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½ÅÈÀÇ
±â¿ø
(Origin of
Mythology) |

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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY
THE AGE OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas Bulfinch
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CHAPTER XXXV
ORIGIN OF MYTHOLOGY
STATUES OF GODS AND GODDESSES
POETS OF MYTHOLOGY
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½ÅÈÀÇ
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½ÅµéÀÇ ðÁßÀ
½ÅÈÀÇ ½ÃÀεé |
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ORIGIN OF MYTHOLOGY
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½ÅÈÀÇ ±â¿ø |
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HAVING reached the close of our series of stories of Pagan
mythology, an inquiry suggests itself. "Whence came
these stories? Have they a foundation in truth, or are
they simply dreams of the imagination?" Philosophers
have suggested various theories of the subject; and:
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ÀÌ·¸°Ô À̾߱âÇØ ¿Â ±×¸®½º ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ½Åȵµ ÀÌÁ¦ ³¡³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¿©±â¼ ÇѰ¡Áö Àǹ®ÀÌ ³ª¿À°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº <µµ´ëü ÀÌ·± À̾߱â´Â ¾îµð¼ À¯·¡ÇÑ °ÍÀΰ¡? ÀÌ·± À̾߱â´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±Ù°Å°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀϱî, ȤÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ »ó»ó·ÂÀÌ Áö¾î³½ ²Þ¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÑ °ÍÀϱî?> ¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. öÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇØ ¿©·¯ Çм³À» ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.
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1. The Scriptural theory; according to which
all mythological legends are derived from the narratives
of Scriptures, though the real facts have been disguised
and altered. Thus Deucalion
is only another name for Noah, Hercules
for Samson, Arion for
Jonah, etc. Sir
Walter Raleigh, in his "History
of the World," says, "Jubal, Tubal, and
Tubal-Cain were Mercury, Vulcan, and Apollo, inventors
of Pasturage, Smithing, and Music. The Dragon which kept
the golden
apples was the serpent that beguiled Eve. Nimrod's
tower was the attempt of the Giants
against Heaven." There are doubtless many curious
coincidences like these, but the theory cannot without
extravagance be pushed so far as to account for any
great proportion of the stories.
[see also: Augustine
and the Mythic Past]
[see also: Floods,
Noah, and Deluge Mythologies]
[see also: Creationism:
Antiscience and Pseudotheology]
[see also: The
constellation Delphinus]
[see also: The
Celestial David and Goliath]
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1. ¼º¼¼³(á¡ßöàã)- ÀÌ ¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç ½ÅÈÀû Àü¼³Àº »ç½ÇÀÌ À§ÀåµÇ°í º¯ÇüµÇ±â´Â ÇßÀ¸³ª, ¸ðµÎ ¼º¼ À̾߱⿡¼ À¯·¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë µ¥¿ìÄ®¸®¿ÂÀº ³ë¾Æ, Çì¶óŬ·¹½º´Â »ï¼Õ, ¾Æ¸®¿ÂÀº ¿ä³ªÀÇ º°¸í¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ùÅÍ ¶ö¸® °æÀº ±×ÀÇ <¼¼°è»ç>¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
<À¯¹ß,Åõ¹ß,Åõ¹ß Ä«ÀÎÀº °¢°¢ Ç츣¸Þ½º,ÇìÆÄÀ̽ºÅ佺,¾ÆÆú·ÐÀ» ¸»ÇÏ¸ç ¸ñÃà,´ëÀåÀϰú À½¾ÇÀÇ ¹ß¸íÀÚ¿´´Ù. Ȳ±Ý»ç°ú¸¦ ÁöŰ´ø ¿ëÀº À̺긦 À¯È¤ÇÑ ¹ìÀ̾ú´Ù. ´Ô·Îµå žÀº ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ½Åµé¿¡°Ô ¹ÝÇ×ÇÑ °ÅÀεéÀÇ ±âµµ(ÐêÓñ)¿´´Ù.>
ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÌ»óÇϰԵµ ¼º¼¿Í ÀÏÄ¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °÷ÀÌ ¸¹À½Àº »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î ½ÅÈÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ¸é ¹«¸®°¡ ÀϾ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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2. The Historical theory; according to which
all the persons mentioned in mythology were once real
human beings, and the legends and fabulous traditions
relating to them are merely the additions and
embellishments of later times. Thus the story of AEolus,
the king and god of the winds, is supposed to have risen
from the fact that AEolus was the ruler of some islands
in the Tyrrhenian Sea, where he reigned as a just
and pious king, and taught the natives the use of sails
for or ships, and how to tell from the signs of the
atmosphere the changes of the weather and the winds. Cadmus,
who, the legend says, sowed the earth with dragon's
teeth, from which sprang a crop of armed men, was in
fact an emigrant from Phoenicia,
and brought with him into Greece the knowledge of the
letters of the alphabet, which be taught to the natives.
From these rudiments of learning sprung civilization,
which the poets have always been prone to describe as a
deterioration of man's first estate, the Golden
Age of innocence and simplicity.
[see also: Mythological
Chronology]
[see also: The
Genesis of Israel and Egypt - book outline]
[see also: The
Mill of Time - Celestial Cycles And Ancient Mythological
Science]
[see also: Annotated
Bibliography for Catastrophism: Mythology and Religion]
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2. ¿ª»ç¼³- ÀÌ ¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ½ÅÈÀÇ µîÀå Àι°Àº ´Ù ½ÇÁ¦Àι°À̾ú°í, ±×µé¿¡ °üÇØ À̾߱âµÇ°í ÀÖ´À ½Åȳª Àü¼³Àº ¸ðµÎ Èļ¼ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µ¡ºÙÀ̰ųª Àå½ÄÇÑ °Í¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ù¶÷ÀÇ ½ÅÀ̾ú´ø ¾ÆÀ̿÷νºÀÇ À̾߱â´Â ´ÙÀ½ »ç½Ç¿¡¼ À¯·¡ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ó»óµÈ´Ù. ¾ÆÀ̿÷νº´Â, Ƽ·¹´Ï¾Æ ÇØ ¾î¶² ¼¶ÀÇ Áö¹èÀÚ¿´´Âµ¥, ±×´Â °øÁ¤ÇÏ°í °æ°ÇÇÑ ¿ÕÀ¸·Î¼ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ°í ¿øÁֹε鿡°Ô µÀÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹è¸¦ ´Ù¸®°Ô ÇÏ´À ¹ýÀ» °¡¸£ÃÄ ÁÖ°í, ´ë±âÀÇ ¿©·¯°¡Áö ¡Èķνá õ±â¿Í ¹Ù¶÷ÀÇ º¯È¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» °¡¸£ÃÄ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶Ç ¿ëÀÇ ÀÌ»¡À» ¶¥¿¡ »Ñ¸®ÀÚ, ±×°÷¿¡¼ ¹«ÀåÇÑ ¹«»çÀÇ ÀÏ´ÜÀÌ Å¾´Ù´Â Ä«µå¸ð½ºµµ »ç½ÇÀº Æä´ÏŰ¾Æ¿¡¼ ÀÌÁÖÇØ ¿Â ÀÚ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±×¸®½º¿¡ ¾ËÆÄºª ¹®ÀÚ¸¦ µé¿©¿Í ¿øÁֹε鿡°Ô °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çй®À» ¹Ø¹ÙŸÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ¹®¸íÀÌ Å¾´Âµ¥, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®È¸¦ ½ÃÀεéÀº Ç×»ó ÀηùÀÇ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »óÅÂÀÎ ¼ø¹ÚÇÑ È²±Ý½Ã´ëÀÇ ÅðÆó¹°Ã³·³ ±×¸®·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.
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3. The Allegorical theory supposes that all
the myths of the ancients were allegorical and
symbolical, and contained some moral, religious, or
philosophical truth or historical fact, under the form
of an allegory,
but came in process of time to be understood literally.
Thus Saturn, who devours his own children, is the same
power whom the Greeks called Cronos
(Time), which may truly be said to destroy whatever it
has brought into existence. The story
of Io is interpreted in a similar manner. Io is the
moon, and Argus the starry sky, which, as it were, keeps
sleepless watch over her. The fabulous wanderings of lo
represent the continual revolutions of the moon, which
also suggested to Milton
the same idea.
"To behold the wandering moon
Riding near her highest noon,
Like one that had been led astray
In the heaven's wide, pathless way."
Il
Penseroso.
[see also: Allegorical
Interpretation of Greek Myths]
[see also: John
Ruskin: Myth as Allegory]
[see also: John
Ruskin's Allegorical Interpretations of Turner]
[see also: Myth
and Miracle by Robert Ingersoll]
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3. ¿ìȼ³(éÕü¥àã)- ÀÌ ¼³Àº °í´ëÀÎÀÇ ¸ðµç ½ÅÈ´Â ¿ìÈÀûÀÌ°í »ó¡ÀûÀ̸ç, ¿ìÈÀÇ Çü½Ä ¾Æ·¡ µµ´öÀû, Á¾±³Àû ȤÀº öÇÐÀû »ç½ÇÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ½ÃÀÏÀÌ °æ°úÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·Î ÀÌÇØÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë ÀÚ±âÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ» Àâ¾Æ¸ÔÀº »çÅõ¸£´©½º´Â ±×¸®½ºÀεéÀÌ Å©·Î³ë½º[½Ã°£]¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥ °Í°ú °°Àº ½ÅÀ̹ǷÎ, ½ÇÁ¦·Î´À ÀڱⰡ ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡ °¡Á®¿Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌµç ¸ê¸ÁÄÉ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¶Ç ÀÌ¿ÀÀÇ À̾߱⵵ °°Àº ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇØ¼®µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ¿À´Â ´ÞÀÌ°í ¾Æ¸£°í½º´À º°ÀÌ Àִ õ°øÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Ãµ°øÀº ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ÀÚÁö¾Ê°í ´ÞÀ» Áö۸ç, ÀÌ¿ÀÀÇ Àú ÇѾøÀÌ ¿À·£ ¹æ¶ûÀº ´ÞÀÇ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ȸÀüÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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4. The Physical theory; according to which the
elements
of air, fire, and water were originally the objects
of religious adoration, and the principal deities were
personifications of the powers of nature. The transition
was easy from a personification of the elements to the
notion of supernatural beings presiding over and
governing the different objects of nature. The Greeks,
whose imagination was lively, peopled all nature with
invisible beings, and supposed that every object, from
the sun and sea to the smallest fountain and rivulet,
was under the care of some particular divinity.
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4. ÀÚ¿¬Çö»ó¼³- ÀÌ ¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é °ø±â,ºÒ,¹°°ú °°Àº ¿ø¼Ò´Â ¿ø·¡ Á¾±³Àû ¼þ¹èÀÇ ´ë»óÀ̾ú°í, ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ½ÅµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ÈûÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈ¿¡¼ ÀÚ¿¬°èÀÇ ¿©·¯ °ÍÀ» ÅëÇÒÇϰí Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû Á¸ÀçÀÚÀÇ °ü³äÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇà½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ëÀÌÇÑ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀÎÀº »ó»ó·ÂÀÌ ¿Õ¼ºÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¸ðµç ÀÚ¿¬¹°¿¡ ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â Á¸ÀçÀÚ¸¦ °ÅÁÖ½ÃÄ×°í, žç°ú ¹Ù´Ù·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡Àå ÀÛÀº »ù¹°À̳ª ½Ã³Á¹°¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ¸ðµç ¼¼»óÀº ¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ ½ÅÀÇ Áö¹è ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ó»óÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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Wordsworth,
in his "Excursion," has beautifully developed
this view of Grecian mythology:
"In that fair clime the lonely herdsman,
stretched
On the soft grass through half a summer's day,
With music lulled his indolent repose;
And, in some fit of weariness, if he,
When his own breath was silent, chanced to hear
A distant strain far sweeter than the sounds
Which his poor skill could make, his fancy fetched
Even from the blazing chariot of the Sun
A beardless youth who touched a golden lute,
And filled the illumined groves with ravishment.
The mighty hunter, lifting up his eyes
Toward the crescent Moon, with grateful heart
Called on the lovely Wanderer who bestowed
That timely light to share his joyous sport;
And hence a beaming goddess with her nymphs
Across the lawn and through the darksome grove
(Not unaccompanied with tuneful notes
By echo multiplied from rock or cave)
Swept in the storm of chase, as moon and stars
Glance rapidly along the clouded heaven
When winds are blowing strong. The Traveller slaked
His thirst from rill or gushing fount, and thanked
The Naiad. Sunbeams upon distant hills
Gliding apace with shadows in their train,
Might, with small help from fancy, be transformed
Into fleet Oreads sporting visibly.
The Zephyrs, fanning, as they passed, their wings,
Lacked not for love fair objects whom they wooed
With gentle whisper. Withered boughs grotesque,
Stripped of their leaves and twigs by hoary age,
From depth of shaggy covert peeping forth
In the low vale, or on steep mountain side;
And sometimes intermixed with stirring horns
Of the live deer, or goat's depending beard;
These were the lurking Satyrs, a wild brood
Of gamesome deities; or Pan himself,
That simple shepherd's awe-inspiring god."
[see also: Inventing
the Solar System]
[see also: Allegory
of the Air - painting by Tiepolo]
[see also: Philosophy,
Logic, and Myth: The "Presocratics"]
[see also: Ancient
Beliefs of Planetary Motions]
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All the theories which have been mentioned are true to a
certain extent. It would therefore be more correct to say
that the mythology of a nation has sprung from all these
sources combined than from any one in particular. We may
add also that there are many myths which have arisen from
the desire of man to account for those natural phenomena
which he cannot understand; and not a few have had their
rise from a similar desire of giving a reason for the
names of places and persons.
[see especially: Classical
Myth, Chapter 22: "Theories of Myth
Interpretation"]
[see also: Myth
Notes]
[see also: The
Study of Myth and the Beginnings of Cultural Anthropology]
[see also: Structuralism]
[see also: Franz
Boaz - Biography]
[see also: Claude
Levi-Strauss - Biography and Myth Interpretation]
[see also: Psychological
Approaches to Greek Myths]
[see also: Introduction
to C.G. Jung]
[see also: Archive
for Research in Archetypal Symbolism]
[see also: An
Interview with William Doty]
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ÀÌ»ó µé¾î ¿Â Çм³Àº ¸ðµÎ ¾î´À Á¤µµ´Â Áø½Ç¼ºÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ½ÅÈ´Â ÀÌ Áß ¾î¶² ÇϳªÀÇ ¿øÃµ¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇߴٱ⺸´Ù´Â ±× ÀüºÎ°¡ °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ¿ÇÀº °ßÇØÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÚ¿¬Çö»óÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿å¸Á¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ ½Åȵµ ¸¹´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®´Â ºÎ¾ðÇØµµ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç Áö¸íÀûÀ̳ª ÀθíÀÇ À¯·¡¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº »ý°¢¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ½Åȵµ ÀûÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
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STATUES OF THE GODS
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½ÅµéÀÇ ðÁßÀ
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To adequately represent to the eye the ideas intended
to be conveyed to the mind under the several names of
deities was a task which called into exercise the highest
powers of genius and art. Of the many attempts four have
been most celebrated; the first two known to us only by
the descriptions of the ancients, the others still extant
and the acknowledged masterpieces of the sculptor's art.
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ÀüÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº »ç»óÀ» ½ÅµéÀÇ ¿©·¯ À̸§À» ºô¾î ¿ì¸®°¡ Á÷Á¢ ´«À¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °ÍÀº Ÿ°í³ ÀçÁÖ¿Í ±â¼úÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¦¿´´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸¹Àº ½Ãµµ Áß¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½ ³× °³ÀÇ Á¶»ó(ðÁßÀ)ÀÌ °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀüÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. óÀ½ µÎ°³´Â °í´ëÀÎÀÇ ±â·Ï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼¸¸ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ°í, ´Ù¸¥ µÎ °³´Â Áö±Ýµµ ÇöÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ¼Ø¾¾´Â ´©±¸³ª ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÃÖ°í °ÉÀÛÀ¸·Î ÀüÇØÁø´Ù.
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The Olympian Jupiter
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¿Ã·öÆ÷½ºÀÇ Á¦¿ì½º
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The statue
of the Olympian Jupiter by Phidias
was considered the highest achievement of this department
of Grecian art. It was of colossal dimensions, and was
what the ancients called "chryselephantine";
that is, composed of ivory and gold; the parts
representing flesh being of ivory laid on a core of wood
or stone, while the drapery and other ornaments were of
gold. The height of the figure was forty feet, on a
pedestal twelve feet high. The god was represented seated
on his throne. His brows were crowned with a wreath of
olive, and he held in his right hand a sceptre, and in his
left a statue of Victory (Nike).
The throne was of cedar, adorned with gold and precious
stones. |
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ÇÇµð¾Æ½º°¡ Á¦ÀÛÇÑ ¿Ã·öÆ÷½ºÀÇ Á¦¿ì½º »óÀº ±×¸®½º ¹Ì¼úÀÇ Á¶°¢ ºÎ¹®¿¡¼´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÀÛǰÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº °Å´ëÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼, °í´ëÀεéÀÌ <Å©¸®¼¿·¹ÆÇƼ³ë½º>¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥ °Í, Áï »ó¾Æ¿Í ±ÝÀ¸·Î ¸¸µç °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À°Ã¼¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº, ¾ÈÀº ³ª¹«¿Í µ¹·Î ¸¸µé°í ±× À§¿¡ »ó¾Æ¸¦ ÀÔÇû°í, ÀǺ¹À̳ª ´Ù¸¥ Àå½Ä¹°Àº ±ÝÀ¸·Î µÅ ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Á¶»óÀÇ ³ôÀÌ´Â 40ÇÇÆ®¿´°í, 12ÇÇÆ® ³ôÀÌÀÇ ´ëÁ À§¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Á¦¿ì½º°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¿ÁÁ À§¿¡ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ´Â »óÀ̾ú´Ù. À̸¶¿¡´Â ¿Ã¸®ºê ȰüÀ» ¾²°í ¿À¸¥¼Õ¿¡´Â Ȧ(ûî)À» Áã°í, ¿Þ¼Õ¿¡´Â <½Â¸®ÀÇ ¿©½Å> »óÀ» µé°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿ÁÁ´ »ï³ª¹«·Î µÇ°í, Ȳ±Ý°ú º¸¼®À¸·Î Àå½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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The idea which the artist essayed to embody was that of
the supreme deity of the Hellenic (Grecian) nation,
enthroned as a conqueror, in perfect majesty and repose,
and ruling with a nod the subject world. Phidias avowed
that he took his idea from the representation which Homer
gives in the first
book of the "Iliad," in the passage thus
translated by Pope:
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ÀÌ Á¶°¢°¡°¡ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ »ç»óÀº ±×¸®½º ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÃÖ°í½ÅÀÇ »ç»óÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¿ÏÀü ¹«°áÇÑ Á¸¾ö°ú À§¾ö ¼Ó¿¡¼ Á¤º¹Àڷμ ¿ÕÀ§¿¡ ¿Ã¶ó ´« ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¿Â¼¼°è¸¦ °í°³¸¦ Çѹø ²ô¶±ÀÓÀ¸·Î½á Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇǴپƽº´Â È£¸Þ·Î½º°¡ <Àϸ®¾Æµå> Á¦1±Ç¿¡¼ Ç¥ÇöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Á¦¿ì½º »ó¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ ±¸»óÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù°í ¼úȸÇß´Ù.
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"He spoke and awful bends his sable brows,
Shakes his ambrosial curls and gives the nod,
The stamp of fate and sanction of the god.
High heaven with reverence the dread signal took,
And all Olympus to the centre shook."*
[see also: Alexander
Pope's Preface to The Iliad]
* Cowper's
version is less elegant, but truer to the original:
"He ceased, and under his dark brows the nod
Vouchsafed of confirmation. All around
The sovereign's everlasting head his curls
Ambrosial shook, and the huge mountain reeled."
It may interest our readers to see how this passage
appears in another famous version, that which was issued
under the name of Tickell,
contemporaneously with Pope's, and which, being by many
attributed to Addison,
led to the quarrel which ensued between Addison and Pope:
"This said, his kingly brow the sire inclined;
The large black curls fell awful from behind,
Thick shadowing the stern forehead of the god;
Olympus trembled at the almighty nod."
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The Minerva of the Parthenon
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ÆÄ¸£Å׳íÀÇ ¾ÆÅ׳×ßÀ
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This
was also the work of Phidias.
It stood in the Parthenon,
or temple of Minerva (Athena) at Athens. The goddess was
represented standing. In one hand she held a spear, in the
other a statue of Victory (Nike).
Her helmet, highly decorated, was surmounted by a Sphinx.
The
statue was forty feet in height, and, like the
Jupiter, composed of ivory and gold. The eyes were of
marble, and probably painted to represent the iris and
pupil. The Parthenon, in which this statue stood, was also
constructed under the direction and superintendence of
Phidias. Its exterior was enriched with sculptures, many of
them from the hand of Phidias. The Elgin
marbles, now in the British Museum, are a part of
them. |
|
ÀÌ
»ó(ßÀ)µµ ÇÇµð¾Æ½ºÀÇ ÀÛǰÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº
¾ÆÅ׳׿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÆÄ¸£Å׳í, Áï ¾ÆÅ׳ª ½ÅÀü¿¡
¼ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿©½Å ¾ÆÅ׳ªÀÇ ÀÔ»óÀ̾ú´Ù.
ÇѼտ¡´Â âÀ» µé°í ´Ù¸¥ ¼Õ¿¡´Â ½Â¸®ÀÇ
¿©½Å»ó(ßÀ)À» µé°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×³àÀÇ Åõ±¸´Â
È·ÁÇÏ°Ô Àå½ÄµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Åõ±¸ À§¿¡´Â
½ºÇÎÅ©½º°¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±× ÀÔ»óÀÇ ³ôÀÌ´Â
40ÇÇÆ®¿´°í, Á¦¿ì½º »ó°ú °°ÀÌ »ó¾Æ¿Í ±ÝÀ¸·Î
¸¸µé¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´«Àº ´ë¸®¼®À¸·Î µÇ¾î
Àִµ¥, ȫä¿Í µ¿°øÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇϱâ À§Çؼ
ä»öµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ »óÀÌ ¼ ÀÖ¾ú´ø
ÆÄ¸£Å×³íµµ ÇÇµð¾Æ½ºÀÇ Áö·É°ú °¨µ¶Ç×
°Ç¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ¿ÜºÎ´À ¿©·¯ Á¶°¢Ç°À¸·Î
Àå½ÄµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±× ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ÇÇµð¾Æ½ºÀÇ
¼ÕÀ¸·Î¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Áö±Ý
¿µ±¹¹Ú¹°°ü¿¡ ÀÖ´Â <¿¤±ä ´ë¸®¼®>Àº ±×
Á¶°¢Ç°ÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀÌ´Ù. |
|
|
[see
especially: The
Parthenon - The Temple of Athena Parthenos]
[see also: The
Parthenon - Images of 5th century Hellenic sculpture]
[see also: Images
of the Parthenon]
[see also: replica
of the Parthenon Athena by sculptor Alan LeQuire]
|
¡¡
|
|
Both
the Jupiter and Minerva of Phidias are lost, but there is good
ground to believe that we have, in several extant statues and busts,
the artist's conceptions of the countenances of both. They are
characterized by grave and dignified beauty, and freedom from any
transient expression, which in the language of art is called repose.
[see also: The
ancient reception of Pheidias' Athena Parthenos]
[see also: What
happened to Phidias?]
[see also: Perseus
Search results for sculpture by Pheidias]
[see also: The
Acropolis Museum]
|
ÇÇµð¾Æ½º°¡
Á¦ÀÛÇÑ Á¦¿ì½º »óÀ̳ª ¾ÆÅ׳ª »óÀº ¸ðµÎ
»ó½ÇµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ¿ì¸®´Â ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ Á¶»ó(ðÁßÀ)°ú
Èä»ó(ýØßÀ)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×°¡ µÎ ½ÅÀÇ ¿ë¸ð¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô
Ç¥ÇöÇß´ÂÁö ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÁüÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× »óµéÀº
¾ö¼÷ÇÏ°í °í±ÍÇÑ ¹Ì¿Í, ¹Ì¼ú¿ë¾î·Î Ä§Âø[repose]À̶ó°í
ºÎ¸£´Â ÀϽÃÀûÀΠǥÁ¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÃÊÅ»À» ±×
Ư¡À¸·Î Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
|
|
The
Venus De' Medici
|
¸ÞµðġʫÀÇ
¾ÆÇÁ·ÎµðÅ×
|
|
The
Venus (Aphrodite) of the Medici is so called from its having
been in the possession of the princes
of that name in Rome when it first attracted
attention, about two hundred years ago. An inscription on
the base records it to be the work of Cleomenes, an Athenian
sculptor of 200 B.C., but the authenticity of the
inscription is doubtful. There is a story that the artist
was employed by public authority to make a statue exhibiting
the perfection of female beauty, and to aid him in his task
the most perfect forms the city could supply were furnished
him for models. |
|
¸ÞµðÄ¡
°¡ÀÇ ¾ÆÇÁ·ÎµðÅ×´Â ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¸ÞµðÄ¡ °¡°¡
¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ±×·¸°Ô
ºÒ¸®¾îÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ÀÌ Á¶»óÀÌ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ¼¼ÀÎÀÇ
ÁÖ¸ñÀ» ²ø°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº Áö±ÝÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾à 2¹é³â
ÀüÀÇ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±× ´ëÁÂ(Óæñ¨)¿¡ ¸í°¢(ٯʾ)µÇ¾î
ÀÖ´Â ¹®ÀÚ´Â 2¹é³â°æÀÇ ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ Á¶°¢°¡
Ŭ·¹¿À¸Þ³×½ºÀÇ ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸³ª,
±× ¹®ÀÚÀÇ ½Åºù¼ºÀº ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
Àü¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÌ Á¶°¢°¡´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ À§ÃËÀ»
¹Þ¾Æ ¿©¼º¹ÌÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ±¸ÇöÇÑ Á¶»óÀ»
¸¸µé°Ô µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, Á¤ºÎµµ ±×ÀÇ ÀÏÀ» µµ¿ÍÁÖ±â
À§ÇØ ¾ÆÅ×³× ½Ã¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¸ö¸Å¸¦ ÇÑ
¿©¼ºÀ» ¸î »ç¶÷À̳ª ¸ðµ¨·Î Á¦°øÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
|
It is this which Thomson
alludes to in his "Summer":
"So stands the statue that enchants the world;
So bending tries to veil the matchless boast,
The mingled beauties of exulting Greece."
Byron
also alludes to this statue. Speaking of the Florence
Museum, he says:
"There, too, the goddess loves in stone, and
fills
The air around with beauty;" etc.
And in the next stanza,
"Blood, pulse, and breast confirm the Dardan
shepherd's prize."
See this last allusion explained in Chapter
XXVII.
[see also: Classical
Sculpture in the Uffizi Gallery]
|
¡¡
|
|
The Apollo
Belvedere
|
º§º£µ¥·¹ÀÇ
¾ÆÆú·Ð
|
|
The
most highly esteemed of all the remains of ancient sculpture
is the statue
of Apollo, called the Belvedere, from the name of the
apartment of the Pope's palace at Rome in which it was
placed. The artist is unknown. It is supposed to be a work
of Roman art, of about the first century of our era. It is a
standing figure, in marble, more than seven feet high, naked
except for the cloak which is fastened around the neck and
hangs over the extended left arm. It is supposed to
represent the god in the moment when he has shot the arrow
to destroy the monster Python. (See Chapter
III.) |
|
ÇöÀç
³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °í´ëÀÇ Á¶°¢ Áß °¡Àå ³ôÀÌ
Æò°¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀº º§º£µ¥·¹¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â
¾ÆÆú·ÐÀÇ Á¶»óÀÌ´Ù. º§º£µ¥·¹¶õ ÀÌ Á¶»óÀÌ
³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â ·Î¸¶ ±³È²ÀÌ °ÅóÇÏ´Â ±ÃÀüÀÇ ¹æÀÇ
À̸§À» µý °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¶»óÀÇ Á¦ÀÛÀÚ°¡
´©±¸ÀÎÁö´Â ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ 1¼¼±â°æÀÇ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ
¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î ÃßÃøµÉ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº 7ÇÇÆ®°¡
³Ñ´Â ´ë¸®¼®ÀÇ ÀÔ»óÀ¸·Î¼ Àü½ÅÀº ³ª½ÅÀ¸·Î
¿ÊÀº ´Ù¸¸ ¸ñ¿¡ µÑ·ÁÁ³À» »ÓÀ̰í, ±×
¿ÊÀÚ¶ôÀÌ »¸Ä£ ¿ÞÆÈ±îÁö ³»·Á¿Í °ÉÃÄ ÀÖ´Â
¸ð½ÀÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÆÆú·ÐÀÌ ±«¹° ÇÇÅæÀ»
ÅðÄ¡ÇÏ·Á°í È»ìÀ» ½ð ¼ø°£À» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î
»ý°¢µÈ´Ù. |
|
|
The
victorious divinity is in the act of stepping forward. The left arm,
which seems to have held the bow, is outstretched, and the head is
turned in the same direction. In attitude and proportion the
graceful majesty of the figure is unsurpassed. The effect is
completed by the countenance, where on the perfection of youthful
godlike beauty there dwells the consciousness of triumphant power.
[see also: photograph
of the Apollo Belvedere]
|
½Â¸®¸¦
°ÅµÐ ¾ÆÆú·ÐÀº ¹ßÀ» ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³»µðµð°í ÀÖ´Ù. ȰÀ»
°¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø µíÇÑ ¿ÞÆÈÀ» –oÄ¡°í ¸Ó¸®µµ °°Àº
¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ÇâÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ÀÚ¼¼¿Í ±ÕÇü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ´õ
ÀÌ»ó ¿ì¾ÆÇϰí À§¾öÀÖ´Â ÀÛǰÀº ¾ø´Ù. ±× ÀλóÀº
´õ¿í ¿ÏÀüÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ±× Á¶»óÀÇ
¿ë¸ðÀÌ´Ù. ±× ¾ó±¼¿¡´Â ÀþÀ½ÀÌ ³ÑÄ¡´Â ½ÅÀûÀÎ ¹Ì°¡
¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀûÀ» ¾²·¯¶ß¸° ÈǸ¢ÇÑ
ÀÚ±âÀÇ ÈûÀ» ÀǽÄÇÏ´Â ¸¶À½ÀÌ ±êµé¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
|
|
The Diana A La Biche
|
¾Ï»ç½¿°ú
ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â ¾Æ¸£Å׹̽ºßÀ
|
| The Diana of the Hind, in
the palace
of the Louvre, may be considered the counterpart to
the Apollo Belvedere. The attitude much resembles that of
the Apollo, the sizes correspond and also the style of
execution. It is a work of the highest order, though by no
means equal to the Apollo. The attitude is that of hurried
and eager motion, the face that of a huntress in the
excitement of the chase. The left hand is extended over the
forehead of the Hind, which runs by her side, the right arm
reaches backward over the shoulder to draw an arrow from the
quiver. |
|
·çºê¸£ ±ÃÀü¿¡ ÀÖ´Â <¾Ï»ç½¿ÀÇ
¾Æ¸£Å׹̽º »ó>Àº <º§º£µ¥·¹ÀÇ ¾ÆÆú·Ð»ó>¿¡
ÇÊÀûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Æ÷Áîµµ
¾ÆÆú·ÐÀÇ ±×°Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ°í »óÀÇ Å©±â¿Í
¼ö¹ýµµ À¯»çÇÏ´Ù. ¾ÆÆú·Ð »ó°ú °°Àº Á¤µµ´Â
¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸, ÃÖ°í±Þ ÀÛǰ ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. ±×
Æ÷Áî´Â Àçºü¸£°í ¿¹¸®ÇÑ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾ó±¼À¸ Ãß°ÝÀ¸·Î »ó±âµÈ ¿©¼ö·Æ°¡(åüâÖ´Ê«)ÀÇ
Ç¥Á¤À» Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Þ¼ÕÀº ¿©½ÅÀÇ ¿·À»
´Þ¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ¾Ï»ç½¿ÀÇ À̸¶ À§·Î »¸Ä¡°í
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿À¸¥ÆÈÀº ÀüÅë¿¡ ÀÖ´Â È»ìÀ» ²¨³»±â
À§ÇØ ¾î±ú À§·Î ³»¹Ð°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
|
[see
also: Artemis:
Virgin Goddess of the Hunt]
[see also: The
Louvre - Department of Antiquities]
[see also: Museum
of Classical Archaeology Guide Book, Cambridge University]
[see also: 100
Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works]
¡¡
|
¡¡
|
|
THE
POETS OF MYTHOLOGY
|
ãêü¥
¼ÓÀÇ ãÌìѵé
|
|
Homer,
|
È£¸Þ·Î½º
|
|
from whose poems of the "Iliad"
and "Odyssey"
we have taken the chief part of our chapters of the Trojan
war and the return of the
Grecians, is almost as mythical a personage as the
heroes he celebrates. The traditionary story is that he
was a wandering minstrel, blind and old, who travelled
from place to place singing his lays to the music of his
harp, in the courts of princes or the cottages of
peasants, and dependent upon the voluntary offerings of
his hearers for support. Byron
calls him "The blind old man of Scio's rocky
isle," and a well-known epigram, alluding to the
uncertainty of the fact of his birthplace, says:
"Seven
wealthy towns contend for Homer dead,
Through which the living Homer begged his bread."
(The Bride of Abydos, Canto ii. Stanza 2)
These seven were Smyrna,
Scio (Chios),
Rhodes,
Colophon,
Salamis,
Argos,
and Athens.
|
¿ì¸®µéÀº
<Àϸ®¾Æµå>¿Í <¿Àµ÷¼¼À̾Æ>¶ó´Â µÎ
¼»ç½Ã¿¡¼ ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö º¸¾Æ ¿Â Æ®·ÎÀÌ¾Æ ÀüÀï°ú
±×¸®½º±ºÀÇ ±Íȯ¿¡ °üÇÑ À̾߱âÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» ÃëÀçÇÑ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ÀÛÀÚ È£¸Þ·Î½ºµµ ±×°¡ ±× ½Ã ¼Ó¿¡¼
μÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¿µ¿õµé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ½ÅÈÀûÀÎ
Àι°ÀÌ´Ù. Àü¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé È£¸Þ·Î½º´Â ´ÄÀº Àå´Ô
À½À¯½ÃÀÎÀ¸·Î, À̰÷Àú°÷À¸·Î ¹æ¶ûÇÏ¸é¼ ¶§·Î´Â
¿Õ°ø(èÝÍë)ÀÇ ±ÃÁß¿¡¼, ¶§·Î´Â ¹ÌõÇÑ ³ó°¡¿¡¼
ÇϾÆÇÁ ¼Ò¸®¿¡ ¸ÂÃç ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÁöÀº ½Ã¸¦ À¼À¸¸ç
ûÁßÀÌ º£Ç®¾î ÁÖ´Â Èñ»ç±ÝÀ¸·Î »ýȰÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
½ÃÀÎ ¹ÙÀÌ·±Àº ÀÌ È£¸Þ·Î½º¸¦ <¾Ï¼®ÀÌ ¸¹Àº
Ű¿À½º ¼¶ÀÇ ´«¸Õ ³ëÀÎ>À̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ¶Ç ¾î¶²
À¯¸íÇÑ Ç³Àڽô ȣ¸Þ·Î½ºÀÇ Åº»ýÁö°¡ È®½ÇÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº
°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ³ë·¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Àϰö µµ½Ã°¡
È£¸Þ·Î½º´À ¿ì¸® °íÀå »ç¶÷À̶ó°í ¼·Î ´ÙÅ÷´Ù.
È£¸Þ·Î½º´Â »ýÀü¿¡ ±×°÷¿¡
»§À» ±¸°ÉÇÏ¸ç µ¹¾Æ´Ù³æ´Ù.
ÀÌ Àϰö µµ½Ã´Â ½º¹Ì¸£³ª, Ű¿À½º, ·Îµµ½º, ÄÝ·ÎÆù,
»ì¶ó¹Ì½º, ¾Æ¸£°í½º, ±×¸®°í ¾ÆÅ׳׿´´Ù.
|
|
Modern scholars have doubted whether the Homeric poems are
the work of any single mind. This arises from the
difficulty of believing that poems of such length could
have been committed to writing at so early an age as that
usually assigned to these, an age earlier than the date of
any remaining inscriptions or coins, and when no materials
capable of containing such long productions were yet
introduced into use. On the other hand it is asked how
poems of such length could have been handed down from age
to age by means of the memory alone. This is answered by
the statement that there was a professional body of men,
called Rhapsodists,
who recited the poems of others, and whose business it was
to commit to memory and rehearse for pay the national and
patriotic legends.
The prevailing opinion of the learned, at this time, seems
to be that the framework and much of the structure of the
poems belongs to Homer, but that there are numerous
interpolations and additions by other hands.
The date assigned to Homer, on the authority of Herodotus,
is 850 B.C.
[see also: Homer
(Malaspina University links, texts, citations, and
lectures)]
[see also: Description
of Greece, 10.24.3 - Pausanias on Homer's origins]
[see also: Before
Latin Epic...]
[see also: Homer
- Perseus Encyclopedia entry with bibliography]
[see also: Homeric
Poetry and its Significance for the Modern World]
|
Çö´ë
ÇÐÀÚµéÀº È£¸Þ·Î½ºÀÇ ½Ã¶ó°í ÀüÇØÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ °ú¿¬
ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÛǰÀÎÁö¸¦ Àǹ®½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
Àǹ®ÀÌ »ý±â´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Àå½Ã(íþãÌ)°¡ ±×·±
Ãʱ⠽ô뿡 ¾º¾îÁ³´Ù°í ¹Ï±â ¾î·Á¿î µ¥ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù.
º¸Åë ÃßÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ÀÛǰÀÇ Á¦ÀÛ ¿¬´ë´Â
ÇöÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ ºñ¸í(ÝøÙ¯)À̳ª ÇÏÆóº¸´Ùµµ
¿À·£ ½Ã´ëÀ̸ç, ±×¶§¿¡´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ±ä ÀÛǰÀ» Àû¾î
µÑ ¸¸ÇÑ Àç·á°¡ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» ¶§À̱â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Àå½Ã°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¿© ¿ÀÁ÷
±â¾ï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ½Ã´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ ½Ã´ë·Î ÀüÇØ³»·Á ¿Ô´ÂÁö
Àǹ®½ÃµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ Àǹ®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ´ç½Ã ·¦¼µð½ºÆ®[rhapsodists;
À½À¯½ÃÀÎ]¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ ÀÏ´ÜÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ±×
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ Å¸ÀÎÀÇ ½Ã¸¦ ¾Ï¼ÛÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Í, ±×¸®°í
±¹°¡Àû,¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÎ Àü¼³À» ¾Ï±âÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀ» ¾ê±âÇϰí
±× º¸¼ö¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ »ýȰÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¿À´Ã³¯ ÇÐÀÚµé °¡¿îµ¥ ³Î¸® ÁöÀûµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¼³Àº ±×
ÀÛǰÀÇ °ñ°Ý°ú ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±¸¼ºÀº È£¸Þ·Î½º¿¡¼
±â¿øÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °¡Çʰú »ðÀÔµµ
¸¹ÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Çì·ÎµµÅ佺¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, È£¸Þ·Î½º°¡ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í
»ý°¢µÇ´Â ½Ã´ë´Â B.C. 580³â°æÀÌ´Ù.
|
|
Virgil
|
º£¸£±æ¸®¿ì½º
|
|
Virgil,
called also by his surname, Maro, from whose poem of the "AEneid"
we have taken the story of AEneas, was one
of the great poets who made the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus
so celebrated, under the name of the Augustan
age. Virgil was born in Mantua in the year 70 B.C. His
great poem is ranked next to those of Homer, in the highest class of
poetical composition, the
Epic. Virgil is far inferior to Homer in originality
and invention, but superior to him in correctness and elegance.
|
º£¸£±æ¸®¿ì½º´Â
±× ¼º(àó)À» µû¼ ¸¶·Î¶ó°íµµ ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ±×¸®°í
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̳×À̾ƽº À̾߱â´À ÀÌ º£¸£±æ¸®¿ì½ºÀÇ
¼»ç½Ã <¾Æ¿¡³×À̽º>¿¡¼ ÃëÇÑ °ÍÀε¥, ±×´Â
·Î¸¶È²Á¦ ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÅõ½ºÀÇ Ä¡¼¼¸¦ ´õ¿í À¯¸íÇϰÔ
ÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀ» Èļ¼ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô <¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÅõ½º
½Ã´ë>¶ó ºÎ¸£°Ô ÇÑ À§´ëÇÑ ½ÃÀÎ ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù.
º£¸£±æ¸®¿ì½º´Â B.C. 70³â¿¡ ¸¸Åõ¾Æ¿¡¼ ž´Ù.
±×ÀÇ ÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ ÀÛǰÀº È£¸Þ·Î½ºÀÇ ÀÛǰ¿¡ À̾î
¼»ç½Ã¿¡ À־À È£¸Þ·Î½º¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇϳª,
Ç¥ÇöÀÌ Á¤È®ÇÏ°í ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ Á¡¿¡ À־Â
È£¸Þ·Î½ºº¸´Ù ¿ì¼öÇÏ´Ù.
|
|
To critics of English lineage Milton
alone of modern poets seems worthy to be classed with these
illustrious ancients. His poem of "Paradise
Lost," from which we have borrowed so many
illustrations, is in many respects equal, in some superior,
to either of the great works of antiquity. The following
epigram of Dryden
characterizes the three poets with as much truth as it is
usual to find in such pointed criticism.
"On Milton"
"Three poets in three different ages born,
Greece, Italy, and England did adorn.
The first in loftiness of soul surpassed,
The next in majesty, in both the last.
The force of nature could no further go;
To make a third she joined the other two."
From Cowper's
"Table Talk":
"Ages elapsed ere Homer's lamp appeared,
And ages ere the Mantuan swan was heard.
To carry nature lengths unknown before,
To give a Milton birth, asked ages more.
Thus genius rose and set at ordered times,
And shot a dayspring into distant climes,
Ennobling every region that he chose;
He sunk in Greece, in Italy he rose,
And, tedious years of Gothic darkness past,
Emerged all splendour in our isle at last.
Thus lovely Halcyons dive into the main,
Then show far off their shining plumes again."
[see also: Virgil on PERSEUS - Aeneid
| Eclogues
| Georgics]
[see also: Virgil
(Malaspina University links, texts, citations)]
[see also: Virgil
WWW Links]
[see also: The
Virgil Page]
[see also: The
Virgil Home Page]
[see also: Mantovano
- Online Discussion of Virgil and His Influence]
[see also: The
Epic Tradition - Study and Lecture Notes]
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Ovid
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¿Àºñµð¿ì½º
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Often alluded to in poetry by his other name of Naso, Ovid
was born in the year 43 B.C. He was educated for public
life and held some offices of considerable dignity, but
poetry was his delight, and he early resolved to devote
himself to it. He accordingly sought the society of the
contemporary poets, and was acquainted with Horace
and saw Virgil, though the latter died when Ovid was yet
too young and undistinguished to have formed his
acquaintance. Ovid spent an easy life at Rome in the
enjoyment of a competent income. He was intimate with the
family of Augustus, the emperor, and it is supposed that
some serious offence given to some member of that family
was the cause of an event which reversed the poet's happy
circumstances and clouded all the latter portion of his
life. At the age of fifty he was banished from Rome, and
ordered to betake himself to Tomi, on the borders of the
Black Sea [Constantza].
Here, among the
barbarous people and in a severe climate, the poet,
who had been accustomed to all the pleasures of a
luxurious capital and the society of his most
distinguished contemporaries, spent the
last ten years of his life, worn out with grief and
anxiety. His only consolation in exile was to address his
wife and absent friends, and his letters were all
poetical. Though these poems (the "Tristia" and
"Letters from Pontus") have no other topic than
the poet's sorrow's, his exquisite taste and fruitful
invention have redeemed them from the charge of being
tedious, and they are read with pleasure and even with
sympathy.
The two great works of Ovid are his "Metamorphoses"
and his "Fasti"
(Fasti
- Outline). They are both mythological poems, and from
the former we have taken most of our stories of Grecian
and Roman mythology. A late writer thus characterizes
these poems:
"The rich mythology of Greece furnished Ovid, as
it may still furnish the poet, the painter, and the
sculptor, with materials for his art. With exquisite
taste, simplicity, and pathos he has narrated the
fabulous traditions of early ages, and given to them
that appearance of reality which only a master-hand
could impart. His pictures of nature are striking and
true; he selects with care that which is appropriate; he
rejects the superfluous; and when he has completed his
work, it is neither defective nor redundant. The
'Metamorphoses' are read with pleasure by youth, and are
re-read in more advanced age with still greater delight.
The poet ventured to predict that his poem would survive
him, and be read wherever the Roman name was
known."
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The prediction above alluded to is contained in the
closing lines of the "Metamorphoses," of which
we give a literal translation below:
"And
now I close my work, which not the ire
Of Jove, nor tooth of time, nor sword, nor fire
Shall bring to nought. Come when it will that day
Which o'er the body, not the mind, has sway,
And snatch the remnant of my life away,
My better part above the stars shall soar,
And my renown endure for evermore.
Where'er the Roman arms and arts shall spread,
There by the people shall my book be read;
And, if aught true in poet's visions be,
My name and fame have immortality."
[see alternate translation: Ovid's
Metamorphoses, Book XV, lines 1288 - 1301]
[see also: Ovid's
Metamorphoses on PERSEUS - Table of Contents]
[see also: Ovid
(Malaspina University links, texts, citations, and
lectures)]
[see also: The
Ovid Project]
[see also: Ovid
WWW Links]
[see also: More
Ovid WWW Links]
[see also: Yet
more Ovid WWW links]
[see also: Modern
Literary Theory and Latin Poetry]
[see also: Lives
of the Roman Epic Poets]
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Back to Chapter XXXIV
On to Chapter XXXVI |
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¡¡THOMAS BULFINCH
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