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Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 1. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 2. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 3. ] [ È¸°³Ç϶ó 4. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 5. ] ȸ°³Ç϶ó 6. ]


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¡°THE KINGDOM OF GOD 
IS WITHIN YOU.¡±

¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÇ  ³ª¶ó´Â  ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó.¡±


by Leo Tolstoy

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CHAPTER XII.  Á¦ 12 Àå 

CONCLUSION-REPENT YE, FOR THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN IS AT HAND.

°á·Ð-ȸ°³Ç϶ó, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ °¡±î¿ü´À´Ï¶ó.

4.

4. Everything Depends on the Strength of the Consciousness of Chris¡©tian Truths in Each Individual Man-The Leading Men of Modern Times, however, do not Think it Necessary to Preach or Practice the Truths of Christianity, but Regard the Modification of the External Conditions of Existence within the Limit Imposed by Governments as Sufficient to Reform the Life of Humanity-On this Scientific Theory of Hypocrisy, which has Replaced the Hypocrisy of Religion, Men of the Wealthy Classes Base their Justification of their Position-Through this Hypocrisy they can Enjoy the Exclusive Privileges of their Posi¡©tion by Force and Fraud, and Still Pretend to be Christians to One Another and be Easy in their Minds-This Hypocrisy Allows Men who Preach Christianity to Take Part in Institutions Based on Vio¡©lence-No External Reformation of Life will Render it Less Miser¡©able-Its Misery the Result of Disunion Caused by Following Lies, not the Truth-Union only Possible in Truth-Hypocrisy Hinders this Union, since Hypocrites Conceal from themselves and Others the Truth they Know-Hypocrisy Turns all Reforms of Life to Evil- Hypocrisy Distorts the Idea of Good and Evil, and so Stands in the Way of the Progress of Men toward Perfection-Undisguised Crimi¡©nals and Malefactors do Less Harm than those who Live by Legalized Violence, Disguised by Hypocrisy-All Men Feel the Iniquity of our Life, and would Long Ago have Transformed it if it had not been Dis¡©simulated by Hypocrisy-But Seem to have Reached the Extreme Limits of Hypocrisy, and we Need only Make an Effort of Conscience to Awaken as from a Nightmare to a Different Reality.

¸ðµç °ÍÀº Á¦°¢±â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷¿¡ À־ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ Áø¸®µéÀÇ ÀÚ°¢ÀÇ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù-Çö´ëÀÇ ÁöµµÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×·¯³ª, ±âµ¶±³ Áø¸®µéÀÇ Àüµµ³ª ½ÇÇàÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×·¯³ª, ÀηùÀÇ »îÀ» °³ÇõÇϱ⿡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¸¸Å­ÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºÎ°úµÇ´Â ÇÑ°è ³»¿¡¼­ Á¸ÀçÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ »óŸ¦ ¼öÁ¤ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù-ÀÌ·± À§¼±ÀûÀÎ °úÇÐÀûÀÎ À̷п¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, À̰ÍÀº Á¾±³ÀÇ À§¼±À» ´ëüÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °èÃþÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§ÀÇ Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù-ÀÌ·± À§¼±À» ÅëÇØ¼­ ±×µéÀº Æø·Â°ú »ç±â·Î¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹èŸÀûÀΠƯ±ÇµéÀ» ´©¸± ¼ö ÀÕ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÎ °Íó·³ Ç༼Çϸç, ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ÆíÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù-ÀÌ·± À§¼±Àº ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Æø·ÂÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·ÎÇÏ´Â ±â°üµé¿¡ Âü¿©Çϵµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇÑ´Ù-¾î¶°ÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ °³Çõµµ ´ú ºÒÇàÇÏ°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù-Áø¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °ÅÁþ¸»À» µû¸§À¸·Î½á ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ºÐ¿­ÀÇ °á°ú´Â ºÒÇàÀÌ´Ù-¿¬ÇÕÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Áø¸®·Î¼­ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù-À§¼±Àº ÀÌ·± ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ¹æÇØÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé À§¼±ÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â Áø¸®¸¦ Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼û±â±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-À§¼±Àº ¼±°ú ¾ÇÀÇ °³³äÀ» ¿Ö°î½ÃŰ¸ç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿Ïº®À¸·Î Áøº¸ÇÔ¿¡ À־ °É¸²µ¹ÀÌ µÈ´Ù-À§¼±ÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹üÁËÀÚµé°ú ¾ÇÀεéÀº ÇÕ¹ýÈ­µÈ Æø·Â°ú, À§¼±À¸·Î À§ÀåÇÏ¿© »ç´Â »ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù ´ú ÇØ·Ó´Ù-¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¾ÇÇÔÀ» ´À³¤´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº À§¼±¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °¡ÀåµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é ¿À·¡Àü¿¡ º¯ÇüµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±×·¯³ª À§¼±ÀÇ ±ØÇÑ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ °Í °°´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾Ç¸ùÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´Ù¸¥ Çö½Ç·Î ÀÚ°¢Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.

All depends, therefore, on the strength of the conscious¡©ness of Christian truth on the part of each individual man.

±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¸ðµç °ÍÀº Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÇ Æí¿¡¼­ ±âµ¶±³ Áø¸®¸¦ ÀÚ°¢ÇÏ´Â Èû¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù.

And, therefore, one would have thought that the efforts of all men of the present day who profess to wish to work for the welfare of humanity would have been directed to strengthening this consciousness of Christian truth in them¡©selves and others.

±×¸®°í, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ÀηùÀÇ º¹Áö¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ÀÏÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù°í °í¹éÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ë·ÂµéÀÌ ±×µé ½º½º·Î³ª ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ÀÚ°¢ÇÔÀ» °­È­ÇÔ¿¡ Àü³äÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

But, strange to say, it is precisely those people who pro¡©fess most anxiety for the amelioration of human life, and are regarded as the leaders of public opinion, who assert that there is no need to do that, and that there are other more effective means for the amelioration of men's condition. They affirm that the amelioration of human life is effected not by the efforts of individual men, to recognize and prop¡©agate the truth, but by the gradual modification of the general conditions of life, and that therefore the efforts of individuals should be directed to the gradual modification of external conditions for the better. For every advocacy of a truth inconsistent with the existing order by an indi¡©vidual is, they maintain, not only useless but injurious, since it provokes coercive measures on the part of the authorities, restricting these individuals from continuing any action useful to society. According to this doctrine all modifications in human life are brought about by pre¡©cisely the same laws as in the life of the animals.

±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ»óÇϰԵµ, ±×·± ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅÂÀÇ °³¼±À» À§ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, Á¤È®ÇϰÔ, Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ °³¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿°·Á¸¦ °í¹éÇϸç, ¿©·ÐÀÇ ¼±µµÀڷμ­ ÀÚóÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº, Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ °³¼±Àº, Áø¸®¸¦ ±ú´Ý°í ÀüÆÄÇϰíÀÚÇÏ´Â, °³°³ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ë·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »îÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »óŵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ °³¼±¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´Þ¼ºµÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °³ÀεéÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº Çâ»óÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ »óŵéÀÇ Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ °³¼±¿¡ ÁýÁߵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­¿¡ ºÒÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â Áø¸®ÀÇ °³Àο¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¸ðµç ¿ËÈ£´Â, ±×µéÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇϴ¹Ù, ¹«ÀÍÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇØ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ±Ç·ÂµéÀÇ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ °­¾ÐÀûÀÎ Á¶Ä¡µéÀ» À¯¹ßÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í, ÀÌ·± °³ÀεéÀÌ »çȸ¿¡ À¯ÀÍÇÑ ¾î¶² ÇàÀ§¸¦ °è¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç °³¼±Àº Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô µ¿¹°µéÀÇ »î¿¡¼­¿Í ¶È °°Àº ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

So that, according to this doctrine, all the founders of religions, such as Moses and the prophets, Confucius, Lao-Tse, Buddha, Christ, and others, preached their doctrines and their followers accepted them, not because they loved the truth, but because the political, social, and above all economic conditions of the peoples among whom these religions arose were favorable for their origination and development.

ÀÌ ±³¸®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, °á±¹, ¸ðµç Á¾±³ ⸳ÀÚµéÀº, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¸ð¼¼¿Í ¿¹¾ðÀÚµé, °øÀÚ, ³ëÀÚ, ºÎó, ±×¸®½ºµµ ¹× ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé, ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ÀüÆÄÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀÌ Áø¸®¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ·± Á¾±³µéÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Á¤Ä¡Àû, »çȸÀû, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ »óŵéÀÌ Á¾±³µéÀÇ ¹ß»ý°ú ¹ßÀü¿¡ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

And therefore the chief efforts of the man who wishes to serve society and improve the condition of humanity ought, according to this doctrine, to be directed not to the elucida¡©tion and propagation of truth, but to the improvement of the external political, social, and above all economic condi¡©tions. And the modification of these conditions is partly effected by serving the government and introducing liberal and progressive principles into it, partly in promoting the development of industry and the propagation of socialistic ideas, and most of all by the diffusion of science. Accord¡©ing to this theory it is of no consequence whether you pro¡©fess the truth revealed to you, and therefore realize it in your life, or at least refrain from committing actions opposed to the truth, such as serving the government and strength¡©ening its authority when you regard it as injurious, profit¡©ing by the capitalistic system when you regard it as wrong, showing veneration for various ceremonies which you believe to be degrading superstitions, giving support to the law when you believe it to be founded on error, serving as a soldier, taking oaths, and lying, and lowering yourself generally. It is useless to refrain from all that; what is of use is not altering the existing forms of life, but submitting to them against your own convictions, introducing liberal¡©ism into the existing institutions, promoting commerce, the propaganda of socialism, and the triumphs of what is called science, and the diffusion of education. According to this theory one can remain a landowner, merchant, manufac¡©turer, judge, official in government pay, officer or soldier, and still be not only a humane man, but even a socialist and revolutionist.

±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, »çȸ¿¡ ºÀ»çÇϰí ÀηùÀÇ »óŸ¦ °³¼±ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ³ë·ÂµéÀº, Áø¸®ÀÇ ¼³¸í°ú ÀüÆÄ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡, »çȸ, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù °æÁ¦ »óŵéÀÇ °³¼±¿¡ ÇâÇØÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óŵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ °³¼±Àº ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÏ°í ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯ ¹× Áøº¸ÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» µµÀÔÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î »ê¾÷ÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ÁøÈïÇÔ°ú »çȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ »ç»óµéÀÇ ÀüÆÄ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ±×¸®°í °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº °úÇÐÀÇ È®»ê¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± À̷п¡ µû¸£¸é ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¹àÇôÁø Áø¸®¸¦ °í¹éÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡ ½ÇÇöÇϰųª Àû¾îµµ Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀúÁö¸£´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÚÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÇô Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù, Áï, Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÇØ·Ó´Ù°í ¿©±æÁö¶óµµ ±×°Í¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ¸ç ±× ±Ç·ÂÀ» °­È­½Ã۰í, ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦°¡ ¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀÏÁö¶óµµ ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸¸ç, ¿©·¯°¡Áö ÀǽĵéÀÌ Å¸¶ôµÈ ¹Ì½ÅµéÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÔ¿¡µµ ±×·± Àǽĵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¼þ¹è¸¦ º¸À̸ç, ¹ý·üÀÌ ¿À·ù¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇϸç, º´»ç·Î¼­ º¹Á¾Çϸç, ¸Í¼¼Çϰí, ±×¸®°í °ÅÁþ¸»Çϸç, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³·Ãá´Ù. ±× ¸ð´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÚÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù; Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ »îÀÇ ÇüŵéÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀڽŵéÀÇ È®½Å°ú´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î ±×°Íµé¿¡ ±¼º¹Çϰí, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Ã¼Á¦¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀǸ¦ µµÀÔÇϰí, »ó¾÷, »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¼±Àü, ¹× ¼ÒÀ§ °úÇÐÀÇ ½Â¸®µé ±×¸®°í ±³À°ÀÇ È®»êÀ» ÁøÈïÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ À̷п¡ µû¸£¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ÁöÁÖ, »óÀÎ, Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÚ, ¹ý°ü, Á¤ºÎÀÇ ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ´Â °ü¸®, Àå±³³ª º´»ç·Î ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, µ¿½Ã¿¡ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÉÁö¾î »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿Í Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµµ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Hypocrisy, which had formerly only a religious basis in the doctrine of original sin, the redemption, and the Church, has in our day gained a new scientific basis and has con¡©sequently caught in its nets all those who had reached too high a stage of development to be able to find support in religious hypocrisy. So that while in former days a man who professed the religion of the Church could take part in all the crimes of the state, and profit by them, and still regard himself as free from any taint of sin, so long as he fulfilled the external observances of his creed, nowadays all who do not believe in the Christianity of the Church, find similar well-founded irrefutable reasons in science for regarding themselves as blameless and even highly moral in spite of their participation in the misdeeds of government and the advantages they gain from them.

À§¼±Àº, °ú°Å¿¡ ¿øÁË, ±¸¿ø ±×¸®°í ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡¼­ ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±â¹ÝÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ »õ·Î¿î °úÇÐÀû ±â¹ÝÀ» ¾ò¾úÀ¸¸ç, °á±¹ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ À§¼±¿¡¼­ ÁöÁö¸¦ ±¸Çϱ⿡´Â ³Ê¹« ³ôÀº ¹ßÀü ´Ü°è¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±× ±×¹°¿¡ Àâ°í¾ß ¸»¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ °ú°Å¿¡ ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¾±³¸¦ °í¹éÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹üÁ˵鿡 Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±×·Î¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ±³¸®ÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´ÂÇÑ Æ¼²ø °°Àº ÁË Çϳª¿¡¼­µµ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó´Ù°í ¿©±æ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ¿À´Ã³¯Àº ±³È¸ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¹üÁË ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔ°ú ±×°Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÌ ¾ò´Â ÀÌÀ͵鿡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ³ª¹«¶öµ¥ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ÀڽŵéÀ» Áö±ØÈ÷ µµ´öÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±è¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ À¯»çÇÏ°Ô ±âÃʰ¡ ÀßµÈ ¹Ý¹ÚÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÌÀ¯µéÀ» °úÇп¡¼­ ã´Â´Ù.

A rich landowner-not only in Russia, but in France, England, Germany, or America-lives on the rents exacted from the people living on his land, and robs these generally poverty-stricken people of all he can get from them. This man's right of property in the land rests on the fact that at every effort on the part of the oppressed people, without his consent, to make use of the land he considers his, troops are called out to subject them to punishment and murder. One would have thought that it was obvious that a man living in this way was an evil, egoistic creature and could not possibly consider himself a Christian or a liberal. One would have supposed it evident that the first thing such a man must do, if he wishes to approximate to Christianity or liberalism, would be to cease to plunder and ruin men by means of acts of state violence in support of his claim to the land. And so it would be if it were not for the logic of hypocrisy, which reasons that from a religious point of view possession or non-possession of land is of no consequence for salvation, and from the scientific point of view, giving up the ownership of land is a useless individual renuncia¡©tion, and that the welfare of mankind is not promoted in that way, but by a gradual modification of external forms. And so we see this man, without the least trouble of mind or doubt that people will believe in his sincerity, organizing an agricultural exhibition, or a temperance society, or sending some soup and stockings by his wife or children to three old women, and boldly in his family, in drawing rooms, in committees, and in the press, advocating the Gospel or humanitarian doctrine of love for one's neighbor in general and the agricultural laboring population in particular whom he is continually exploiting and oppressing. And other people who are in the same position as he believe him, commend him, and solemnly discuss with him measures for ameliorating the condition of the working-class, on whose exploitation their whole life rests, devising all kinds of possible methods for this, except the one with¡©out which all improvement of their condition is impossible, i.e., refraining from taking from them the land necessary for their subsistence. (A striking example of this hypoc¡©risy was the solicitude displayed by the Russian land¡©owners last year, their efforts to combat the famine which they had caused, and by which they profited, selling not only bread at the highest price, but even potato haulm at five rubles the dessiatine (about 2 4/5 acres) for fuel to the freezing peasants.)

ÇÑ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÁöÁÖ°¡-·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÇÁ¶û½º, ¿µ±¹, µ¶ÀÏ, ¶Ç´Â ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­-ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¶¥¿¡¼­ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ °ÅµÎ¾îµéÀÎ ÀÓ´ë·áµé·Î »ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, º¸ÆíÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌµé °¡³­¿¡ Âîµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» °­Å»ÇÑ´Ù. ÅäÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ Àç»ê±ÇÀº, ±×°¡ Àڱ⠰ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â ¶¥À» ±×ÀÇ µ¿ÀÇ ¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â ¾ï¾Ð ¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Æí¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ë·Âµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ó¹ú°ú »ìÀÎÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀ» ±¼º¹½Ã۱â À§Çؼ­ ±º´ëµéÀÌ Ã⵿ µÈ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î »ç´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¾ÇÀÎÀ̸ç, À̱âÀûÀÎ ÀÛÀÚÀ̸ç ÀÚ½ÅÀ» °¨È÷ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̳ª ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¶ó°í ¿©±æ ¼ö ¾øÀ½ÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇàÇϴ ù¹øÂ° ÀÏÀº, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ±âµ¶±³³ª ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ °¡±î¿ö Áö°í ½ÍÀ¸¸é, ±×ÀÇ ÅäÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾àÅ»ÇÏ°í ¸ê¸ÁÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃß¾î¾ß ÇÔÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ À§¼±ÀûÀÎ ³í¸®°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ±×·¯ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± À§¼±ÀûÀÎ ³í¸®µéÀº Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯³ª ¹«¼ÒÀ¯´Â ±¸¿ø°ú ¾Æ¹«·± °ü°è°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, °úÇÐÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Æ÷±âÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó°í Á¤´çÈ­Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ÀηùÀÇ º¹Áö´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Çü½ÄµéÀÇ Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ °³¼±À¸·Î¼­ ÁõÁøµÈ´Ù°í ÇÕ¸®È­ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷À» ±×·¸°Ô º»´Ù, Áï »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¼º½ÇÇÔÀ» ¹ÏÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ³ó¾÷ Àü½Ãȸ³ª ±ÝÁÖ ´Üü¸¦ Á¶Á÷Çϰųª, ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³»³ª ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ¾à°£ÀÇ ¼öÇÁ¿Í ¾ç¸»À» ¼¼ ¸íÀÇ ³ëÆÄ¿¡°Ô º¸³»°í, ±×¸®°í ´ë´ãÇϰԵµ ±×ÀÇ °¡Á· ¾È¿¡¼­, ÀÀÁ¢½Ç¿¡¼­, À§¿øÈ¸¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í ¾ð·Ð¿¡¼­, º¹À½À̳ª ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®°í Ưº°È÷ ³ó¾÷ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ̶ó´Â ÀεµÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ±³¸®¸¦ ¿ËÈ£ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×´Â À̵éÀ» ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ÂøÃëÇÏ°í ¾ï¾ÐÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¿Í ¶È °°Àº À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×¸¦ ¹Ï°í, ±Ç°íÇϰí, ±×¸®°í ¾ö¼÷ÇÏ°Ô ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞÀÇ »óŸ¦ È£Àü ½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ±×¿Í ÇÔ²² ³íÀÇÇÏÁö¸¸, ³ëµ¿ °è±ÞÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÂøÃë¿¡ ±×ÀÇ Àüü »îÀÌ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ°í, À̸¦ À§Çؼ­ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» °í¾ÈÇÑ´Ù, ´Ù¸¸ ±×µéÀÇ »óÅÂÀÇ ¸ðµç °³¼±ÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í¼­, Áï, ±×µéÀÇ »ý°è À¯Áö¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÅäÁö¸¦ ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ »©¾Ñ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. (ÀÌ·± À§¼±ÀÇ ³î¶ó¿î ¿¹´Â, À۳⿡ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÁöÁֵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ³ªÅ¸³­ ¿°·Á¿´´Âµ¥, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ÀÏÀ¸Å² ±â±Ù°ú ½Î¿ì·Á´Â ±×µéÀÇ ³ë·Â, ±×¸®°í ±×·Î¼­ ºñ½Ñ °ªÀ¸·Î »§À» ÆÈ¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â °¨ÀÚ Áٱ⸶Àúµµ ¾ó¾îÁ×´Â ³óºÎµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿¬·á·Î¼­ µ¥½Ã¾ßƼ³ª(¾à 2.7 ¿¡ÀÌÄ¿)´ç ¿À ·çºÒ¿¡ ÆÈ¾Æ¼­ ±×µéÀÌ ¾òÀº ÀÌÀÍÀÌ´Ù.)

Or take a merchant whose whole trade-like all trade indeed-is founded on a series of trickery, by means of which, profiting by the ignorance or need of others, he buys goods below their value and sells them again above their value. One would have fancied it obvious that a man whose whole occupation was based on what in his own language is called swindling, if it is done under other con¡©ditions, ought to be ashamed of his position, and could not any way, while he continues a merchant, profess himself a Christian or a liberal.

¾Æ´Ï »óÀεéÀ» ¿¹·Î µé¾îº¸ÀÚ, ±×µéÀÇ Àüü °Å·¡´Â-»ç½Ç ¸ðµç °Å·¡µéó·³-ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù, ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ» ½á¼­, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹«Áö³ª Çʿ信 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» º¸¸ç, ±×´Â »óǰµéÀ» ½ÇÁ¦ °¡Ä¡º¸´Ù ¾Æ·¡¿¡ »çµé¿©¼­ ´Ù½Ã±Ý ±× °¡Ä¡º¸´Ù ³ô¿©¼­ ÆÇ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àüü Á÷¾÷ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ð¾î·Î ¸»ÇÏ°Ç´ë ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °Í¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »óȲµé¿¡¼­µµ ÇàÇØÁø´Ù¸é, ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ºÎ²ô·¯¿ö ÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ¾î·µç, ±×°¡ »ó¾÷À» °è¼ÓÇÏ´Â ÇÑ, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̳ª ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¶ó°í °í¹éÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.

But the sophistry of hypocrisy reasons that the merchant can pass for a virtuous man without giving up his per¡©nicious course of action; a religious man need only have faith and a liberal man need only promote the modification of external conditions-the progress of industry. And so we see the merchant (who often goes further and commits acts of direct dishonesty, selling adulterated goods, using false weights and measures, and trading in products injuri¡©ous to health, such as alcohol and opium) boldly regarding himself and being regarded by others, so long as he does not directly deceive his colleagues in business, as a pattern of probity and virtue. And if he spends a thousandth part of his stolen wealth on some public institution, a hospital or museum or school, then he is even regarded as the bene¡©factor of the people on the exploitation and corruption of whom his whole prosperity has been founded: if he sacri¡©fices, too, a portion of his ill-gotten gains on a Church and the poor, then he is an exemplary Christian.

±×·¯³ª À§¼±À» ÅëÇÑ ±Ëº¯Àº »óÀÎÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¾ÇÇÑ Çൿ ¹æÇâÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼­µµ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù; Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ½Å¾Ó¸¸ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ »ÓÀ̸ç, ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ »óŵé-»ê¾÷ÀÇ ÀüÁø-ÀÇ °³¼±¸¸ ÁõÁø½ÃŰ¸é µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â »óÀÎÀÌ (±×´Â Á¾Á¾ ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÁ¤Á÷ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀúÁö¸¥´Ù, ºÒ¼ø¹°ÀÌ µç »óǰÀ» ÆÈ°í, ¾ûÅ͸® ¹«°Ô¿Í Ä¡¼öµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸç, °Ç°­¿¡ ÇØ·Î¿î, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¼úÀ̳ª ¸¶¾à °°Àº, Á¦Ç°µéÀ» °Å·¡ÇÑ´Ù), »ç¾÷¿¡ À־ ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀ» Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ÓÀÌÁö¸¸ ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ, »·»·½º·´°Ôµµ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¼º½Ç°ú ¹Ì´öÀÇ ÀüÇüÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â°Å³ª, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×·¸°Ô ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀ» º»´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ÈÉÄ£ ºÎÀÇ ÃµºÐÀÇ ÀÏÀÌ¶óµµ ¾î¶² °ø°ø±â°ü, º´¿ø, ¹Ú¹°°ü ¶Ç´Â Çб³¿¡ ÁöºÒÇϸé, ±×´Â ½ÉÁö¾î »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÂøÃëÇÏ°í ºÎÆÐÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×ÀÇ Àü Àç»êÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ¿´À½¿¡µµ ÀÚ¼±°¡·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù: ¿ª½Ã, ±×°¡ ¸¸ÀÏ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾òÀº °ÍÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ±³È¸³ª °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÄ£´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ¸ð¹üÀûÀÎ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÌ´Ù.

A manufacturer is a man whose whole income consists of value squeezed out of the workmen, and whose whole occu¡©pation is based on forced, unnatural labor, exhausting whole generations of men. It would seem obvious that if this man professes any Christian or liberal principles, he must first of all give up ruining human lives for his own profit. But by the existing theory he is promoting indus¡©try, and he ought not to abandon his pursuit. It would even be injuring society for him to do so. And so we see this man, the harsh slave-driver of thousands of men, build¡©ing almshouses with little gardens two yards square for the workmen broken down in toiling for him, and a bank, and a poorhouse, and a hospital-fully persuaded that he has amply expiated in this way for all the human lives morally and physically ruined by him-and calmly going on with his business, taking pride in it.

Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÚ´Â ±×ÀÇ Àüü ¼öÀÔÀÌ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» Áã¾î § °¡Ä¡·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ Àüü Á÷¾÷Àº °­¾ÐÀûÀÌ¸ç ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ³ëµ¿¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àüü ¼¼´ëµéÀ» ÇǰïÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±âµ¶±³³ª ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» °í¹éÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ­ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Áß´ÜÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª ±âÁ¸ÀÇ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×´Â »ê¾÷À» ÁøÈï ½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¸¦ Æ÷±âÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ±×°¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÑ´Ù¸é ½ÉÁö¾î »çȸ¿¡ ÇØ°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷À» ±×·¸°Ô º»´Ù, ¼öõ ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷À» ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ç¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§Çؼ­ °íµÈ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Ù°¡ ¼è¾àÇØÁø ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» À§Çؼ­ ÇÑ ÆòÂ¥¸® ºó¹Î ±¸È£¼Òµé, ±¸ºó¿øµé, ±×¸®°í º´¿øÀ» ÁöÀ¸¸é, ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ À±¸®Àû ¹× ½ÅüÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Á°¡Áø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îµéÀ» ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÃæºÐÈ÷ º¸»óÇß´Ù°í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹Ï´Â´Ù-±×¸®°í Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¾÷À» ÁøÇàÇØ ³ª°¡¸ç, ±×°Í¿¡ ÀںνÉÀ» °¡Áø´Ù.

Any civil, religious, or military official in government employ, who serves the state from vanity, or, as is most often the case, simply for the sake of the pay wrung from the harassed and toilworn working classes (all taxes, how¡©ever raised, always fall on labor), if he, as is very seldom the case, does not directly rob the government in the usual way, considers himself, and is considered by his fellows, as a most useful and virtuous member of society.

Ç㿵½É ¶§¹®¿¡ ±¹°¡¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á¤ºÎ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¹Î°£, Á¾±³, ¶Ç´Â ±º»ç °ü¸®µéÀº, °¡Àå ÈçÇÑ °æ¿ì·Î½á, ÁöÃÄ ºüÁö°í ÀÏ¿¡ Âîµç ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±Þµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÂøÃëÇÑ ±Þ¿©¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë°¡·Î¼­(¸ðµç ¼¼±ÝµéÀº, ¾î¶»°Ô ¸ð¾ÆÁö´õ¶óµµ, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³ëµ¿¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â´Ù.), ¸¸ÀÏ, ¸Å¿ì µå¹® °æ¿ìÀÌÁö¸¸, ÈçÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ µµµÏÁúÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, Àڽſ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­³ª, ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »çȸÀÇ °¡Àå À¯ÀÍÇÏ°í ´ö¸Á ÀÖ´Â ±¸¼º¿øÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù.

A judge or a public prosecutor knows that through his sentence or his prosecution hundreds or thousands of poor wretches are at once torn from their families and thrown into prison, where they may go out of their minds, kill themselves with pieces of broken glass, or starve them¡©selves; he knows that they have wives and mothers and children, disgraced and made miserable by separation from them, vainly begging for pardon for them or some allevia¡©tion of their sentence, and this judge or this prosecutor is so hardened in his hypocrisy that he and his fellows and his wife and his household are all fully convinced that he may be a most exemplary man. According to the meta¡©physics of hypocrisy it is held that he is doing a work of public utility. And this man who has ruined hundreds, thousands of men, who curse him and are driven to desperation by his action, goes to mass, a smile of shining benevo¡©lence on his smooth face, in perfect faith in good and in God, listens to the Gospel, caresses his children, preaches moral principles to them, and is moved by imaginary sufferings.

¹ý°üÀ̳ª °Ë»ç´Â ±×ÀÇ ¼±°í ¶Ç´Â ±â¼Ò¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼öõ ¼ö¹éÀÇ °¡³­ÇÏ¸ç ºÒ½ÖÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´çÀå ±×µéÀÇ °¡Á·µé·ÎºÎÅÍ °¥¶óÁ®¼­ °¨¿Á¿¡ Ãij־î Áö¸ç,±×°÷¿¡¼­ Á¤½ÅÀ» ÀÒ°í¼­, À¯¸® Á¶°¢À¸·Î ÀÚ»ìÇϰųª ±¾¾î Á״´ٴ °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù; ±×´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¾Æ³»µé°ú ¾î¸Ó´Ïµé ±×¸®°í ÀÚ³àµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ °Ý¸®µÊÀ¸·Î½á Ä¡¿åÀ» ´çÇÏ°í ºÒÇàÇØÁö¸ç, ÇêµÇÀÌ ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ë¼­³ª ±×µéÀÇ ¼±°í¸¦ ¾î´À Á¤µµ °¡º±°Ô ÇØ´Þ¶ó°í ¾Ö¿øÇϸç, ÀÌ ¹ý°üÀ̳ª °Ë»ç´Â ³Ê¹«³ªµµ À§¼±À¸·Î ±»¾îÁ®¼­ ±×¿Í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµé ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿Í ±×ÀÇ °¡¼ÖµéÀº ¸ðµÎ´Ù ±×°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ð¹üÀ̶ó°í ±»°Ô ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. À§¼±ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇп¡ µû¸£¸é, ±×´Â °øÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ­ ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾îÁø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¼ö¹é ¼öõÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¸ÁÇÏ°Ô Çϰí, ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀúÁÖ¸¦ ¹ÞÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àý¸Á¿¡ ºüÆ®¸° ÀÌ »ç¶÷Àº, ´ëÁß ¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­, ±×ÀÇ ºÎµå·¯¿î ¾ó±¼¿¡ ȯÇÑ ÀÚºñÀÇ ¿ôÀ½À» ¶ì°í, º¹À½¿¡ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀ̰í, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ¾î·ç¸¸Áö¸ç, ±×µé¿¡°Ô µµ´öÀûÀÎ ±³ÈƵéÀ» ¼³±³Çϰí, »ó»ó ¼ÓÀÇ °íÅëµéÀ» ´À²¸º»´Ù.

All these men and those who depend on them, their wives, tutors, children, cooks, actors, jockeys, and so on, are living on the blood which by one means or another, through one set of blood-suckers or another, is drawn out of the working class, and every day their pleasures cost hundreds or thousands of days of labor. They see the sufferings and privations of these laborers and their chil¡©dren, their aged, their wives, and their sick, they know the punishments inflicted on those who resist this organized plunder, and far from decreasing, far from concealing their luxury, they insolently display it before these oppressed laborers who hate them, as though intentionally provoking them with the pomp of their parks and palaces, their theaters, hunts, and races. At the same time they continue to persuade themselves and others that they are all much concerned about the welfare of these working classes, whom they have always trampled under their feet, and on Sundays, richly dressed, they drive in sumptuous carriages to the houses of God built in very mockery of Christianity, and there listen to men, trained to this work of deception, who in white neckties or in brocaded vestments, according to their denomination, preach the love for their neighbor which they all gainsay in their lives. And these people have so entered into their part that they seriously believe that they really are what they pretend to be.

ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé ±×¸®°í ±×µé¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ³»µé, °¡Á¤ ±³»çµé, ÀÚ³àµé, ¿ä¸®»çµé, ¹è¿ìµé, ¿îÀü¼öµé, µîµîÀº, °®°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÈíÇ÷ Áý´Ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »¡¾Æ³½ ÇǷμ­ »ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³¯¸¶´Ù ±×µéÀÇ Äè¶ôÀº ¼ö¹é ¼öõÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ³¯µéÀ» Èñ»ý½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÌµé ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ °íÅëµé°ú ±ÃÇÌÀ», ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ³àµé, ±×µéÀÇ ³ëºÎ¸ðµé, ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ³»µé ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ º´ÀÚµéÀ» À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·± Á¶Á÷È­µÈ ¾àÅ»À» ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¡ÇØÁö´Â ó¹úµéÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀڽŵéÀÇ »çÄ¡¸¦ ÁÙÀ̰ųª ¼û±â±â´ÂÄ¿³ç, ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀ» ¹Ì¿öÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·± ¾ï¾Ð ¹Þ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ¾Õ¿¡¼­ »·»·½º·´°Ôµµ µå·¯³»¾î º¸ÀδÙ, ¸¶Ä¡ °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ °ø¿øµé ±×¸®°í ±ÃÀüµé, ±×µéÀÇ ±ØÀåµé, »ç³ÉÅ͵é, ±×¸®°í °æÁÖµéÀÇ È­·ÁÇÔÀ¸·Î ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÑ´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×µéÀº °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÀÌµé ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀÇ º¹Áö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½ÉÈ÷ ¿°·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï°Ô ÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×µéÀÇ ¹ß ¾Æ·¡¿¡ Áþ¹â¾Æ ¿Ô´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÏ¿äÀÏ¿¡´Â, È­·ÁÇÏ°Ô Â÷·Á ÀÔ°í¼­, ȣȭ·Î¿î ¸¶Â÷¸¦ Ÿ°í ±âµ¶±³¸¦ Á¤¸» ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô Èä³»³»¾î ÁöÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Áý¿¡ °¡¼­´Â, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¸¸ÀûÀÎ ÀÏ¿¡ ±æµé¿©Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±Í¸¦ ±Í¿ïÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº ÇÏ¾á ³ØÅ¸ÀÌ¿Í ¾ç´ÜÀ¸·Î § ÀǺ¹µéÀ» ÀÔ°í¼­, ±×µéÀÇ Á¾ÆÄ¿¡ µû¶ó, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀڽŵéÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ» ¼³±³ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ±×Åä·Ï Âü¿©ÇÏ¿©¼­ ±×µéÀº Á¤¸»·Î ±×µéÀÌ °¡ÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ´ë·Î¶ó°í ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The universal hypocrisy has so entered into the flesh and blood of all classes of our modern society; it has reached such a pitch that nothing in that way can rouse indignation. Hypocrisy in the Greek means "acting," and acting-playing a part-is always possible. The representatives of Christ give their blessing to the ranks of murderers holding their guns loaded against their brothers; "for prayer" priests, ministers of various Christian sects are always present, as indispensably as the hangman, at executions, and sanction by their presence the compati¡©bility of murder with Christianity (a clergyman assisted at the attempt at murder by electricity in America)-but such facts cause no one any surprise.

º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ À§¼±ÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çö´ë »çȸÀÇ ¸ðµç °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ì°ú ÇÇ¿¡ ½º¸ç µé¾ú´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ±×Åä·Ï ±Øµµ¿¡ ´ÞÇØ¼­ ±×·± ½ÄÀÇ ¾î´À °Íµµ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®½º¾î·Î À§¼±(hypocrisy)Àº ¡°ÇàÇÔ(acting),¡±À» ÀǹÌÇϸç, ÇàÇÔ-¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇàÇÔ-Àº ¾ðÁ¦³ª °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ´ëº¯ÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ÃÑÀ» ÀåÀüÇÏ¿© °Ü´©¾î µé°í ÀÖ´Â »ìÀÎÀÚµéÀÇ ´ë¿­¿¡°Ô ÃູÀ» ³»¸°´Ù; ¡°±âµµ¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿©¡± ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ Á¾ÆÄµéÀÇ »çÁ¦µé, ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀº, óÇüÀå¿¡ ÇʼöÀÎ ±³¼öÇü ÁýÇàÀÚó·³, ¾ðÁ¦³ª Âü¼®Çϰí, ±×µéÀÇ Âü¿©·Î¼­ ±âµ¶±³¿Í »ìÀÎÀÇ Å¸ÇùÀ» Çã¶ôÇÑ´Ù (¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â ¸ñ»ç°¡ Àü±â·Î »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â ½Ãµµ¿¡ ÇùÁ¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù)-±×·¯³ª ±×·± »ç½ÇµéÀº ¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ ³î¶ó¿òÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

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