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¼·Ð(ßíÖå)
(Introduction) |

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BULFINCH'S MYTHOLOGY
THE AGE OF FABLE
OR STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES
by Thomas
Bulfinch
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CHAPTER I
Part One
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Á¦
1 Àå
1 ºÎ
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INTRODUCTION
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¼(ßí)
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THE religions of ancient Greece and Rome are extinct. The
so-called divinities of Olympus have not a single worshipper among
living men. They belong now not to the department of theology, but
to those of literature and taste. There they still hold their place,
and will continue to hold it, for they are too closely connected
with the finest productions of poetry and art, both ancient and
modern, to pass into oblivion.
We propose to tell the stories relating to them which have come down
to us from the ancients, and which are alluded to by modern poets,
essayists, and orators. Our readers may thus at the same time be
entertained by the most charming fictions which fancy has ever
created, and put in possession of information indispensable to every
one who would read with intelligence the elegant literature of his own
day.
[see also: Ancient Contexts of Greek Myth - Greek Mythology and Greek Religion]
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°í´ë
±×¸®½º¿Í ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ¼Ò¸êµÇ¾ú´Ù. À̸¥¹Ù
¿Ã·öÆ÷½ºÀÇ ½ÅµéÀ» ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷Àº Çö´ëÀÎ
Áß¿¡´Â ´Ü ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÅµéÀº Áö±ÝÀº
½ÅÇÐÀÇ ºÎ¹®¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¹®Çаú Ãë¹ÌÀÇ
ºÎ¹®¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ºÎ¹®¿¡ À־ ±×µéÀº
¾ÆÁ÷ ±× ÁöÀ§¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ°í ¾ÕÀ¸·Îµµ °è¼Ó
À¯ÁöÇØ °¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº °í±ÝÀÇ
½Ã¿Í È¸È Áß¿¡¼µµ ÃÖ°íÀÇ °ÉÀÛÀ̶ó°í
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â ÀÛǰ°ú ¾ÆÁÖ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è¸¦
°¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀØÀ»·¡¾ß ÀØÀ» ¼ö ¾ø±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦ºÎÅÍ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Åµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
À̾߱⸦ ÇÏ·Á°í Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ À̾߱â´Â
°í´ëÀÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±¸Àü(Ï¢îî)µÇ°í,
Çö´ëÀÇ ½ÃÀΡ¤ ¼öÇʰ¡¡¤ ¿¬¼³°¡µéÀÌ ³Î¸®
ÀοëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ µ¶ÀÚµéÀº, ÀÌ·¸°Ô
ÇØ¼ µ¿½Ã¿¡, ¿©Å²¯ °ø»óÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î ³½ °¡Àå
¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ Ç㱸¸¦ Áñ±æ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Áö¼ºÀ»
°¡Áö°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ±âǰÀÖ´Â ¹®ÇÐÀ»
ÀÐÀ¸·Á´Â ¸ðµç ÀÌ¿¡°Ô ¾ø¾î¼´Â ¾ÈµÉ Á¤º¸¸¦
¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
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In order to understand these stories, it will be necessary to acquaint ourselves
with the ideas of the structure of the universe which prevailed among the
Greeks- the people from whom the Romans, and other nations through them,
received their science and religion.
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ÀÌ·± À̾߱⸦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á¸é ¿ì¼± °í´ë
±×¸®½ºÀÎµé °£¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´ø ¿ìÁÖ ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
°³³äÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù - ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀº ±×¸®½º·ÎºÎÅÍ,
±× ¹ÛÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·Àº ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ
°úÇаú Á¾±³¸¦ ¼ö¿ëÇß´Ù.
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The Greeks believed the earth to be flat and circular, their own country
occupying the middle of it, the central point being either
Mount Olympus,
the abode of the gods, or
Delphi, so famous for its
oracle.
[see also: The Oracle at Delphi]
The circular disk of the earth was crossed from west to east and divided into
two equal parts by the Sea, as they called the Mediterranean, and its
continuation the Euxine, the only seas with which they were acquainted.
Around the earth flowed the River Ocean,
its course being from south to north on the western side of the earth, and in a
contrary direction on the eastern side. It flowed in a steady, equable current,
unvexed by storm or tempest. The sea, and all the rivers on earth, received
their waters from it. [map: 39K - Ancient Greeks' view of the world]
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±×¸®½ºÀεéÀº Áö±¸´Â µÕ±Û°í ÆòÆòÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î
¹Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.±×¸®°í ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ±×
Áß¾Ó¿¡ ÀÖ°í, ±× Áß½ÉÁ¡À» ÀÌ·ç´Â °ÍÀÌ
½ÅµéÀÇ ÁÖ°ÅÁöÀÎ ¿Ã·öÆ÷½º»ê(ߣ),
ȤÀº
½ÅŹ(ãáöþ)À¸·Î
³Ê¹«³ª À¯¸íÇÑ µ¨Æ÷À̶ó°í
¹Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ ¿ø¹Ý°°Àº Áö±¸´Â, ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼, ¼¿¡¼
µ¿À¸·Î Ⱦ´ÜµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç µÎ °³·Î µîºÐµÇ¾î
ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ
¹Ù´Ùµé·Î¼, ÁöÁßÇØ¿Í ±× ¿¬Àå¼±ÀÎ
¿¡¿í¼¼À̳뽺¶ó ºÎ¸£°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
Áö±¸ÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¿¡´Â ´ë¾çÇÏ(ÓÞåÇùÁ)°¡
È帣°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±× ¹æÇâÀº Áö±¸ÀÇ
¼Æí¿¡¼´Â ³²¿¡¼ ºÏÀ¸·Î, µ¿Æí¿¡¼´Â ±×
¹Ý´ëÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ²ÙÁØÇϰí, °í¸¥ ¹°°á·Î,
ÆøÇ³À̳ª ºñ¹Ù¶÷À¸·Î ÁöÀåÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í
Èê·¶´Ù. ¹Ù´Ù¿Í Áö±¸»óÀÇ ¸ðµç °Àº
±×°÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹°À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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The northern portion of the earth was supposed to be inhabited by a happy race
named the Hyperboreans, dwelling in everlasting bliss and spring beyond the
lofty mountains whose caverns were supposed to send forth the piercing blasts
of the north wind, which chilled the people of Hellas (Greece). Their country
was inaccessible by land or sea. They lived exempt from disease or old age,
from toils and warfare. Moore
has given us the "Song of a Hyperborean," beginning
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Áö±¸ÀÇ ºÏÂÊ ÀϺο¡´Â È֯䏣º¸·¹¿À½º¶ó
ºÎ¸£´Â ÇູÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î
¿©°ÜÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ÎÁ·Àº ³ôÀº »êµé ³Ê¸Ó¿¡¼
¿µ¿øÇÑ ±â»Ý°ú º½À» ´©¸®¸é¼ »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀÌ »ê¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ µ¿±¼·ÎºÎÅÍ »ìÀ»
¿¡´Â µíÇÑ Â÷°¡¿î ºÏdzÀÌ ¸ô·Á¿Í¼, Çï¶ó½º(±×¸®½º)ÀÇ
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ò°Ô Çß´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁ³´Ù. ±× ³ª¶ó¿¡´Â
À°·Î(ëÁÖØ)³ª ÇØ·Î(úÖØ)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼µµ Á¢±ÙÇÒ
¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ´õ±¸³ª ±× ³ª¶ó »ç¶÷µéÀº
Áúº´À̳ª ³ë¼è ¶Ç´Â ³ë°í³ª ÀüÀïÀ» ¸ð¸£°í
»ì¾Ò´Ù.¹«¾î´Â
´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ "È֯䏣º¸·¹¿À½ºÀÇ
³ë·¡"¸¦ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô µé·Á ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
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"I come
from a land in the sun-bright deep,
Where golden gardens glow,
Where the winds of the north, becalmed in sleep,
Their conch shells never blow."
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"³ª´Â ÇÞºûÀÌ ¹à°íµµ ±íÀº ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ ¿Ô´Ù.
±×°÷¿£ Ȳ±Ý Á¤¿øÀÌ ºÒºûó·³ ¹Ý¦À̰í,
±×°÷¿£ ºÏÂÊ ¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ Àáµç°Íó·³ Á¶¿ëÇϰí,
¼Ò¶ó °íµÕ ¼Ò¸®µéµµ °áÄÚ ¿ïÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù."
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On the south side of the earth, close to the stream of Ocean,
dwelt a people happy and virtuous as the Hyperboreans. They were named
the AEthiopians. The gods favoured them so highly that they were
wont to leave at times their Olympian abodes and go to share their
sacrifices and banquets.
On the western margin of the earth, by the stream of Ocean, lay a
happy place named the Elysian Plain, whither mortals favoured by the
gods were transported without tasting of death, to enjoy an
immortality of bliss. This happy region was also called the "Fortunate
Fields," and the "Isles of the Blessed."
[see also: Plato's Gorgias 523]
[see also: Death Notices III]
[see also: Underworld and Afterlife]
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Áö±¸ÀÇ ³²ÂÊ¿¡´Â ´ë¾çÇÏ
°¡±îÀÌ¿¡ È֯䏣º¸·¹¿À½ºÃ³·³ ÇູÇϰí À¯´ö(êóÓì)ÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀº
À̵ð¿ÀÇǾÆÀÎÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®¾ú´Ù. ½ÅµéÀº ±×
¹ÎÁ·¿¡°Ô È£ÀǸ¦ º£Ç®°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡
¶§¶§·Î ¿Ã·öÆ÷½ºÀÇ °Åó¸¦ ¶°³ª¼ ±×µéÀÇ Á¦¹°°ú
Ç⿬À» ÇÔ²² Çϰï Çß´Ù.
Áö±¸ÀÇ ¼´Ü(à¤Ó®)¿¡´Â ´ë¾çÇÏ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¿¤·ò½Ã¿ÂÀÇ
µéÀ̶ó ºÎ¸£´Â º¹µÈ Àå¼Ò°¡ ÀÖ¾î¼. À̰÷Àº ½Åµé·ÎºÎÅÍ
ƯÈ÷ ÃѾָ¦ ¹ÞÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ Á×À½ÀÇ ±«·Î¿òÀ»
¸Àº¸Áö ¾Ê°í ÀÌÁֵǾî, ¿µ¿øÇÑ ÇູÀ» ´©¸±
¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÇູÇÑ Áö¿ªÀº "Çà¿îÀÇ
µé," ±×¸®°í "Ãູ¹ÞÀº ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼¶"À̶ó°í
ºÒ¸®¾ú´Ù.
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We thus see that the Greeks of the early ages knew little of any
real people except those to the east and south of their own country,
or near the coast of the Mediterranean. Their imagination meantime
peopled the western portion of this sea with giants, monsters, and
enchantresses, while they placed around the disk of the earth, which
they probably regarded as of no great width, nations enjoying the
peculiar favour of the gods, and blessed with happiness and longevity.
[see also: The Edges of the Earth in Ancient Thought - book review]
[see also: maps -
The Late Achaean Bronze Age | Greece in the Archaic Age Homer's view of the earth (ca. 900 BC) | Herodotus World Map (ca. 450 B.C.)]
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À̰ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ °í´ë ±×¸®½ºÀÎÀº ÀÚ±â
³ª¶óÀÇ µ¿¹æ°ú ³²¹æÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·, ȤÀº ÁöÁßÇØ
¿¬¾È ±Ùó¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ¾î´À ½ÇÁ¦
¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ¶óµµ °ÅÀÇ ¸ô¶ú´Ù. ±×·± Áß¿¡
±×¸®½ºÀÎÀÇ »ó»ó·ÂÀº ÀÌ ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ¼ÂÊ¿¡ °ÅÀΡ¤±«¹°¡¤¸¶³àµéÀ»
»ì°Ô Çß°í, ±×¸® ³ÐÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÁö´Â
¾Ê¾Ò°ÚÁö¸¸, ¿ø¹Ý °°Àº Áö±¸ µÑ·¹¿¡ ½ÅµéÀÇ
Ưº°ÇÑ ÃѾָ¦ ¹ÞÀº ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ Çູ°ú Àå¼ö¸¦
´©¸®¸ç »ì°Ô Çß´Ù.
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The Dawn, the Sun,
and the Moon
were supposed to rise out of the Ocean, on the eastern side, and to drive
through the air, giving light to gods and men. The stars, also, except those
forming the
Wain or
Bear, and others near them, rose the stream of Ocean. There the
sun-god
embarked in a winged boat, which conveyed him round by the northern part of the
earth, back to his place of rising in the east.
Milton alludes to this in
his "Comus":
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¿©¸í°ú
ÇØ,
±×¸®°í
´ÞÀº
µ¿ÂÊ¿¡¼, ´ë¾çÇÏ¿¡¼ ¶°¿Ã¶ó °øÁßÀ»
´Þ¸®¸ç ½Åµé°ú Àΰ£µé¿¡°Ô ºûÀ» Áشٰí
¿©°å´Ù. º°µé ¶ÇÇÑ, ºÏµÎÄ¥¼º
¶Ç´Â Å«°õÀÚ¸®¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â °Í°ú ±×µé
±ÙóÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ´ë¾çÇÏ¿¡¼
¶°¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ±×°÷¿¡¼ žç½ÅÀÌ
³¯°³ ´Þ¸° ¹è¿¡ Ÿ¸é, Áö±¸ÀÇ ºÏÂÊÀ» µû¶ó
µ¹¾Æ, ±×¸¦ ´Ù½Ã µ¿ÂÊÀÇ ¶°¿À¸£´Â ±×ÀÇ
ÀÚ¸®·Î µ¥·Á´Ù ÁØ´Ù.
¹ÐưÀº
±×ÀÇ "ÄÚ¸Ó½º"¿¡¼
ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÎÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù:
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"Now the gilded car of day
His golden axle doth allay
In the steep Atlantic stream,
And the slope Sun his upward beam
Shoots against the dusky pole,
Facing towards the other goal
Of his chamber in the east."
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Áö±Ý
±Ý ÀÔÈù ÇÏ·çÀÇ ¼ö·¹
±×ÀÇ È²±Ý ¹ÙÄû°¡ ½¬³ë¶ó
°¡ÆÄ¸¥ ´ë¼¾çÀÇ È帧¿¡,
±×¸®°í ¾ð´öÀÇ Å¾çÀº À§¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ºûÁÙ±â·Î
¾îµÒ³»¸° ±âµÕÀ» ÇâÇØ ½î°í,
µ¿ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ ¹æ¿¡
´Ù¸¥ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÇâÇØ ÃÄ´Ù º¸³ë¶ó.
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The abode of the gods was on the summit of Mount Olympus, in
Thessaly [map:16K]. A gate of clouds, kept by the godesses named the Seasons,
opened to permit the passage of the Celestials to earth, and to
receive them on their return. The gods had their separate dwellings;
but all, when summoned, repaired to the palace of Jupiter, as did also
those deities whose usual abode was the earth, the waters, or the
under-world. It was also in the great hall of the palace of the
Olympian king that the gods feasted each day on ambrosia and nectar,
their food and drink, the latter being handed round by the lovely
goddess Hebe. Here they conversed of the affairs of heaven and
earth; and as they quaffed their nectar, Apollo, the god of music,
delighted them with the tones of his lyre, to which the
Muses sang
in responsive strains. When the sun was set, the gods retired to sleep
in their respective dwellings.
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½ÅµéÀÇ
°Åó´Â Åݻ츮¾Æ¿¡
ÀÖ´Â
¿Ã·öÆ÷½º
»ê²À´ë±â¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°÷¿¡´Â °èÀýÀ̶ó´Â
À̸§ÀÇ ¿©½ÅµéÀÌ ÁöŰ´Â ±¸¸§ÀÇ ¹®ÀÌ Çϳª
ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ¹®Àº õ»ó(ô¸ß¾)ÀÇ ½ÅµéÀÌ
Áö»ó¿¡ ³»·Á°¥ ¶§³ª ´Ù½Ã õ»óÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¥
¶§¿¡ ¿·È´Ù. ½ÅµéÀº °¢±â Àڱ⠰Åó¸¦
°¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¼ÒÁýÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¸ðµÎ
ÁêÇÇÅÍÀÇ ±ÃÀü¿¡ ¸ð¿´´Ù. Áö»óÀ̳ª ¼öÁß
¶Ç´Â ÁöÇÏ¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ½Åµé±îÁöµµ
¸ð¿©µé¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿Ã¸²Æ÷½ºÀÇ ¿ÕÀÌ »ç´Â
±ÃÀüÀÇ Å« Ȧ¿¡¼´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¸¹Àº ½ÅµéÀÌ,
À½½ÄÀ̸ç À½·á¼öÀÎ, ¾Ïºê·Î½Ã¾Æ¿Í ³ØÅ¸¸£·Î
¸ÅÀÏ Ç⿬À» º£Ç®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í
¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿©½Å Ç캣¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ Á× °Ç³× Á³´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬È¸ ¼®»ó¿¡¼
½ÅµéÀº õ»ó°ú Áö»óÀÇ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö »ç°ÇµéÀ»
À̾߱âÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ³ØÅ¸¸£¸¦
¸¶½Ã°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§¸é À½¾ÇÀÇ ½Å ¾ÆÆú·ÐÀÌ
±×ÀÇ ¸®¶ó ¼Ò¸®·Î ±×µéÀ» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇØÁÖ¾ú°í, ¹ÂÁî
¿©½ÅµéÀº À̰Ϳ¡ ÀÀ´äÇÏ´Â ³ë·¡¸¦ ºÒ·¶´Ù.
ÇØ°¡ Áö¸é ½ÅµéÀº °¢ÀÚ Àڱ⠰Åó·Î ¹°·¯³ª
ÀáÀ» Àä´Ù.
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The following lines from the "Odyssey" will show how Homer conceived of Olympus:
"So saying, Minerva, goddess azure-eyed,
Rose to Olympus, the reputed seat
Eternal of the gods, which never storms
Disturb, rains drench, or snow invades, but calm
The expanse and cloudless shines with purest day.
There the inhabitants divine rejoice
For ever." (Cowper)
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"¿Àµð¼¼ÀÌ"ÀÇ
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÇàµéÀÌ È£¸Ó°¡
¿Ã¸²Æ÷½º¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ±×¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö º¸¿© ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù:
" ±×·¸°Ô
¸»Çϸç, ¹Ì³×¸£¹Ù, Ǫ¸¥ ´«ÀÇ ¿©½ÅÀÌ,
¿Ã¸²Æ÷½º·Î ¿Ã¶úÀ¸´Ï, ±× À¯¸íÇÑ ÀÚ¸®
½ÅµéÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇÑ °÷, °Å±ä °áÄÚ ÆøÇ³µéÀÌ
¾îÁö·´°í, ºñ¿¡ Á¥°Å³ª, ´«ÀÌ ½º¹ÌÁö ¾Ê°í ÀáÀÜ´Ù.
³¡¾øÀÌ ³Ð°í û¸íÇÔÀÌ °¡Àå ¼ø¼öÇÑ ÇÏ·ç·Î ºû³´Ù.°Å±â¼
õ»óÀÇ °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀÌ Áñ°Å¿ö Çϳë¶ó
¿µ¿øÈ÷" (Àª¸®¾ö
ÄÚÆÛ)
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The robes and other parts of the dress of the goddesses were woven
by Minerva
(Athena) and the Graces, and everything of a more solid nature was
formed of the various metals. Vulcan
(Hephaestus) was architect, smith, armourer,
chariot builder, and artist of all work in Olympus [image]. He built of
brass the houses of the gods; he made for them the golden shoes with
which they trod the air or the water, and moved from place to place
with the speed of the wind, or even of thought. He also shod with
brass the celestial steeds, which whirled the chariots of the gods
through the air, or along the surface of the sea. He was able to
bestow on his workmanship self-motion, so that the tripods (chairs and
tables) could move of themselves in and out of the celestial hall.
He even endowed with intelligence the golden handmaidens whom he
made to wait on himself.
[see image and commentary: Vulcan's Forge (1630) - painting by Diego Velazquez de Silva (1599-1660) - also see 113K image]
¡¡
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¿©½ÅµéÀÌ
ÀÔÀº º¹Àå°ú ÀÇ»óÀÇ ±×¹ÛÀÇ ºÎºÐµéÀº ¹Ì³×¸£¹Ù(¾ÆÅ׳ª)¿Í
¹Ì(Ú¸)ÀÇ ¼¼ ¿©½ÅµéÀÌ Â®´Âµ¥, Á» ´Ü´ÜÇÑ
¼ºÁúÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº ¿©·¯°¡Áö ±Ý¼ÓÀ¸·Î
¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù. ºÒÄ«´©½º(ÇìÆÄÀ̽ºÅ佺)´Â
°ÇÃà°¡¿¡´Ù, ´ëÀåÀåÀÌ, °©¿Ê Á¦Á¶ÀÚ,
ÀÌ·ûÀüÂ÷ Á¦Á¶ÀÚ, ±×¸®°í ¿Ã·öÆ÷½º¿¡¼´Â
¸ðµç ÀÛǰµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀåÀÎ(íÝìÑ)À̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â
³ò¼è·Î ½ÅµéÀÇ ÁýÀ» Áö¾î ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í
Ȳ±ÝÀ¸·Î ½ÅµéÀÇ ±¸µÎµµ ¸¸µé¾î ÁÖ¾î¼,
½ÅµéÀº ±× ±¸±¸¸¦ ½Å°í °øÁßÀ̳ª ¹° À§¸¦
°È°í, ¹Ù¶÷°ú °°Àº ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î, ½ÉÁö¾î
»ý°¢¸¸À¸·Îµµ, À̰÷Àú°÷À¸·Î À̵¿Çß´Ù.
ÇìÆÄÀ̽ºÅ佺´Â ¶Ç õ¸¶(ô¸Ø©)ÀÇ ´Ù¸®¿¡
ÆíÀÚ¸¦ ¹Ú¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ ±× ¸»Àº ½ÅµéÀÇ
ÀÌ·ûÀüÂ÷¸¦ ²ø°í °øÁß°ú ÇØ»óÀ» ÁúÁÖÇß´Ù.
±×´Â ÀڱⰡ ¸¸µç ¹°°Ç¿¡ ÀÚµ¿·ÂÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×°¡ ¸¸µç »ï°¢°¡(ß²ÊÅÊ-ÀÇÀÚ¿Í
Å×À̺íµé)´Â ±ÃÀüÀÇ È¦ ¾ÈÆÅÀ» ½º½º·Î
À̵¿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô
½ÃÁߵ鵵·Ï Ȳ±ÝÀ¸·Î ¸¸µç ½Ã³àµé¿¡°Ô Áö·Â(òªÕô)À»
ºÎ¿©Çϱâ±îÁö Çß´Ù.
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Jupiter, or Jove (Zeus*), though called the father of gods and
men, had himself a beginning. Saturn (Cronos) was his father, and Rhea
(Ops) his mother. Saturn and Rhea were of the race of Titans, who were
the children of Earth and Heaven, which sprang from Chaos, of which we
shall give a further account in our next chapter.
* The names in parentheses are the Greek, the others being the Roman or Latin names. [WWW note: separate links for Greek and Roman names]
There is another cosmogony, or account of the creation, according to
which Earth, Erebus, and Love were the first of beings. Love (Eros)
issued from the egg of Night(Nix), which floated on Chaos. By his arrows
and torch he pierced and vivified all things, producing life and joy.
[see source: Hesiod's Theogony 116-138]
[see source: Aristophanes' Birds 693-700]
¡¡
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ÁêÇÇÅÍ
¶Ç´Â Á¶¿ìºê(Á¦¿ì½º)´Â
½Åµé°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¶ó°í ºÒ¸®°í Àִµ¥,
±× ÁêÇÇÅÍ Àڽſ¡°Ôµµ óÀ½Àº ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
»çÅõ¸£´©½º(Å©·Î³ë½º)°¡
±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿ä, ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ·¹¾Æ(¿É½º)¿´´Ù.
Å©·Î³ë½º¿Í ·¹¾Æ´Â
Ƽź Á·À̾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ µéÀº Çϴðú ¶¥ÀÇ
ÀÚ³àµéÀ̾ú°í, Çϴðú ¶¥Àº Ä«¿À½º(È¥µ·)·ÎºÎÅÍ
žÀ¸¸ç, Ä«¿À½º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â ´ÙÀ½
Àå¿¡¼ ´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¸»ÇϰڴÙ.
* °ýÈ£¾ÈÀÇ À̸§µéÀº ±×¸®½º¾îÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº ·Î¸¶³ª ¶óƾ
À̸§ÀÌ´Ù. [±×¸®½º¿Í ¶óƾ À̸§µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ º°µµÀÇ ¸µÅ©°¡
µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½]
¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÄÚ½º¸ð°í´Ï, Áï ¿ìÁÖ
âÁ¶¼³ÀÌ Àִµ¥, ÀÌ ¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Áö±¸(°¡À̾Æ),
¾ÏÈæ(¿¡·¹ºÎ½º)
±×¸®°í »ç¶ûÀÌ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Á¸ÀçµéÀ̾ú´Ù. »ç¶û(¿¡·Î½º)´Â
Ä«¿À½º À§¿¡ ¶° ÀÖ´ø
¹ã(´µÄí½º)ÀÇ ¾Ë¿¡¼ ž´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¿¡·Î½º°¡
°¡Áö°í ÀÖ´ø È»ì°ú ȶºÒ·Î ¸ðµç »ç¹°À»
Âñ·¯¼ »ý±â¸¦ ÁÖ¾î, »ý¸í°ú ȯÈñ¸¦
»êÃâÇß´Ù.
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Saturn and Rhea were not the only Titans. There were others, whose
names were Oceanus, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Ophion, males; and
Themis,
Mnemosyne, Eurynome, females. They are spoken of as the
elder gods, whose dominion was afterwards transferred to others.
Saturn yielded to Jupiter, Oceanus to Neptune, Hyperion to Apollo.
Hyperion was the father of the Sun, Moon, and Dawn. He is therefore
the original sun-god, and is painted with the splendour and beauty
which were afterwards bestowed on Apollo.
"Hyperion's curls, the front of Jove himself."
(Shakespeare) [Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 4]
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»çÅõ¸£´©½º¿Í ·¹¾Æ¸¸ÀÌ
À¯ÀÏÇÑ Æ¼ÅºÁ·À̾ú´ø °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±× ½ÅÁ·Àº ±×¹Û¿¡ ¿ÀÄɾƳ뽺,
È֯䏮¿Â, ÀÌ¾ÆÆäÅ佺,
¿ÀÇǿ°ú °°Àº ³²ÀÚ ½Åµé°ú Å׹̽º,
¹Ç³×¸ð½Ã³×,
¿¡¿ì·ò³ë¸Þ¿Í °°Àº ¿©ÀÚ ½ÅµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÅµéÀº ¿¬·Î(æÄÖÕ)ÇÑ
½ÅµéÀ̶ó ÀÏÄþîÁ®¼, ±×µéÀÇ Áö¹è±ÇÀº ±×ÈÄ¿¡ ´Ù¸¥
½Åµé¿¡°Ô ³Ñ¾î°¬´Ù. »çÅõ¸£´©½º´Â ÁêÇÇÅÍ¿¡°Ô,
¿ÀÄɾƳ뽺´Â Æ÷¼¼À̵·¿¡°Ô, È֯䏮¿ÂÀº ¾ÆÆú·Ð[¾ÆÆú·Î]¿¡°Ô
¾çµµÇÏ¿´´Ù. È֯䏮¿ÂÀº žç°ú ´Þ°ú ¿©¸íÀÇ
¾Æ¹öÁö¿´´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×´Â ¿ø·¡ÀÇ Å¾ç½ÅÀÌ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×´Â
±¤ÈÖ(ÎÃýÊ) ¿Í ¹Ì(Ú¸)·Î½á ±×·ÁÁ® Àִµ¥, ±×°Íµµ ÈÄ¿¡´Â
¾ÆÆú·Ð¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾î Á³´Ù.
"È֯䏮¿ÂÀÇ ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ô,
¹Ù·Î Á¶¿ìºêÀÇ À̸¶"
(½¦ÀͽºÇǾî)
[Çܸ´,
3 ¸· 4 Àå]
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Ophion and Eurynome ruled over Olympus till they were dethroned by
Saturn and Rhea. Milton alludes to them in "Paradise Lost." He says
the heathens seem to have had some knowledge of the temptation and
fall of man.
"And fabled how the serpent, whom they called
Ophion, with Eurynome, (the wide-
Encroaching Eve perhaps,) had first the rule
Of high Olympus, thence by Saturn driven."
[Paradise Lost, Book IX, Line 581]
¡¡
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¿ÀÇǿ°ú ¿¡¿ì·ò³ë¸Þ´Â
»çÅõ¸£´©½º¿Í ·¹¾Æ¿¡°Ô ¿ÕÀ§¸¦ ¹°¸± ¶§±îÁö ¿Ã·öÆ÷½º¸¦
Áö¹èÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ¹ÐÅÏÀº "ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ³«¿ø"¿¡¼
±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾ð±ÞÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ
¿å¸Á°ú ÆÐ¸Á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾à°£ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀ» °¡Áø °Íó·³ º¸Àδٰí
¸»Çß´Ù.
"±×¸®°í ¸»Çϱ⸦
¹ìÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô, ±×µéÀÌ ÄªÇϴ¹Ù
¿ÀÇǿ°ú ¿¡¿ì·ò³ë¸Þ, (³Ð°Ô-
¾Æ¸¶ È־´Â À̺갡,) ù¹øÂ° Áö¹è±ÇÀ» °¡Á³´ÂÁö
³ôÀº ¿Ã¸²Æ÷½º¿¡¼, ±×¸®°í »çÅõ¸£´©½º¿¡°Ô
¦i°Ü³µ´ÂÁö."
[½Ç¶ô¿ø, 9±Ç,
581Çà]
¡¡
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The representations given of Saturn are not very consistent; for on the one
hand his reign is said to have been the golden age
of innocence and purity, and on the other he is described as a monster who
devoured his children.* Jupiter, however, escaped this fate, and when grown up
espoused Metis
(Prudence), who administered a draught to Saturn which caused him to disgorge
his children. Jupiter, with his brothers and sisters, now rebelled against
their father Saturn and his brothers the Titans; vanquished them, and
imprisoned some of them in Tartarus,
inflicting other penalties on others. Atlas
was condemned to bear up the heavens on his shoulders.
* This inconsistency arises from considering the Saturn of the
Romans the same with the Grecian deity Cronos (Time), which, as it
brings an end to all things which have had a beginning, may be said to
devour its own offspring.
[see image and commentary: Saturn Devouring One of His Sons (after 1819) - painting by Francisco de Goya (1746-1828)]
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´ëÇØ ÁÖ¾îÁø ¹¦»çµéÀº ±×·¸°Ô ÀÏÄ¡µÇÁö´Â
¾Ê´Â´Ù; ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ÇÑÆíÀº ±×ÀÇ Áö¹è´Â
¼ø¼öÇÔ°ú ±ú²ýÇÔÀÇ È²±Ý½Ã´ë¶ó°í
Çϱ⵵ Çϸç. ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Ð ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ»
»ïÄѹö¸° ±«¹°·Î ¹¦»çµÇ±â ´ë¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÁêÇÇÅÍ´Â ÀÌ ¿î¸íÀ» °£½ÅÈ÷ ¸éÇϰí,
ÀÌÀ¹°í ¼ºÀåÇÏÀÚ, ¸ÞƼ½º(Çö¸íÇÔ)À» ¾Æ³»·Î
¸Â¾Ò°í. ±×³à´Â ½Ã »çÅõ¸£´©½º¿¡°Ô ¾î¶²
¼úÀ» ¸¶½Ã°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ´Ù ÅäÇϰÔ
Çß´Ù. ÁêÇÇÅÍ´Â ±×ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ÀÚ¸Å¿Í ´õºÒ¾î
±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÎ »çÅõ¸£´©½º¿Í ±×ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ÀÎ
Ƽź ½ÅÁ·µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ý¶õÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù;
±×·¡¼ ±×µéÀ» Á¤º¹ÇÏÀÚ ±× ÁßÀÇ ¾î¶² ÀÚ´Â
Ÿ¸£Å¸·Î½º¿¡ °¡µÎ°í ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Àڵ鿡°Ô´Â
´Ù¸¥ Çü¹úÀ» °¡Çß´Ù. ¾ÆÆ²¶ó½º¶ó´Â
½ÅÀº ¾î±ú·Î ÇÏ´ÃÀ» ¶°¸Þ°í ÀÖÀ¸¶ó´Â
¼±°í¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
* ÀÌ ºÒÀÏÄ¡´Â ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ½Å Å©·Î³ë½º(½Ã°£)À» ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀÇ
»çÅõ¸£´©½º¿Í µ¿ÀϽÃÇϴµ¥¼ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù. Å©·Î³ë½º´Â ½ÃÀÛÀÌ
ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ³¡Àå ³»´Â °í·Î, ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ¸Ô¾î
Ä¡¿î´Ù°í ÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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On the dethronement of Saturn, Jupiter with his brothers Neptune
(Poseidon) and Pluto (Dis) divided his dominions. Jupiter's portion
was the heavens, Neptune's the ocean, and Pluto's the realms of the
dead. Earth and Olympus were common property. Jupiter was king of gods
and men. The thunder was his weapon, and he bore a shield called Aegis, made for him by Vulcan. The eagle was his favourite bird, and
bore his thunderbolts. |
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»çÅõ¸£´©½º°¡ ÆóÀ§µÇÀÚ, ÁêÇÇÅÍ´Â
±×ÀÇ µ¿»ýµéÀÎ ³ÜÅõ´©½º(Æ÷¼¼À̵·)°ú
Ç÷çÅæ(µð½º, Çϵ¥½º)¿Í
´õºÒ¾î »çÅõ¸£´©½ºÀÇ ¿µÅ並
ºÐÇÒÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÁêÇÇÅÍ´Â ÇÏ´ÃÀ»
Â÷ÁöÇϰí, Æ÷¼¼À̵·Àº ¹Ù´Ù¸¦
Â÷ÁöÇϰí, Çϵ¥½º´Â Á×Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
³ª¶ó¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áö±¸¿Í
¿Ã¸²Æ÷½º´Â °øµ¿ÀÇ Àç»êÀ̾ú´Ù.
À̸®ÇÏ¿© ÁêÇÇÅÍ´Â ½Å°ú Àΰ£µéÀÇ
¿ÕÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.õµÕÀº ±×ÀÇ ¹«±â¿´°í
°Ô´Ù°¡ ±×´Â ÇìÆÄÀ̽ºÅ佺°¡ ±×¸¦
À§ÇØ ¸¸µç ¾ÆÀ̱⽺¶ó´Â ¹æÆÐ¸¦
°¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.µ¶¼ö¸®´Â ÁêÇÇÅͰ¡ ÃѾÖÇÑ »õ¿´°í, ÁêÇÇÅÍÀÇ
¹ø°³¸¦ Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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Juno (Hera)
was the wife of Jupiter, and queen of the gods. Iris, the goddess of the
rainbow, was her attendant and messenger. The peacock was her favourite bird.
Vulcan (Hephaestos),
the celestial artist, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. He was born lame, and
his mother was so displeased at the sight of him that she flung him out of
heaven. Other accounts say that Jupiter kicked him out for taking part with
his mother in a quarrel which occurred between them. Vulcan's lameness,
according to this account, was the consequence of his fall. He was a whole day
falling, and at last alighted in the Island of Lemnos,
which was thenceforth sacred to him. Milton
alludes to this story in "Paradise
Lost," Book I.:
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À¯³ë(Çì¶ó)´Â
ÁêÇÇÅÍÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿´°í, ½ÅµéÀÇ ¿©¿ÕÀ̾ú´Ù. ¶Ç
¹«Áö°³ÀÇ ¿©½Å À̸®½º´Â À¯³ëÀÇ ½Ã³àÀ̸ç
»çÀÚ(ÞÅíº)¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í °øÀÛÀº ¿©¿ÕÀÌ
ÃѾÖÇÏ´Â »õ¿´´Ù.
õ»ó(ô¸ß¾)ÀÇ ¸í°ø ºÒÄ«´©½º(ÇìÆÄÀ̽ºÅ佺)´Â
ÁêÇÇÅÍ¿Í À¯³ë »çÀÌ¿¡ ÅÂ¾î³ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù.
±×´Â ž¸é¼ºÎÅÍ Àý¸§¹ßÀÌ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡
±×ÀÇ ¸ðÄ£Àº ±× ÃßÇÑ ²ÃÀ» ¸Å¿ì ½È¾îÇÏ¿©
±×¸¦ õ»ó¿¡¼ ³»ÂѾҴÙ. Àϼ³¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé
ÁêÇÇÅÍ¿Í À¯³ë°¡ ºÎºÎ ½Î¿òÀ» ÇßÀ» ¶§,
ÇìÆÄÀ̽ºÅ佺°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¸ðÄ£ ÆíÀ» µé¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î
ÁêÇÇÅͰ¡ ±×¸¦ Â÷¹ö·È´Ù°íµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡
ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×°¡ Àý¸§¹ßÀÌÀÎ °Íµµ ±×ÀÇ Ãß¶ô
¶§¹®À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ÇÏ·ç Á¾ÀÏ
Ãß¶ôÇÏ´Ù°¡ ¸¶Ä§³» ·½³ë½º
¼¶¿¡ ¶³¾îÁ³°í, ±×ÈÄ ÀÌ ¼¶Àº ÇìÆÄÀ̽ºÅ佺 ¼ºÁö°¡
µÇ¾ú´Ù. MiltonÀº
ÀÌ À̾߱⿡ ´ëÇØ "½Ç¶ô¿ø,"
1±Ç¿¡¼ ÀÎÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù:
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"...From
morn
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
A summer's day; and with the setting sun
Dropped from the zenith, like a falling star,
On Lemnos, the AEgean isle."
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"...¾ÆÄ§ºÎÅÍ
"Á¤¿À±îÁö ¶³¾îÁ³´Ù, Á¤¿ÀºÎÅÍ À̽½Âù
Àú³á±îÁö,
¾î¶² ¿©¸§³¯; ±×¸®°í Áö´Â ÇØ¿Í °°ÀÌ
Çϴ÷κÎÅÍ ¶³¾îÁ³´Ù, ¸¶Ä¡ ¶³¾îÁö´Â
º°Ã³·³,
·½³ë½º¿¡, ¿¡°ÔÇØ(ú)ÀÇ ¼¶."
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Mars
(Ares), the
god of war, was the son of Jupiter and Juno, Phoebus Apollo, the god of archery,
prophecy, and music, was the son of Jupiter and Latona, and brother of Diana (Artemis).
He was god of the sun, as Diana, his sister, was the goddess of the moon.
Venus (Aphrodite),
the goddess of love and beauty, was the daughter of Jupiter and Dione.
Others say that Venus (Aphrodite)
sprang from the foam of the sea. The zephyr wafted her along the waves to the
Isle of Cyprus, where she was received and attired by the Seasons, and then led
to the assembly of the gods. All were charmed with her beauty, and each one
demanded her for his wife. Jupiter gave her to Vulcan, in gratitude for the
service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts. So the most beautiful of the
goddesses became the wife of the most ill-favoured of gods. Venus possessed an
embroidered girdle called Cestus, which had the power of inspiring love. Her
favourite birds were swans and doves, and the plants sacred to her were the rose
and the myrtle. [see image and commentary: The Birth of Venus (1485) - painting by Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510)]
[see image 143K: The Visit of Venus to Vulcan (1754) - painting by Francois Boucher (1703-1770)]
[see image 159K: Venus and Mars (1483) - painting by Sandro Boticelli
(1445-1510)]
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ÀüÀïÀÇ ½Å ¸¶¸£½º(¾Æ·¹½º)´Â
ÁêÇÇÅÍ¿Í À¯³ëÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú°í, ±Ã¼ú(Ïáâú)°ú
¿¹¾ð°ú À½¾ÇÀÇ ½Å Æ÷À̺¸½º ¾ÆÆú·Ð´Â
ÁêÇÇÅÍ¿Í ·¹Åä »çÀÌ¿¡ ÅÂ¾î³ ¾ÆµéÀ̸ç,
µð¾Æ³ª(¾Æ¸£Å׹̽º)ÀÇ
¿Àºü¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¿©µ¿»ý µð¾Æ³ª°¡ ´ÞÀÇ
¿©½ÅÀ̾úµíÀÌ ¾ÆÆú·ÐÀº žçÀÇ ½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù.
»ç¶û°ú ¹ÌÀÇ ¿©½Å ºñ³Ê½º(¾ÆÇÁ·ÎµðÅ×)´Â
ÁêÇÇÅÍ¿Í µð¿À³×
»çÀÌ¿¡ ÅÂ¾î³ µþÀÌ´Ù. Àϼ³¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ºñ³Ê½º(¾ÆÇÁ·ÎµðÅ×)´Â
¹Ù´ÙÀÇ °Åǰ¿¡¼ ³ª¿Ô´Ù°íµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×³à°¡
¼Ç³¿¡ ºÒ¸®¸ç ¹°°áÀ» µû¶ó ŰÇÁ·Î½º ¼¶¿¡
µµÂøÇÏÀÚ, °èÀýÀÇ ¿©½ÅµéÀº ±×³à¸¦ ¿µÁ¢Çϰí,
ÀÌÀ¹°í °í¿î ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÇô ½ÅµéÀÌ ¸ðÀÎ ±ÃÀüÀ¸·Î
ÀεµÇß´Ù. ºñ³Ê½ºÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ¸ÅȤµÇ¾î
½ÅµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ±×³à¸¦ ¾Æ³»·Î »ï±â¸¦ ¿øÇß´Ù.
ÁêÇÇÅÍ´Â ÇìÆÄÀ̽ºÅ佺°¡ ¹ø°³¸¦ Àß ´Ü·ÃÇÑ
µ¥ ´ëÇÑ ´ä·Ê·Î¼ ±×³à¸¦ ±×¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×·¡¼ ¿©½Å Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿©½ÅÀÌ
³²½Å(Ñûãê) Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¸ø»ý±ä ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»°¡
µÈ ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ºñ³Ê½º´Â ÄɽºÅ佺¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â
ÀÚ¼ö¸¦ ³õÀº ¶ì¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ¶ì´Â
»ç¶ûÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×³à°¡ ÃѾÖÇÑ »õ´Â ¹éÁ¶¿Í ºñµÑ±â¿´°í,
±×³à¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÃÄÁø ½Ä¹°Àº Àå¹Ì¿Í µµ±Ý¾ç(ÓþÐÝå¾)À̾ú´Ù.
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Cupid (Eros),
the god of love, was the son of Venus. He was her constant
companion; and, armed with bow and arrows, he shot the
darts of desire into the bosoms of both gods and men.
There was a deity named Anteros, who was sometimes
represented as the avenger of slighted love, and sometimes
as the symbol of reciprocal affection. The following
legend is told of him:
Venus, complaining to Themis
that her son Eros continued always a child, was told by
her that it was because he was solitary, and that if he
had a brother he would grow apace. Anteros was soon
afterwards born, and Eros immediately was seen to increase
rapidly in size and strength.
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ºñ³Ê½ºÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú°í, ±×´Â ¸ðÄ£°ú ÇÔ²²
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â Ȱ°ú È»ìÀ» °¡Áö°í
ÀÖ¾î¼, ½Å°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ °¡½¿ ¼Ó¿¡ »ç¶ûÀÇ
È»ìÀ» ½î¾Æ ³Ö¾ú´Ù. ¶Ç ¾ÈÅ׷νº¶ó ºÎ¸£´Â
½Åµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ½ÅÀº ¶§·Î´Â ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöÁö
¾Ê´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ º¹¼öÀڷεµ Ç¥ÇöµÇ°í, ¶§·Î´Â
»óÈ£°£ÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ »ó¡À¸·Îµµ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº À̾߱⵵
ÀüÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ºñ³Ê½º´Â Å׹̽º¸¦
ºÙÀâ°í ´Ã ¾î¸°¾ÖÀÇ »óÅ¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÚ¶óÁö
¾Ê´Â ¿¡·Î½º¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÆÁ¤À» ÇÏ¿´´õ´Ï,
Å׹̽º´Â ±×°ÍÀº ¿¡·Î½º°¡ µ¶ÀÚÀ̱â
¶§¹®À̹ǷΠµ¿»ýÀÌ »ý±â¸é ¹Ù·Î ÀÚ¶ó°Ô
µÇ¸®¶ó ¸»Çß´Ù. ±×ÈÄ ¾ó¸¶ ¾È °¡¼
¾ÈÅ׷νº°¡ ź»ýÇÏÀÚ, ¹Ù·Î ¿¡·Î½º´Â ³¯·Î
Ä¿Á³°í Èûµµ ¼¼¾îÁ³´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
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Minerva (Athena) was the offspring
of Jupiter, without a mother. She sprang forth from his head
completely armed. Her favourite bird was the owl, and the plant sacred
to her the olive.
Byron, in "Childe
Harold," alludes to the birth of Minerva thus:
"Can tyrants but by tyrants conquered be,
And Freedom find no champion and no child,
Such as Columbia saw arise, when she
Sprang forth a Pallas, armed and undefiled?
Or must such minds be nourished in the wild,
Deep in the unpruned forest, 'midst the roar
Of cataracts, where nursing Nature smiled
On infant Washington? Has earth no more
Such seeds within her breast, or Europe no such shore?"
[Childe Harold,
Canto 4
XCVI]
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ÁêÇÇÅÍÀÇ µþÀ̾úÀ¸³ª ¸ðÄ£Àº ¾ø´Ù. ±×³à´Â ±×ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡¼
¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹«ÀåÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ž´Ù. ±×³à°¡ ÃѾÖÇÑ »õ´Â
¿Ã»©¹Ì¿´°í, ±×³à¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÃÄÁø ½Ä¹°Àº ¿Ã¸®ºê¿´´Ù.
¹ÙÀÌ·±Àº, "Â÷Àϵå
ÇØ·²µå¿¡¼," ¹Ì³×¸£¹ÙÀÇ
ź»ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÀÎÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù:
ÇÏÁö¸¸ Æø±ºÀÌ Æø±º¿¡°Ô Á¤º¹ ´çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í,
ÀÚÀ¯´Â ¾î¶² ½ÂÀÚ, ¾î¶² Àڳ൵ ãÁö ¸øÇϴ°¡,
ÄÝ·Òºñ¾Æ°¡ ÀϾÀ» º¸µíÀÌ, ±×³à°¡
¹«ÀåÇϰí, ¼ø°áÇÑ ÆÈ¶ó½º¸¦,
³º¾Æ ³¾ ¶§?
¾Æ´Ï, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸¶À½µéÀÌ ±æ·¯ Á®¾ß Çϴ°¡
¾ß»ý¿¡¼, °¡ÁöÄ¡Áö ¾ÊÀº ±íÀº ½£¿¡¼,
ÆøÆ÷¼öÀÇ Æ÷È¿ ¼Ó¿¡, °Å±â¿¡¼± À¯¸ð°°Àº ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ
À¯¾Æ °°Àº ¿ö½ÌÅæ¿¡°Ô ¹Ì¼ÒÁöÀ¸´Ï?
´ëÁö´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ±×³àÀÇ °¡½¿¿¡ ±×·± ¾¾¾ÑÀ»,
¾Æ´Ï, À¯·´Àº ±×·± Åä¾çÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº°¡?
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Mercury (Hermes) was the son of Jupiter and Maia. He presided over
commerce, wrestling, and other gymnastic exercises, even over
thieving, and everything, in short, which required skill and
dexterity. He was the messenger of Jupiter, and wore a winged cap
and winged shoes. He bore in his hand a rod entwined with two
serpents, called the caduceus.
[see also:
The Symbols of Medicine - comparison of staff of AEsculapius and caduceus of Hermes - caution: huge graphic files]
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¸Þ¸£Äí¸®¿ì½º(Ç츣¸Þ½º)´Â
ÁêÇÇÅÍ¿Í
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»çÀÌ¿¡ ÅÂ¾î³ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°¡
ÁÖÀçÇÑ ºÎ¹®Àº »ó¾÷, ·¹½½¸µ ¹×
±×¹ÛÀÇ °æ±â, ³ª¾Æ°¡¼´Â
µµµÏÁú¿¡±îÁö ¹ÌÃÆÀ¸¸ç, ¿äÄÁ´ë
¼÷·Ã°ú ±â¹ÎÀ» ¿äÇÏ´Â ÀÏüÀÇ °Í¿¡
¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. ±×´Â ÁêÇÇÅÍÀÇ »çÀڷμ ³¯°³
´Þ¸° ¸ðÀÚ¸¦ ¾²°í ³¯°³ ´Þ¸° ±¸µÎ¸¦
½Å°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶Ç ¼Õ¿¡´Â µÎ ¸¶¸®ÀÇ
¹ìÀÌ ¸öÀ» °¨°í ÀÖ´Â Ä«µÎÄɿ콺À̶ó´Â
ÁöÆÎÀ̸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
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Mercury is said to have invented the lyre.
He found, one day, a tortoise, of which he took the shell, made holes in the
opposite edges of it, and drew cords of linen through them, and the instrument
was complete. The cords were nine, in honour of the nine Muses
[image:27K].
Mercury gave the lyre to Apollo, and received from him in exchange the caduceus.*
* From this origin of the instrument, the word "shell"
is often used as synonymous with "lyre," and figuratively for music
and poetry. Thus Gray, in his ode on the
"Progress of Poesy,"
says:
"O Sovereign of the willing Soul,
Parent of sweet and solemn-breathing airs,
Enchanting shell! the sullen Cares
And frantic Passions hear thy soft control."
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¾Ç±âµµ ¹ß¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù°íµµ ÀüÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î´À
³¯ ±×´Â ÇÑ ¸¶¸®ÀÇ °ÅºÏÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°í¼ ±×
²®ÁúÀ» ¶¼³»¾î¼, ±× ¾çÂÊ ¸ð¼¸®¿¡ ±¸¸ÛÀ»
¸¸µé°í,¾Æ¸¶½ÇÀ» ±¸¸Û¿¡ ²ç¾î¼, ÀÌ ¾Ç±â°¡
¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇöÀÇ ¼ö´Â,
¾ÆÈ©
¹ÂÁ ±â¸®±â À§ÇØ, ¾ÆÈ© °³¿´´Ù.
¸Þ¸£Äí¸®¿ì½º´Â ÀÌ ¸®¶ó¸¦ ¾ÆÆú·Ð¿¡°Ô ÁÖ°í
±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ä·Ê·Î Ä«µÎÄɿ콺
ÁöÆÎÀ̸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
* ¾Ç±âÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ù¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ,
"²®Áú-shell"Àº °¡²û "¸®¶ó"¿Í
µ¿ÀǾî·Î ¾²ÀδÙ, ±×¸®°í »ó¡ÀûÀ¸·Î À½¾Ç°ú
½Ã¸¦ ´ëº¯Çß´Ù. ±×·¡¼, Å丶½º
±×·¹ÀÌ´Â, ±×ÀÇ ¼Û½Ã, "½ÃÀÇ
Áøº¸"¿¡¼ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
"¿À,
ÀÇÁöÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ÁÖÀÎ,
´ÞÄÞÇÏ°í ¾ö¼÷È÷ µéÀ̽¬´Â ¼±À²ÀÇ ºÎ¸ð,
¸ÅȤÀûÀÎ ¾Ç±â¿©! ¸»¾ø´Â »ç¶û
±×¸®°í ±¤ÀûÀÎ Á¤¿ÀÌ ³ÊÀÇ ºÎµå·¯¿î ¿¬ÁÖ¸¦
µè´Â´Ù.
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Ceres (Demeter)
was the daughter of Saturn and Rhea. She had a daughter named
Proserpine (Persephone), who became the wife of Pluto, and queen of the
realms of the dead. Ceres presided over agriculture.
Bacchus (Dionysus),
the god of wine, was the son of Jupiter and Semele. He represents not only the
intoxicating power of wine, but its social and beneficent influences likewise,
so that he is viewed as the promoter of civilization, and a lawgiver and lover
of peace.
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ÄÉ·¹½º(µ¥¸ÞÅ׸£)´Â
»çÅõ¸£´©½º¿Í ·¹¾ÆÀÇ µþÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×³à¿¡°Ô´Â ÇÁ·Î¼¼¸£Çdz×(Æä¸£¼¼Æ÷³×)¶ó´Â
µþÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ µþÀº ÈÄ¿¡ Ç÷çÅæÀÇ
¾Æ³»°¡ µÇ¾î »çÀÚ(ÞÝíº)µéÀÇ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¿©¿ÕÀÌ
µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÄÉ·¹½º´Â ³ó¾÷À» ÁÖÀçÇß´Ù.
¼úÀÇ ½ÅÀÎ ¹ÙÄí½º(µð¿À´µ¼Ò½º)´Â
ÁêÇÇÅÍ¿Í ¼¼¸á·¹ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÅÂ¾î³ ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù.
±×´Â ¼ú¿¡ ÃëÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ» »ó¡ÇÒ »Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼úÀÇ »çȸÀûÀÎ ÁÁÀº ¿µÇâ·Âµµ
»ó¡Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¹®¸íÀÇ ÃËÁøÀÚ¡¤ÀÔ¹ýÀÚ,
¶Ç ÆòÈÀÇ ¾ÖÈ£ÀÚ·Î »ý°¢µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
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The Muses were the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne (Memory). They
presided over song, and prompted the memory. They were nine in number,
to each of whom was assigned the presidence over some particular
department of literature, art, or science. Calliope was the muse of
epic poetry, Clio of history, Euterpe of lyric poetry, Melpomene of
tragedy, Terpsichore of choral dance and song, Erato of love poetry,
Polyhymnia of sacred poetry, Urania of astronomy, Thalia of comedy.
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¹ÂÁîÀÇ ¿©½ÅµéÀº ÁêÇÇÅÍ¿Í
¹Ç³×¸ð½Ã³×(±â¾ï) »çÀÌ¿¡ žî³
µþµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µþµéÀº ³ë·¡¸¦ ÁÖÀçÇϰí
±â¾ïÀ» ÃËÁø½ÃÄ×´Ù. À̵éÀº ¸ðµÎ ¾ÆÈ©
¸íÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, °¢ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¹®ÇС¤ ¿¹¼ú¡¤°úÇÐ µîÀÇ
ƯÁ¤ ºÎ¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÀç±ÇÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÇ¾ú´Ù. Ä®¸®¿ÀÆä´Â
¼»ç½Ã¸¦ ÁÖÀçÇß°í,
Ŭ·¹ÀÌ¿À´Â
¿ª»ç¸¦, ¿¡¿ìÅ׸£Æä´Â ¼Á¤½Ã¸¦,
¸áÆ÷¸Þ³×´Â
ºñ±ØÀ», Å׸¨½ÃÄÚ·¹´Â
ÇÕâ´ÜÀÇ Ãã°ú ³ë·¡¸¦,
¿¡¶óÅä´Â
¿¬¾Ö½Ã¸¦,
Æú·òÈڴϾƴÂ
Âù°¡¸¦, ¿ì¶ó´Ï¾Æ´Â õ¹®ÇÐÀ»,
Å»·¹À̾ƴÂ
Èñ±ØÀ» °¢±â ÁÖÀçÇß´Ù.
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The Graces (Charites) were goddesses presiding over the banquet, the dance, and
all social enjoyments and elegant arts. They were three in number.
Their names were Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia.
[see image and commentary: The Three Graces (1639) - painting by Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)]
[see image 171K: Mars Disarmed by Venus and the Three Graces (1824) - painting by Jacques Louis David (1748-1835) - see also: commentary on painting]
Spenser describes the office of the Graces thus:
"These three on men all gracious gifts bestow
Which deck the body or adorn the mind,
To make them lovely or well-favoured show;
As comely carriage, entertainment kind,
Sweet semblance, friendly offices that bind,
And all the complements of courtesy;
They teach us how to each degree and kind
We should ourselves demean, to low, to high,
To friends, to foes; which skill men call Civility."
[The Faerie Queene, Book VI, canto X]
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¿©½Åµé(ü·¯Æ¼Áî)ÀÌ ÁÖÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀº
Ç⿬°ú ¹«¿ë,°Ô´Ù°¡ ¸ðµç »ç±³ÀûÀΠȯ¶ô°ú
±âǰÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼úÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿©½ÅÀº ¼¼
¸íÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ±× À̸§Àº ¿¡¿ìÇÁ·Î½Ã³×,
¾Æ±Û¶óÀ̾Æ, Å»·¹À̾ƿ´´Ù.
¡¡½ºÆæ¼´Â
¹ÌÀÇ
¿©½ÅµéÀÌ ¸ÃÀº ÀÏÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù:
"ÀÌ ¼ÂÀº »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô
¸ðµç ÀºÇýÀÇ ¼±¹°À» ÁÖ°í
±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ¸öÀ» Ä¡ÀåÇϰųª ¸¶À½À» °¡²Ù°í,
»ç¶û½º·´°Å³ª ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ¸¸µç´Ù;
Á¡ÀÝÀº ¸ö°¡Áü, Ä£ÀýÇÑ Áñ°Å¿òÀ¸·Î,
´ÞÄÞÇÑ ¿Ü¸ð, °á¼ÓÇϴ ģÀýÇÑ ÀÓ¹«·Î,
±×¸®°í ±× ¸ðµç Á¤ÁßÇÑ Âù»ç·Î;
±×µéÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¾î´À Á¤µµ¿Í ºÐº°¿¡
¿ì¸®°¡ ó½ÅÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö, ³·°Ô, ³ô°Ô,
Ä£±¸¿¡°Ô, Àû¿¡°Ô; ±× ±â¼úÀ» »ç¶÷Àº ¿¹ÀǶó
ºÎ¸¥´Ù."[Æä¾î¸® Äý, Book VI, canto X]
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The Fates (Moirae)
were also three: Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. Their office was to spin the
thread of human destiny, and they were armed with shears, with which they cut it
off when they pleased. They were the daughters of Themis
(Law), who sits by Jove on his throne to give him counsel.
The
Erinnyes, or Furies, were three goddesses who punished by their secret
stings the crimes of those who escaped or defied public justice. The heads of
the Furies were wreathed with serpents, and their whole appearance was terrific
and appalling. Their names were Alecto, Tisiphone,
and Megaera. They were also called Eumenides. [image:41K]
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Ŭ·ÎÅä, ¶óÄɽýº, ¾ÆÆ®·ÎÆ÷½º µî ¼¼
¸íÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿î¸íÀÇ ½ÇÀ»
Â¥´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¶Ç ±×µéÀº Å« °¡À§¸¦ °¡Áö°í
ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾î´À ¶§°í ¸¶À½¸¸ ³»Å°¸é °¡À§·Î ½ÇÀ»
²÷±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¿©½ÅµéÀº Å׹̽º(À²¹ý)ÀÇ
µþ·Î, ¸ðÄ£Àº Á¶¿ìºê ¿ÁÁ °ç¿¡ ¾É¾Æ¼ ±×ÀÇ
»ó´ã¿ªÀ» ¸Ã°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
º¹¼öÀÇ
¿©½Åµé ¿¡¸®´µ½º
ȤÀº Ǫ¸®¾Æ¿¡´Â Á¤ÀÇÀÇ ÀçÆÇÀ» ÇÇÇϰųª
°ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÇ ¹üÁ˸¦ ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â
¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î½á ¹úÇÏ´Â ¼¼ ¸íÀÇ ¿©½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù.
Ǫ¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¸Ó¸®µéÀº ¹ìÀ¸·Î µÑ·¯Á® ÀÖ°í,
Àü½ÅÀÌ ¹«¼·°í ¼Ò¸§ ³¢ÃÆ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ À̸§Àº
¾Ë·ºÅä, Ƽ½ÃÆ÷³×,
¸Þ°¡À̶󿴴Ù. ±×³àµéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ
¿¡¿ì¸Þ³×µ¥½º¶ó°íµµ ºÒ·È´Ù.
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Nemesis was also an avenging goddess. She represents the righteous anger of
the gods, particularly towards the proud and insolent.
Pan was the
god of flocks and shepherds. His favourite residence was in Arcadia.
The Satyrs
were deities of the woods and fields. They were conceived to be covered
with bristly hair, their heads decorated with short, sprouting horns, and their
feet like goats' feet.
Momus was
the god of laughter, and
Plutus (Hades)
the god of wealth.
[see also: Family Tree - The Creation According to Hesiod (Roman names)] [see also: Family Tree - The Principal Gods (Greek names)]
[see also: Images: Cosmogony and Succession of Divine Rulers]
[see also: Morford and Lenardon, Classical Mythology: Chapter 1 summary - Myths of Creation and Chapter 3 summary - The Olympian Deities]
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¶ÇÇÑ º¹¼öÀÇ ¿©½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×³à´Â ½ÅµéÀÇ ÀǺÐ,
ƯÈ÷ °Å¸¸ÇÑ ÀÚ¿Í ºÒ¼ÕÇÑ Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ë¸¦
»ó¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÆÇÀº °¡Ãà°ú ¸ñÀÚÀÇ ½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°¡ Áñ°Ü
»ç´Â °÷Àº ¾Æ¸£Ä«µð¾Æ¿´´Ù.
»çÆ¢·Î½º´Â
½£°ú µéÀÇ ½ÅµéÀ̾ú´Ù .±×µéÀº ¿Â ¸ö¿¡
µüµüÇÑ ÅÐÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í ¸Ó¸®¿¡´Â ª°Ô µ¸¾Æ³
»ÔÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¹ßÀº ¿°¼ÒÀÇ °Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù°í
¿©°ÜÁ³´Ù.
¸ð¸ð½º´Â
¿ôÀ½ÀÇ ½ÅÀ̾ú°í,
Ç÷çÅ佺´Â
ºÎ(Ý£)ÀÇ ½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù.
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Return to Author's Preface
On to Chapter I, Part Two: Roman Divinities
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¡¡THOMAS BULFINCH
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