
±× ¹«¼­¿î °ËÀ» °¡Áö°í,
±×°ÍÀ» ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ´Ù°¡¿Ã ÀüÀï¿¡ Èֵθ£¸ç.
Àڱ⠳ª¶óÀÇ ¸í¼ºÀ» ºÏ±Ø¼º À§¿¡ µå³ôÀ̸®¶ó.

[Àª¸®¾ö ¿öÁî¿öµå, Artegal and Elidure, 53 - 56Çà]

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It is an additional recommendation of our subject, that it tends to cherish in our minds the idea of the source from which we sprung. We are entitled to our full share in the glories and recollections of the land of our forefathers, down to the time of colonization thence. The associations which spring from this source must be fruitful of good influences; among which not the least valuable is the increased enjoyment which such associations afford to the American traveller when he visits England, and sets his foot upon any of her renowned localities.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ÁÁÀº Á¡Àº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼Ú¾Æ³ª¿Â ±Ù¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äÀ» ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ÇÏ·Á ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ±×ÀüºÎÅÍ ½Ä¹ÎÈ­ ½Ã´ë±îÁö  ¿ì¸® ¼±Á¶µéÀÇ ¶¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µ±¤µé°ú ±â¾ïµé¿¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¸ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±Ù¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼Ú¾Æ ³ª¿À´Â °ü°èµéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¿µÇâµéÀ» ¿­¸Å·Î ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ±× Áß¿¡´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ °ü°è°¡, ¿µ±¹À» ¹æ¹®Çؼ­ À¯¸íÇÑ Áö¿ª ¾îµðµç°¡¿¡ ¹ßÀ» µé¿© ³õÀ» ¶§, ¹Ì±¹ ¿©ÇàÀÚ¿¡°Ô Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´õÇØÁÖ´Â Áñ°Å¿òÀº °¡Ä¡°¡ Àý´ë·Î ÀÛÁö ¾Ê´Ù.

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The legends of Charlemagne and his peers are necessary to complete the subject. In an age when intellectual darkness enveloped Western Europe, a constellation of brilliant writers arose in Italy. Of these, Pulci (born in 1432), Boiardo (1434), and Ariosto (1474) took for their subjects the romantic fables which had for many ages been transmitted in the lays of bards and the legends of monkish chroniclers. These fables they arranged in order, adorned with the embellishments of fancy, amplified from their own invention, and stamped with immortality. It may safely be asserted that as long as civilization shall endure these productions will retain their place among the most cherished creations of human genius.

»þ¸¦¸¶´ºÀÇ Àü¼³°ú ±×ÀÇ ¸Â¼öµéÀº ±× ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. Áö¼ºÀÇ ¾ÏÈæÀÌ ¼­À¯·´À» °¨½Î°í ÀÖ´ø ½Ã´ë¿¡, ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ ÃѸíÇÑ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¿¡¼­ ÀÏ¾î ³µ´Ù. ÀÌ Áß¿¡¼­, Ǯġ(1432), º¸À̾Ƹ£µµ(1434), ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¸®½ºÅä(1474)´Â, ¿©·¯ ½Ã´ë¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ½ÃÀεé Ãþ¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í ¼öµµ½ÂÀÇ ¿¬´ë±â·ÏÀÚÀÇ Àü¼³·Î¼­ Àü½ÂµÇ¾î ¿Â ³¶¸¸ÀûÀÎ ¿ìÈ­¸¦, ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÌµé ¿ìÈ­¸¦ ¼ø¼­´ë·Î Á¤¸®Çϰí, °ø»óÀÇ Àå½ÄÀ¸·Î ²Ù¹Ì°í, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¢ÀÛÀ¸·Î ´Ã·Á ³ª°¡°í, ºÒ¸ê¼ºÀ» ºÙ¿© ³Ö¾ú´Ù. ¹®¸íÀÌ Áö¼ÓµÇ´Â ÇÑ À̵é ÀÛǰÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ÃµÀ缺À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °¡Àå ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ¿©°ÜÁö´Â âÀÛ¹° »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ±× ÀÚ¸®¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸¶À½ ³õ°í ÁÖÀåÇØµµ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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In "Stories of Gods and Heroes," "King Arthur and His Knights" and "The Mabinogeon" the aim has been to supply to the modern reader such knowledge of the fables of classical and medi©¡val literature as is needed to render intelligible the allusions which occur in reading and conversation. The "Legends of Charlemagne" is intended to carry out the same design. Like the earlier portions of the work, it aspires to a higher character than that of a piece of mere amusement. It claims to be useful, in aquainting its readers with the subjects of the productions of the great poets of Italy. Some knowledge of these is expected of every well-educated young person.

"½Åµé°ú ¿µ¿õµéÀÇ À̾߱â," "¾Æ´õ ¿Õ°ú ±×ÀÇ ±â»çµé"  ±×¸®°í "¸¶ºñ³ëÁ¯"¿¡¼­ ¸ñÀûÀº, Çö´ëÀÇ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô,  µ¶¼­³ª ´ëÈ­ Áß¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Â ÀÎÀ¯µéÀ» ÀÌÇØ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁÙ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Â ¸¸Å­ÀÇ ±×¸®½º ¹× Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¹®ÇлóÀÇ ¿ìÈ­µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ» °ø±ÞÇϱâ À§ÇÔÀ̾ú´Ù. "»þ¸¦¸¶´ºÀÇ Àü¼³"Àº ²À °°Àº  ±¸µµ¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϱâ·Î ÀǵµµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ Ãʱ⠺κеé°ú °°ÀÌ, ±× °ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ Áñ°Å¿òÀÇ ´ÜÆíÀ¸·Î¼­º¸´Ù ǰ°Ý ÀÖ´Â Àι°À» Ãß±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ½ÃÀεéÀÇ ÀÛǰµéÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¾Ë¸²¿¡ À־ ±×°ÍÀº À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̵鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¾à°£ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÌ Àß ±³À°¹ÞÀº ¸ðµç ÀþÀºÀ̵鿡°Ô ±â´ëµÈ´Ù.

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¡¡In reading these romances, we cannot fail to observe how the primitive inventions have been used, again and again, by successive generations of fabulists. The Siren of Ulysses is the prototype of the Siren of Orlando, and the character of Circe reappears in Alcina. The fountains of Love and Hatred may be traced to the story of Cupid and Psyche; and similar effects produced by a magic draught appear in the story of Tristram and Isoude, and, substituting a flower for the draught, in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream." There are many other instances of the same kind which the reader will recognize without our assistance.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹«¿ë´ãµéÀ» ÀÐÀ» ¶§¿¡, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ¿ø½ÃÀûÀΠâÀÛÀÌ ¿ìÈ­ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ °è¼ÓÀÎ ¼¼´ë¿¡¼­ ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ÂÁö °üÂûÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿Àµð¼¼ÀÌÀÇ »çÀÌ·»Àº ¿Ã¶õµµÀÇ »çÀÌ·»ÀÇ ¿øÇüÀ̸ç, ۸£ÄÉÀÇ Àι°ÀÌ ¾ËŰ³ª¿¡ Àç µîÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¶û°ú Áõ¿ÀÀÇ »ùµéÀº ¿¡·Î½º¿Í ÇÁ½¬ÄÉ À̾߱â·Î °Å½½·¯ °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù; ¸¶¹ýÀÇ ¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé¾îÁø ºñ½ÁÇÑ È¿°ú°¡ Æ®¸®½ºÆ®¶÷°ú ¾ÆÀ̼ҿìµåÀÇ À̾߱⿡ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸ç, ½¦ÀͽºÇǾîÀÇ "ÇÑ¿©¸§ ¹ãÀÇ ²Þ,"¿¡¼­´Â ¼úÀ» ²ÉÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ µµ¿òÀÌ ¾ø´õ¶óµµ µ¶ÀÚ°¡ ¾Ë¾Æ Â÷¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¶È °°Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¿¹µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

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The sources whence we derive these stories are, first, the Italian poets named above; next, the "Romans de Chevalerie" of the Compte de Tressan; lastly, certain German collections of popular tales. Some chapters have been borrowed from Leigh Hunt's "Translations from the Italian Poets." It seemed unnecessary to do over again what he had already done so well; yet, on the other hand, those stories could not be omitted from the series without leaving it incomplete.

¿ì¸®°¡ À̵é À̾߱⸦ °¡Á®¿À´Â Ãâó´Â, ù°·Î, À§¿¡ °Å¸íµÈ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ½ÃÀεéÀÌ´Ù; ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î, ²Çµå ¶ß·¹»óÀÇ "±â»çµéÀÇ ¹«¿ë´ã"À̸ç; ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¾î¶² µ¶ÀÏ ¹Î´ã ¸ðÀ½ÁýÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² ÀåµéÀº ·¹ÀÌ Ç寮ÀÇ "ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ½ÃÀεé·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¹ø¿ª¹°" ¿¡¼­ Â÷¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù." ÀÌ¹Ì Àß ÇØ³õÀº °ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø¾î º¸ÀδÙ; ÇÏÁö¸¸,ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ±×·± À̾߱âµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µéÁö ¾Ê°í´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ³»¿ëµé¿¡¼­ »ý·«µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
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¡¡THOMAS BULFINCH

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