| ¡¡ |
¡¡ |
INTRODUCTION
¼ ¹® (ßí Ùþ) |
by
Aylmer Maude
¾ÆÀÏ¸Ó ¸ðµå
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| This volume contains three of Tolstoy's most remarkable works. Between the completion of Anna Karenina, early in 1877, and the resumption of his literary activity in the year 1885, with his popular Tales, Tolstoy devoted himself to religious reflection and to a close study of the Gospels and of dogmatic theology, although the latter subject repelled him. Apart from the full retranslation of the Gospels with voluminous notes, the works contained in this volume are almost the only literary productions of his that appeared between his forty-ninth and fifty-seventh year, that is to say during eight of the years when his powers were at their zenith. |
ÀÌ Ã¥Àº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °¡Àå µÎµå·¯Áø ÀÛǰµé ÁßÀÇ ¼¼±Ç[½Å¾Ó°í¹é(A Confession),
º¹À½¿ä¾à(Gospel In Brief),
³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡(What I Believe)]À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. 1877³â Ãʱâ, [¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª]ÀÇ ¿Ï¼º°ú
1885³â ±×ÀÇ ¹®ÇРȰµ¿ÀÇ Àç°³ÀÇ »çÀÌ¿¡,
±×ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ À̾߱âµé°ú ÇÔ²²,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â Á¾±³Àû ¸í»ó°ú º¹À½¼µé ¹× ±³¸®Àû ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ¸é¹ÐÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ¸ôµÎÇß´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ÈÄÀÚÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦´Â ±×¿¡°Ô ¾î¿ï¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
¹æ´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÇ ÁÖ¼®µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ º¹À½¼ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Àç ÇØ¼®°ú´Â ´Þ¸®,
ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡ ´ã±ä ÀÛǰµéÀº 49 »ìºÎÅÍ
57 »ì »çÀÌ¿¡,
´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ±×ÀÇ ´É·ÂÀÌ ÀýÁ¤¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´ø 8³â µ¿¾È,
³ªÅ¸³ °ÅÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¹®ÇÐÀû ÀÛǰµéÀÌ´Ù. |
| An attempt was made in Russia to suppress these books, but they circulated clandestinely in large numbers, in hectographed copies and also in volumes printed abroad and smuggled into the country. No adequate reply to Tolstoy's terrific onslaughts upon Church and State was produced, and within a single generation, in Russia, the institutions he attacked had crumbled to dust. |
·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ÀÌ Ã¥µéÀ» ź¾ÐÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ½Ãµµ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀº Àº¹ÐÈ÷ ´ë·®À¸·Î À¯Æ÷µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
Á©¶óƾ º¹»çº»À¸·Î ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ¿Ü±¹¿¡¼ ´ë·®À¸·Î ÀμâµÇ¾î ³ª¶ó ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ¹Ð¼öµÇ¾ú´Ù.
±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¹«¼¿î ¸Í°ø°Ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² ÀûÀýÇÑ ´ë´äµµ ³ª¿ÀÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
ÇÑ ¼¼´ë ¾È¿¡, ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼,
±×°¡ °ø°ÝÇÑ Ã¼Á¦µéÀº ºÎ¼Á® °¡·ç°¡ µÇ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù. |
| These books have been translated into all civilized languages and have circulated far and wide. Nowhere have the views they contain been adequately met. On the contrary they have now become part of the air we breathe, and denunciations of Church and State, Parliamentary Government, Capital, and the institution of property, as well as of law and order in general, have become commonplaces of democratic rhetoric, and those institutions are now in some circles regarded as offences against the people which must be swept away as a prelude to putting down the mighty from their scats, exalting the humble and meek, filling the hungry with good things and sending the rich empty away. |
ÀÌ Ã¥µéÀº ¸ðµç ¹®¸íÈ µÈ ¾ð¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾î¼ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô À¯Æ÷µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×°ÍµéÀÌ ´ã°í ÀÖ´Â ½Ã°¢µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼µµ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ´ëÀÀµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
¹Ý´ë·Î ±×°ÍµéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼û½¬´Â °ø±âÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡, ÀÇȸ Á¤ºÎ,
ÀÚº», ±×¸®°í Àç»ê Á¦µµ,
»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹ý°ú Áú¼´Â,
¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸·Î¼ ´Ù¹Ý»ç°¡ µÇ¾î¹ö·ÈÀ¸¸ç,
±×µé üÁ¦µéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ¾î¶² ¹üÁÖ¿¡¼´Â ±Ç·ÂÀÚµéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ ¶Ë ´õ¹Ìµé À§¿¡¼ ²ø¾î ³»¸®¸ç,
¹ÌõÇÏ°í ¿ÂÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ôÀ̰í,
¹è°íÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÈǸ¢ÇÑ °Íµé·Î ä¿öÁÖ¸ç ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºó¼ÕÀ¸·Î ÂÑ¾Æ º¸³»´Â ÀüÁ¶·Î¼,
¹Ýµå½Ã ¾µ¾î ³»¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÒ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°ÝÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
| This is serious. Our country has not yet followed in the footsteps of Russia; but here too an axe is laid to the root of the tree. What is said in these works cannot be suppressed. It is closely interwoven with some of the profoundest truths humanity has known; but it will deal a death-blow to civilization unless it can be answered. |
À̰ÍÀº Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
¿ì¸® ³ª¶ó(¿µ±¹)´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¹ßÀÚ±¹À» µû¸£Áö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª À̰÷¿¡¼µµ ¿ª½Ã µµ³¢´Â ³ª¹«ÀÇ »Ñ¸®¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ ÀÛǰµé¿¡¼ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ±ÝÁöµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº Àηù°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå ½É¿ÀÇÑ Áø¸®µéÀÇ ÀÏºÎ¿Í ±ä¹ÐÈ÷ ¾ôÇôÁ® ÀÕ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´äº¯ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é,
¹®¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡¸íŸ¸¦ ÁÖ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
| If the attack here made with power, conviction, and effect on the moral basis of our lives cannot be, and is not, convincingly met, it will continue to eat into the piles on which our house stands, and the whole order of our lives will crumble into dust. |
¸¸ÀÏ Èû,
È®½Å, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À±¸®ÀûÀÎ ±âÃÊ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Áö°í¼ À̰÷¿¡¼ ÇàÇØÁö´Â °ø°ÝÀÌ ¼³µæ·Â ÀÖ°Ô ´ëó µÉ ¼ö ¾ø°Å³ª ´ëó µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é,
±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁýÀÌ ¼ÀÖ´Â ±âµÕÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼ °¦¾Æ µé¾î °¥ °ÍÀ̸ç,
¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îµéÀÇ Àüü Áú¼´Â ºÎ¼Á® °¡·ç°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
| A Confession is the most important of Tolstoy's autobiographical writings, and will bear comparison with the most famous confessions ever penned; but it soon merges into a consideration not of his own life alone, but of the life of us all, to whom a brief existence ending in inevitable death has been' given here on earth. |
[½Å¾Ó °í¹é]Àº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÀÚ¼ÀüÀû Àú¼µé Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÁ¦²¯ ÆæÀ¸·Î ¾²¿©Áø °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ ½Å¾Ó °í¹éµé°ú ºñ°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº °ð ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °íÂûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÎ Á×À½À¸·Î ³¡À» ¸Î´Â ªÀº Á¸Àç·Î ¿©±â ¶¥ À§¿¡¼ ÁÖ¾îÁø,
¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °íÂû·Î º¯ÇÑ´Ù. |
| The conclusion he reaches in A Confession and in What I Believe is, that personal life lived for one's own ends must be a misfortune to any one intelligent enough to realize the facts; and that the only escape is to merge one's life with that of 'the son of man': that light of reason manifest in all humanity, which will endure when our personal career is ended, and which comes to us from a source outside ourselves. Life, he says, is a blessing for him who identifies himself with the son of man in the task of establishing the kingdom of God on earth, here and now. Life is a misfortune for him who seeks his personal welfare, which is an effort death inevitably baffles. |
[½Å¾Ó
°í¹é]°ú [³»°¡ ¹Ï´Â °Í]¿¡¼ ±×°¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ °á·ÐÀº,
ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ »ç´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »îÀº »ç½ÇµéÀ» ±ú´Ý±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÁöÀûÀÎ ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ô³ª Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ºÒÇàÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±×¸®°í À¯ÀÏÇÑ Å»Ãⱸ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» ¡®»ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾Æµé¡¯ÀÇ ±×°Í°ú ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù:
Áï, À̼ºÀÇ ºûÀÌ ¸ðµç Àηù¿¡°Ô ±¸ÇöµÇ¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ý¾Ö°¡ ³¡³ª´õ¶óµµ Áö¼ÓµÉ °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¹Ù±ùÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, »îÀº,
Áö»ó¿¡, ¿©±â¿¡ ±×¸®°í Áö±Ý,
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹À» È®¸³ÇÒ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¶ì´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾Æµé°ú ÀÚ½ÅÀ» µ¿ÀϽÃÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃູÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ÇູÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ »îÀº ºÒÇàÀÌ´Ù,
°³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÇູÀº Á×À½ÀÌ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÂÀý ½ÃŰ°í ¸¶´Â ³ë·ÂÀÌ´Ù. |
| Tolstoy's interpretation of Christ's five commandments differs very considerably from that given by the Church, but he introduces an intelligible and practical meaning which most of us had never suspected till we read his books. Together with much that is profoundly true and immensely important, Tolstoy announces and elaborates a theory of non-resistance, and expounds a doctrine of Christian anarchy which, plausibly as he states it, appears to be as gross a superstition as any of those he attacks. |
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¿À°è¸í(çéÌüÙ¤)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÇØ¼®Àº ±³È¸°¡ Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °Í°ú´Â ¸Å¿ì »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ù¸£Áö¸¸,
±×´Â ¿ì¸®µé ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ±×ÀÇ Ã¥µéÀ» ÀÐÀ» ¶§±îÁö ÀüÇô ÀǽÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ºÐ¸íÇÏ¸ç »ç½ÇÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù.
½É¿ÀÇÑ Áø¸®¿Í ±íÀº Á߿伺À» ¶í ¸¹Àº °Íµé°ú ÇÔ²²,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â
¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °øÇ¥Çϰí ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ±×·²µíÇÏ°Ô ¼³¸íÇÏÁö¸¸,
±×°ÍÀº ±×°¡ °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ¾î´À °Íµé ¸¸ÅÀ̳ª ÇüÆí¾ø´Â ¹Ì½Åó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. |
| If his theory be right (and he claims for it Christ's authority), nothing can, and nothing I should, save our industrial, political, or national existence from destruction. If, however, Christ meant this, it is curious that he did not say more than a few words of doubtful interpretation on a matter to which Tolstoy found it necessary during the last thirty years of his life to devote many volumes. Furthermore, Christ said, 'Render unto Caesar the things that are Caessar¡¯s,' bidding us apparently give some recognition to government to which, Tolstoy says, we should give none. Even if Christ meant what Tolstoy says he meant, if this conflicts, as it does, with our reason, conscience, and experience of life, it is still our duty to reject it. For, as Tolstoy has said, we select Christ's teaching and prefer it to other teachings, and call it divine, because it appears to us reasonable and true. If, on the contrary, after being interpreted by Tolstoy, it turns out to be plainly false, we must reject Christ's authority rather than substitute falsehood for truth. |
¸¸ÀÏ ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù¸é
(±×¸®°í ±×´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±Ç´ÉÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù),
¾Æ¹«°Íµµ, ³»°¡ ´Ü¾ðÄÁ´ë,
¾Æ¹«°Íµµ, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ê¾÷ÀûÀÎ,
Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ, ¶Ç´Â ±¹°¡Àû Á¸À縦 ¸ê¸ÁÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ À̰ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é,
Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ °ú°Å »ï½Ê³â µ¿¾È ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» ¸¹Àº Àú¼µé¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÔÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǽɽº·¯¿î ÇØ¼® ¸î ¸¶µð ÀÌ»óÀº ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÌ»óÇÏ´Ù.
°Ô´Ù°¡, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â, ¡®°¡ÀÌ»çÀÇ °ÍÀº °¡À̻翡°Ô ÁÖ¾î¶ó,¡¯¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î,
Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î¶² ÀÎÁ¤À» ÇÏÁö ¸»ÇÏ¾ß ÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾à°£ÀÇ ÀÎÁ¤À» ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ºñ·Ï Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù ±×°¡ ÀǹÌÇß´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ÀǹÌÇß´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
»ç½Ç ±×·± °Íó·³, ¸¸ÀÏ À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À̼º,
¾ç½É, ±×¸®°í »îÀÇ °æÇè°ú Ãæµ¹ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×°ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àǹ«ÀÌ´Ù.
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¸»ÇÑ °Íó·³,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô À̼ºÀûÀ̰í Áø¸®À̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´Ù¸¥ °¡¸£Ä§µéº¸´Ù ¼±È£Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
¹Ý´ë·Î, ¸¸ÀÏ,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÇØ¼®µÇ°í ³ª¼,
±×°ÍÀÌ ¸í¹éÈ÷ °ÅÁþÀ̶ó°í ÆÇ¸íµÇ¸é,
¿ì¸®´Â Áø¸® ´ë½Å¿¡ °ÅÁþÀ¸·Î ´ëüÇÏ´À´Ï ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±Ç´ÉÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã °ÅºÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
| We here face a stupendous problem, which only those who read this book carefully are likely to realize fully. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¿©±â¼ ¾öû³ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á÷¸éÇϴµ¥,
À̰ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ Ã¥À» Á¶½É½º·´°Ô Àд »ç¶÷µé¸¸ÀÌ ¿ÂÀüÈ÷ ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
| In the second volume of my Life of Tolstoy I suggested that Tolstoy's interpretation of the rule of non-resistance to 'him that is evil' was faulty, and went to the length of proposing an alternative interpretation; but on one point I think Tolstoy's meaning is seldom grasped. |
³ªÀÇ Àú¼ [Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ »î]ÀÇ Á¦2±Ç¿¡¼,
³ª´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ¼®Àº ¿À·ù°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù,
±×¸®°í ³ª¾Æ°¡¼ ´Ù¸¥ ÇØ¼®À» Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ³»°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö Á¡¿¡¼ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ Àǹ̴ °ÅÀÇ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
| Strange as it seems to us English people, and slow as I myself was to grasp it, I know not only from his works but also from correspondence and conversation with him, that he interpreted the injunction to turn the other cheek to the smiter, ¡®and if any man would go to law with thee and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also¡¯, to mean that no physical force should be used either directly or indirectly to resist him that is evil. |
ºñ·Ï ¿ì¸® ¿µ±¹ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô ´À²¸Áö¸ç,
³ª Àڽŵµ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ´õµðÁö¸¸,
³ª´Â ±×ÀÇ Àú¼µé·ÎºÎÅÍ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×¿ÍÀÇ ¼½Åµé°ú ´ëȵé·ÎºÎÅÍ,
±×´Â »´À» ¶§¸®´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´Ù¸¥ »´À» µ¹·Á ´ë¶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀÎ,
¶Ç ³Ê¸¦ ¼Û»çÇÏ¿© ¼Ó¿ÊÀ» °¡Áö°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °Ñ¿Ê±îÁöµµ °¡Áö°Ô Ç϶󡱸¦ Á÷Á¢ ¶Ç´Â °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´ëÇ×ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾î¶² ¹°¸®Àû ÀÓµµ »ç¿ëµÇ¾î¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù°í ÇØ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. |
| Many objections may be urged against that interpretation, but at any rate Tolstoy is not open to the reproach of being illogical when he approves of resistance even in an acute form, so long as this resistance does not involve the use of physical force. I am aware of the intricacy of the problem, and all I want to urge here is that unless and until one grasps Tolstoy's position-that it is the use of physical force to restrain men against their will that is immoral-one cannot see how logical (whether sound or not) his argument is. |
±×·± ÇØ¼®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¸¹Àº ¹Ý·ÐµéÀÌ ³ª¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¾î·µç Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ¹°¸®Àû ÈûÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ Æ÷ÇÔµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ,
½ÉÁö¾î °Ý·ÄÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÀúÇ×µµ ¿ëÀÎÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ¸ð¼øµÈ´Ù´Â ºñ³À» ¸éÇÏ±â ¾î·Æ´Ù.
³ª´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÔÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ¿©±â¼ Ã˱¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÀÔÀå-ºñµµ´öÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ¿© ¾ï¾ÐÇϱâ À§Çؼ ¹°¸®Àû ÈûÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù-À» ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª ÀÌÇØÇϱâ Àü±îÁö´Â,
±×ÀÇ ³í°Å°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ³í¸®ÀûÀÎÁö(¿Â´çÇÏµç ¾Æ´Ïµç)
¿ì¸®´Â ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. |
| Another point to realize is that Tolstoy, particularly at that period of his life, looked at things very much through the eyes of the Tula peasantry. Tula was a poor agricultural district where life was primitive and hard and Government demands for taxation and army service were a burden almost heavy to be borne. The outlook of a Godfearing Tula peasant was perhaps nearer to that of the Galilean disciples and the Evangelists than our twentieth-century English outlook is. Be that as it may, On Life, and Essays on Religion will show him ceasing to concern himself with the precise words of the Gospels and taking a much wider outlook on religion; but it is remarkable that even after he had ceased to attach special importance to Gospel texts he held tenaciously to the rule of Non-Resistance as being of cardinal importance, and did this not merely as a dialectical weapon against conscription, Siberian exile, capital punishment, and other evils inflicted by Government, but as an integral portion of the guidance for life that he had found while studying Christ's words. |
±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ ´Ù¸¥ ¿äÁ¡Àº Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â,
ƯÈ÷ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ ±â°£¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼,
Åø¶ó ³óºÎµéÀÇ ´«À» ÅëÇØ¼ »ç¹°µéÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ¹Ù¶ó º¸¾Ò´Ù.
Åø¶ó´Â °¡³ÇÑ ³ó¾÷Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î,
±×°÷¿¡¼ÀÇ »îÀº ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿¾ÇÇÏ¿´°í,
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¼¼±Ý°ú º´¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ä±¸´Â °ßµð±â¿¡´Â °ÅÀÇ Èûµç ºÎ´ãÀ̾ú´Ù.
Çϳª´ÔÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Â Åø¶ó ³óºÎÀÇ Àü¸ÁÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À̽ʼ¼±â ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Àü¸Áº¸´Ù´Â °¥¸±¸®ÀÇ »çµµµé°ú ÀüµµÀÚÀÇ ±×°Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇß´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ±×·¸´ÙÄ¡°í, [»î¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©,
±×¸®°í Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¹®]Àº ±×°¡ º¹À½¼µéÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö±â¸¦ Áß´ÜÇÔ°ú,
Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÈξÀ Æø³ÐÀº Àü¸ÁÀ» °¡ÁüÀ» º¸¿© ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ±×°¡ ½ÉÁö¾î º¹À½¼ ¿ø¹®µé¿¡ Ưº°ÇÑ Á߿伺À» ºÎ¿©Çϱ⸦ Áß´ÜÇÑ µÚ¿¡µµ ±×´Â °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ²öÁú±â°Ô ÁýÂøÇß´Ù,
±×¸®°í, Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °¡ÇØÁö´Â ¡º´,
½Ãº£¸®¾Æ À¯Çü, »çÇüÁ¦µµ,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¾ÇÇàµé¿¡ ¸Â¼´Â º¯Áõ¹ýÀûÀÎ ¹«±â·Î¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¹ß°ßÇÑ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöħÀÇ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î À̰Ϳ¡ ÁýÂøÇß´Ù. |
| In the years between the completion of Anna Karenina in 1877 and his active return to fiction and drama with the publication of The Death of Ivan Ilych and The Power of Darkness in 1886, Tolstoy wrote three other large works on religion besides the two given in this edition. There is a very detailed Harmony and Translation of the Four Gospels in two volumes, difficult to present satisfactorily to English readers because much of it is directed against faulty renderings in the Church-Slavonic text. And there is a Criticism of Dogmatic Theology, which would have little appeal for English readers, since those who hold to the dogmas of the Church creeds might think it wrong to consider his arguments, while the many who are already indifferent to the creeds would think any serious discussion of them a waste of time. |
1877³â
[¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª]ÀÇ ¿Ï¼º°ú, 1886³â
[ÀÌ¹Ý Àϸ®¾ÆÄ¡ÀÇ Á×À½]°ú
[¾îµÒÀÇ Èû]ÀÇ ÃâÆÇ°ú ´õºÒ¾î ¼Ò¼³°ú µå¶ó¸¶¿¡ Ȱ¹ßÇÑ º¹±Í »çÀÌÀÇ ±â°£ µ¿¾È¿¡,
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â À̹ø ÃâÆÇ¿¡ ³» ³õÀº µÎ °¡Áö ¿Ü¿¡ Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ÀÛǰµéÀ» ÁýÇÊÇß´Ù.
µÎ ±Ç¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ¸Å¿ì »ó¼¼ÇÑ [»ç
º¹À½¼ÀÇ Á¶È¿Í ¹ø¿ª]À¸·Î¼,
¸¹Àº ³»¿ëµéÀÌ ½½¶óºê ±³È¸ÀÇ »çº»¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ À߸øµÈ ¹ø¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÁýÁߵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿µ±¹ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô´Â ¸¸Á·½º·´°Ô º¸¿© ÁÖ±â´Â ¾î·Á¿ö º¸ÀδÙ.
±×¸®°í [±³¸®Àû ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ºñÆÇ]À¸·Î¼,
¿µ±¹ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸Å·ÂÀÌ ¾ø¾î º¸ÀδÙ,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» °í¼öÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×ÀÇ ³í¸®µéÀ» ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®À̸ç,
¹Ý¸é¿¡, ±³¸®µé¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ³Ã´ãÇÑ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² ÁøÁöÇÑ ³íÀÇ´Â ½Ã°£ ³¶ºñ¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
| To indicate Tolstoy's point of view and the difficulty of securing fair consideration for it, let me tell of an incident that occurred not long ago. Lecturing on Tolstoy, I spoke of the fact that, in the course of his search for a religion he carefully examined the Church creeds and arrived at the conclusion that the whole body of dogmatic theology was meaningless and would not bear reasonable examination. As an example I mentioned his conviction that it is harmful to a child's brain to give him a religious lesson in which he is told that someone went to the top of a hill and rose into the sky where he sat down at the right hand of his father; and then to give that boy an astronomy lesson in which he is told that the world is round and surrounded by infinite space-so that if anyone rose into the sky there would be no possibility of sitting down at anyone's right hand, and that if he stopped rising he would come back with a bump. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °üÁ¡°ú ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÁ¤ÇÑ ¹è·Á¸¦ È®º¸ÇÔÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» ÁöÀûÇϱâ À§Çؼ,
¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ÀÏ¾î³ »ç°ÇÀ» À̾߱â ÇϰڴÙ.
³ª´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÀǸ¦ Çϸé¼,
Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Å½±¸ °úÁ¤¿¡¼,
±×´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®µéÀ» Á¶½É½º·´°Ô Á¶»çÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±³¸®Àû ½ÅÇÐÀÇ Àüü µ¢¾î¸®´Â ¹«ÀǹÌÇϸç ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ Á¶»çÀÇ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °á·Ð¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¾ð±ÞÇß´Ù.
¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼ ´©±º°¡°¡ ¾ð´ö À§¿¡ ¿Ã¶ó°¡¼ Çϴ÷Π¿Ã¶ó °¬À¸¸ç ±×°÷¿¡¼ ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö ¿·¿¡ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÀüÇØÁÖ´Â Á¾±³ ±³À°À» ¾ÆÀÌ¿¡°Ô °¡¸£Ä¡°í,
±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ¼¼»óÀº µÕ±Û¸ç,
¹«ÇÑÇÑ °ø°£-±×·¡¼,
¸¸ÀÏ ´©±º°¡°¡ Çϴÿ¡ ¿Ã¶ó °£´Ù¸é,
´©±º°¡ÀÇ ¿À¸¥ Æí¿¡ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀº ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×°¡ ¿Ã¶ó °¡±â¸¦ ¸ØÃá´Ù¸é Äô ¼Ò¸®¿Í ÇÔ²² ¶³¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù-¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ µÑ·¯ ½Î¿© ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»Çϴ õ¹®ÇÐ ±³À°À» ±×¿¡°Ô °¡¸£Ä£´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÆÀÌÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ÇØ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù´Â ±×ÀÇ È®½ÅÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇß´Ù. |
| A dear and respected relation of my own, who is strongly attached to the Church, was in the audience, and when next I met her expressed regret that Tolstoy was so ignorant as not to know what any educated theologian could, she said, have told him, namely, that Christ did not rise in a natural body but in a 'resurrection body'. |
±³È¸¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ¿½ÉÈ÷ ´Ù´Ï´Â ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±Í¿±°í ¼ÒÁßÇÑ Ä£Ã´ÀÌ Ã»ÁßÀ¸·Î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ±×³à¸¦ ¸¸³µÀ» ¶§,
Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¾î¶² ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀÚµµ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ð¸¦ Á¤µµ·Î ¹«½ÄÇÏ´Ù°í À¯°¨À» Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù,
±×³à´Â ¸»Çß´Ù, »ç½Ç,
±×¿¡°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¸öÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
¡®ºÎȰÀÇ ¸ö¡¯À¸·Î ÀÏ¾î ³µ´Ù°í. |
| At the moment I could only reply that that was not what Tolstoy had heard the parish priest tell the peasant children at Yasnaya, nor had I been taught it at Christ's Hospital. On reflection it now occurs to me that by making the noun 'resurrection' into an adjective and speaking of a 'resurrection body' the theologians explain nothing, nor does their restatement of the dogma supply any moral lesson. They merely evade the necessity of admitting that the dogma is meaningless, and they do this by adding further obscurity to what was already unintelligible. |
±× ¶§¿¡ ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀº Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ±³±¸ÀÇ ½ÅºÎ°¡ ¾ß½º³ª¾ßÀÇ ³óºÎ ¾ÆÀÌ¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ» µéÀº °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç,
³ª ¿ª½Ãµµ ±×¸®½ºµµ º´¿ø¿¡¼ ±×°ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
»ý°¢ÇØ º¸´Ï, ÀÌÁ¦¼¾ß ¸í»ç
¡®ºÎȰ¡¯À» Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¿©±â°í
¡®ºÎȰÀÇ ¸ö¡¯À» À̾߱â ÇÔ¿¡¼ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¼³¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀçÇØ¼®¿¡¼µµ ¾î¶² µµ´öÀûÀÎ ±³À°À» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¶°¿Ã¶ú´Ù.
±×µéÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±³¸®°¡ ¹«ÀǹÌÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ Çʿ並 ȸÇÇÇϸç,
ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡´Ù ´õ¿í ºÒ¸í·áÇÔÀ» ´õÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
| Many people-notably Voltaire-have scoffed at dogmatic theology when they have attacked religion. The peculiarity of Tolstoy's case is that his rejection of the dogmas formed part of an ardent search for religious guidance, which he thought he found by disencumbering the sayings of Christ from Church dogmas which Christ evidently never taught or could have uttered. |
¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé-ƯÈ÷ º¼Å׸£-Àº ±×µéÀÌ Á¾±³¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÒ ¶§ ±³¸®Àû ½ÅÇÐÀ» ºñ¿ô¾ú´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °æ¿ìÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÇÔÀº ±×ÀÇ ±³¸®µéÀÇ °ÅºÎ°¡ Á¾±³Àû Áöħ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿·ÄÇÑ Å½±¸ÀÇ ºÎºÐÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ °áÄÚ ¸í¹éÈ÷ °¡¸£Ãưųª ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ÇØ¹æ½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ±×°¡ ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. |
| Tolstoy's attitude, expressed in What I Believe, towards an after-life had altered by the time he wrote On Life, and in a letter to his wife dated May Bth, 1898, he wrote: |
[³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡]¿¡¼ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´ø »çÈÄÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ Åµµ´Â, [»î¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©]¸¦ ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ¹Ù²î¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í 1898³â 5¿ù
8ÀÏÀÚ·Î ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿¡°Ô º¸³»´Â ÇÑ ÆíÁö¿¡¼ ±×´Â ½è´Ù: |
| ¡®On my way back in the evening twilight I rode through Turgenev's wood, Spasskoe: fresh grass underfoot, stars in the sky, the scent of blossoming willows and dead birch-leaves, the nightingale's notes, the sounds of cockchafers and cuckoos-cuckoos and solitude-and the brisk pleasant movement of the horse under me, and physical and spiritual health. And I thought, as I constantly do, about death. And it was so clear to me that on the other side of death it will be as good, though in a different way, and I understood why the Jews represented paradise as a garden. The enjoyment of nature is the purest form of enjoyment. It was clear to me that there it will be just as good-even better. I tried to evoke in myself doubts of that life such as I formerly felt-but I could not, just as formerly I could not feel assurance.¡¯ |
¡®Àú³á ¶¥°Å¹Ì°¡ Áú ¹«·Æ µ¹¾Æ°¡´Â ±æ¿¡ ³ª´Â ½ºÆÄ½ºÄÚÀÇ Åõ¸£°Ô³×ÇÁ ½£À» Áö³µ´Ù:
¹ß ¹Ø¿¡´Â ÆÄ¸©ÇÑ Àܵð°¡, Çϴÿ¡´Â º°µéÀÌ,
²ÉÀÌ ÇÇ´Â ¹öµå³ª¹« ±×¸®°í ¸¶¸¥ ÀÚÀÛ ³ª¹« ÀÙµéÀÇ Çâ±â,
³ªÀÌÆÃ°ÔÀÏÀÇ ¿ïÀ½¼Ò¸®µé, ¿ÕdzµÀÌ¿Í µÎ°ß»õµéÀÇ ¼Ò¸®µé-µÎ°ß»õµé°ú °íµ¶ÇÔ-±×¸®°í ³» ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸»ÀÇ °¡º±°í °æÄèÇÑ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ,
±×¸®°í À°½Å°ú ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ °Ç°.
±×¸®°í ³ª´Â , ³»°¡ ´Ã ±×·¨µíÀÌ,
Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ »ý°¢Çß´Ù. Á×À½ ÀúÆí¿¡´Â,
ºñ·Ï ´Ù¸¥ ¸ð½ÀÀ̰ÚÁö¸¸, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÈǸ¢Çϸ®¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ³»°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô ¶°¿Ã¶ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í ³ª´Â À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ¿Ö ³«¿øÀ» µ¿»êÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇß´ÂÁö ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù.
ÀÚ¿¬À» Áñ±èÀº °¡Àå ¼ø¼öÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òÀÌ´Ù.
±×°÷¿¡¼ ±×°ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÈǸ¢ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç-½ÉÁö¾î ´õ ³ªÀ» °ÍÀÓÀÌ ³»°Ô ºÐ¸íÇß´Ù.
³ª´Â ³»°¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ´À²¼´ø ±×·± »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇȤµéÀ» Àڽſ¡°Ô ȯ±â½Ã۰íÀÚ ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù-±×·¯³ª,
³»°¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ È®½ÅÀ» ´À³¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø °Íó·³,
³ª´Â ±×·² ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.¡¯ |
| In other volumes of this edition I have been careful to give the dates of first publication of each item. Here I can only give approximate dates, for Tolstoy's religious works were for the most part forbidden by the censor and first circulated clandestinely in hectographed copies, being printed some ten years later at a Russian revolutionary Impress in Geneva-where, curiously enough, censorship of a different kind was exercised to exclude doctrines unsympathetic to the revolutionaries. Only towards the end of the last century was the Russian text of these works printed in England, under the supervision of Tolstoy's friend V. G. Chertkov, and not till after the 1905 revolution in Russia was the censorship sufficiently relaxed, to allow of their being printed in that country. |
À̹ø ÃâÆÇÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Ã¥µé¿¡¼,
³ª´Â °¢±â Ç׸ñÀÇ ÃÖÃÊ ¹ßÇ¥ÀÏÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÔ¿¡ ½ÅÁßÀ» ±âÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¿©±â¼ ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ´ë·«ÀûÀÎ ³¯Â¥µéÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀÛǰµéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ´ç±¹ÀÇ °Ë¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç Ãʱ⿡´Â Á©¶óƾ »çº»À¸·Î Àº¹ÐÈ÷ À¯Æ÷µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̸ç,
¸î ½Ê³âÀÌ Áö³ª¼¾ß Á¦³×¹ÙÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ Çõ¸í Àμâ¼Ò¿¡¼ ÀμâµÇ¾ú°í-±×°÷¿¡¼´Â,
ÀÌ»óÇÑ ÀÏÀÌÁö¸¸, Çõ¸í¿¡ µ¿Á¶ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ±³¸®µéÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ»óÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ °Ë¿ÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¿ÀÁ÷ Áö³ ¼¼±âÀÇ ¸» °æ¿¡¾ß À̵é ÀÛǰµéÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾î ¿øº»ÀÌ Åø½ºÅäÀÌÀÇ Ä£±¸ÀÎ
V.G üȣÇÁ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿µ±¹¿¡¼ ÀμâµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
°Ë¿ÀÌ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¿ÏÈµÈ °ÍÀº 1905³â ·¯½Ã¾Æ Çõ¸í ÈÄÀ̾ú°í,
±×Á¦¾ß ±× ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰµéÀÇ ÀμⰡ Çã°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
| A Confession, the first of this series of religious works, has great autobiographical as well as literary value. It is hortatory in the best sense of the word, and aims at conveying to others the experiences Tolstoy had lived through. While doing this he had no thought of sparing himself, but like Bunyan overstated his own misconduct in early life. It is also noteworthy that just when the critics were crying out that he had 'abandoned art', he was in fact, in A Confession, using his great artistic ability to impart his feelings and convictions to his readers. He was too great an artist to believe that it is only in the form of a novel, a poem, or a story, that a reader's feelings can be reached. |
[½Å¾Ó°í¹é]Àº,
ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀÛǰµé Áß Ã¹¹øÂ°·Î¼,
ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÀÚ¼ÀüÀû ¹× ¹®ÇÐÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº ¸»¾¸ÀÇ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº Àǹ̿¡¼ Ãæ°íÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ̸ç,
Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ »ì¾Æ ¿Â °æÇèµéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØ ÁÜÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
±×´Â ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇϸé¼, Àڽſ¡°Ô ÀÎÁ¤À» º£Ç® »ý°¢À» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¹ø¿¬Ã³·³ ÃʱâÀÇ »î¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æÁ¾ÇÔÀ» ³Ê¹« °úÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù.
ºñÆò°¡µéÀÌ ±×°¡ ¡®¿¹¼úÀ» ¹ö·È´Ù¡¯°í ºÎ¸£Â¢°í ÀÖÀ» ¹Ù·Î ±×¶§,
±×´Â »ç½Ç, [½Å¾Ó °í¹é]¿¡¼
, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´À³¦µé°ú È®½ÅµéÀ» µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀüÇØÁÖ±â À§Çؼ ±×ÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀû Àç´ÉÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù.
±×´Â ³Ê¹«³ª À§´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼ú°¡¶ó¼ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼Ò¼³,
½Ã, ¶Ç´Â ´ÜÆíÀ» ÅëÇØ¼¸¸ µ¶ÀÚµéÀÇ ´À³¦¿¡ ´Ù°¡°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. |
| Saint Augustine's name has often been mentioned in conjunction with Tolstoy's and there are no doubt some striking resemblances between them, but an exceedingly wide gulf divides the man who believed the theological scheme of redemption to be of such vital importance that unbaptized infants would perish and who furnished the arguments on which later defenders of the persecution of heretics relied, from the author of A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology, who regarded that whole theory as an absurdity and detested any idea of religious persecution. |
¼º ¾Æ¿ì±¸½ºÆ¼´©½ºÀÇ À̸§ÀÌ Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© Á¾Á¾ ¾ð±ÞµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µé »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¾î¶² ³î¶ó¿î ºñ½ÁÇÔÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸,
Áö±ØÈ÷ ³ÐÀº °ø°£ÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¼,
±¸¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀΠü°è°¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¹ÏÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¼¼·Ê ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ À¯¾ÆµéÀº ¼Ò¸êµÈ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿©,
Â÷ÈÄÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÌ´ÜÀÚµéÀÇ Ã³ÇüÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ ±Ù°Å·Î ÇÏ´Â ³í¸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ »ç¶÷°ú, [±³¸®Àû ½ÅÇÐ ºñÆÇ]ÀÇ ÀúÀڷμ,
Àüü ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¸ð¼øÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â¸ç,
Á¾±³Àû óÇü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² »ç»óµµ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î °¥¶óÁø´Ù. |
| I will end this Introduction with a few more sayings uttered by Tolstoy at various periods. |
³ª´Â ÀÌ ¼¹®À» ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¸»µéÀ» ¸î °¡Áö ´õ À̾߱âÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ³¡À» ¸Î°Ú´Ù. |
| Senator Andrew D. White, who was I think American Ambassador at Berlin at the time, called on Tolstoy and mentioned the Mormons, whereon Tolstoy remarked that no doubt two-thirds of their religion is deception, but that on the whole he preferred ¡®a religion which professed to have dug its law out of the earth engraved on plates of gold, to one which claimed that its law was let down to it from heaven on the top of a mountain engraved on tables of stone¡¯. |
»ó¿ø ÀÇ¿øÀÎ ¾Øµå·ù E.
ÈÀÌÆ®´Â, ±×´Â ³»°¡ »ý°¢Çϱâ·Î ±× ´ç½Ã º£¸¦¸° ÁÖÀç ¹Ì±¹ ´ë»ç°üÀ̾ú´Âµ¥,
Å罺ÅäÀ̸¦ ¹æ¹®Çؼ ¸ð¸£¸ó±³¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥,
±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ±×µé Á¾±³ÀÇ »ïºÐÀÇ ÀÌ´Â »ç±â¶ó°í Çß´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×´Â, ¡®È²±ÝÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ÆÇ À§¿¡ »õ°ÜÁø ÈëÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À²¹ýÀ» ÆÄ³»¾ú´Ù°í °í¹éÇÏ´Â Á¾±³¸¦,
Çϴ÷κÎÅÍ µ¹·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ÆÇÀ§¿¡ »õ°ÜÁø »êÀÇ Á¤»óÀ§¿¡ À²¹ýÀÌ ³»·ÁÁ³´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â Á¾±³º¸´Ù ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. |
| When out for a walk with him one day at Yasnaya Polyana, the name of God being mentioned he turned to me and said: ¡®There are two Gods¡¯, and went on to explain himself: ¡®There is the God that people generally believe in-a God who has to serve them (sometimes in very refined ways, say, by merely giving them peace of mind). This God does not exist. But the God whom people forget-the God whom we all have to serve-exists and is the prime cause of our existence and of all that we perceive.¡¯ |
¾î´À³¯ ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ª¿¡¼ ±×¿Í ÇÔ²² »êÃ¥À» ³ª°¬´Âµ¥,
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À̸§ÀÌ ¾ð±ÞµÇÀÚ, ±×´Â ³ª¿¡°Ô µ¹¾Æ¼¸ç ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡®µÎ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¡¯,
±×¸®°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù: ¡®»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â Çϳª´Ô-±×µéÀ» ¼¶°Ü¾ß ÇÏ´Â
Çϳª´Ô (¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ¶§·Î´Â ¸Å¿ì ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î,
±×µé¿¡°Ô ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¸¶À½ÀÇ Æòȸ¦ ÁÖ¸é¼)-ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ·± Çϳª´ÔÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀØ¾î ¹ö¸®´Â Çϳª´Ô-¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¼¶°Ü¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â Çϳª´Ô-Àº Á¸ÀçÇÏ¸ç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á¸Àç¿Í ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀνÄÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¿øÀÎÀÌ´Ù.¡¯ |
| He once wrote: 'God is that whole of which we acknowledge ourselves to be a part: to a materialist -matter; to an individualist-a magnified, non-natural man; to an idealist-his ideal, Love.' |
±×´Â ¾ðÁ¨°¡ ±â·ÏÇϱ⸦: ¡®Çϳª´ÔÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ½º½º·Î ÀϺÎÀÓÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ÀüºÎÀÌ´Ù:
¹°ÁúÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¡°Õ-¹°Áú,
°³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¡°Õ-°Å¸¸ÇÏ¸ç ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î »ç¶÷;
ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â-±×ÀÇ ÀÌ»ó,
Áï »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù. |
| When Tolstoy was very ill in the Crimea in 1901, a few months after his Excommunication, news that he was not expected to live reached the Holy Synod, which was exceedingly anxious that at least a formal submission to the Church should be secured from him before he died. Instructions were given that a priest should try to secure an interview with Tolstoy and should announce his repentance. Tolstoy, on being told by his son of the priest's repeated applications for an interview, said: 'How is it, Sergey, that these gentlemen do not understand that even in the face of death, two and two still make four?' |
Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ÆÄ¹® ÈÄ ¸î ´Þ µÚÀÎ, 1901³â Å©¸®¹Ì¾Æ¿¡¼ Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¸Å¿ì À§µ¶ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§,
±×°¡ ȸ»ýÇÒ °¡¸Á¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â ¼Ò½ÄÀÌ ÃÖ°í Á¾±³ ȸÀÇ¿¡ ÀüÇØÁöÀÚ,
±×µéÀº ±×°¡ Á×±â Àü¿¡ Àû¾îµµ ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çü½ÄÀûÀÎ ±¼º¹ÀÌ¶óµµ È®º¸Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±Øµµ·Î ¿°·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
½ÅºÎ°¡ Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿Í ¸é´ãÀ» È®º¸¸¦ ½ÃµµÇÏ°í ±×ÀÇ È¸°³¸¦ °øÇ¥Ç϶ó´Â ¸í·ÉµéÀÌ ³»·ÁÁ³´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ±×ÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ½ÅºÎÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¸é´ã ¿äûµéÀ» µè°í¼ ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡®¼¼¸£°ÔÀÌ,
¾îÂîÇÏ¿© ÀÌ Á¡ÀÝÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºñ·Ï Á×À½À» ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
µÑ °öÇϱ⠵ÑÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ³ÝÀÌ µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϴ°¡?¡¯ |
| Strenuously as Tolstoy expressed himself, and convinced as he generally was of the soundness of his conclusions, he never claimed to erect 'an invulnerable fortress of truth, planned and constructed once and for ever'. On the contrary, in his reply to the Synod that excommunicated him he wrote: |
Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ °Ý·ÄÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÇÇ·ÂÇϰí,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °á·ÐµéÀÌ ¿ÂÀüÇÔÀ» ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î È®½ÅÇϰí ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸,
±×´Â °áÄÚ ¡®ÇѹøÀÌÀÚ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î °èȹÇÏ°í °Ç¼³µÈ ¹«³ÊÆ®¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Â Áø¸®ÀÇ ¿ä»õ¸¦ ¼¼¿ü´Ù¡¯°í ÁÖÀåÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
¹Ý´ë·Î, ±×¸¦ ÆÄ¹®ÇÑ ÃÖ°í Á¾±³ ȸÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯À¸·Î ÀÌ·¸°Ô ½è´Ù: |
| 'I do not believe my faith to be the one indubitable truth for all time, but I see no other that is plainer, clearer, or answers better to all the demands of my reason and my heart; should I find such a one, I shall at once accept it.' |
¡®³ª´Â ³ªÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö ¾ø´Â Áø¸®¶ó°í ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ´õ¿í Æò¹üÇϰí, ´õ¿í ¸í¹éÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ»,
¶Ç´Â ³ªÀÇ À̼º°ú ³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ³ªÀº ´ë´äµéÀ» º¼ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù;
¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ±×·± °ÍÀ» ã´Â´Ù¸é,
³ª´Â ´çÀå ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
| This volume and On Life contain the record of a very remarkable variety of religious experiences, which have never before, I think, been brought together in due sequence in any two volumes. |
ÀÌ Ã¥°ú [»î¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©]´Â ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇϰí ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Á¾±³Àû °æÇèµéÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù,
À̰͵éÀº, ³ªÀÇ »ý°¢¿¡´Â,
ÀÌÀü¿¡ °áÄÚ ¾î¶² µÎ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥ ¾È¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼ø¼´ë·Î ÇÔ²² ¸ðÀº ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
| AYLMER MAUDE. |
¾ÆÀÏ¸Ó ¸ðµå |
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[ Ȩ ] [ À§·Î ] [ ¼¹® ] [ I. º¹À½ ±³ÈÆÀÇ ¿¼è ] [ II. ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¸í·É ] [ III. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý°ú »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ý ] [ IV. ±×¸®½ºµµ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¿ÀÇØ ] [ V. ¿¹¼ö¿Í ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý ] [ VI. ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö °è¸í ] [ VII. °ÅÁþ ±³¸® ] [ VIII. »îÀÇ ±æ ] [ IX. ½Å¾Ó°ú ÇàÀ§ ] [ X. ³ªÀÇ ¸Û¿¡´Â °¡º±´Ù ] [ XI. Á×Àº ±³È¸ ] [ XII. ½Å¾ÓÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ] [ Notes ] [ MaudeÀÇ ¼¹® ]
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