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| CHAPTER IX. |
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9
Àå
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THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE CHRISTIAN CONCEPTION OF LIFE WILL
EMANCIPATE MEN FROM THE MISERIES OF OUR PAGAN LIFE. |
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ ¼ö¿ëÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ»
À̱³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ºÒÇàµé¿¡¼ ÇØ¹æ½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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The External Life of Christian Peoples Remains Pagan Though they are
Penetrated by Christian Consciousness-The Way Out of this Contra¡©diction
is by the Acceptance of the Christian Theory of Life-Only Through
Christianity is Every Man Free, and Emancipated of All Human
Authority-This Emancipation can be Effected by no Change in External
Conditions of Life, but Only by a Change in the Concep¡©tion of Life-The
Christian Ideal of Life Requires Renunciation of all Violence, and in
Emancipating the Man who Accepts it, Emanci¡©pates the Whole World from
All External Authorities-The Way Out of the Present Apparently Hopeless
Position is for Every Man who is Capable of Assimilating the Christian
Conception of Life, to Accept it and Live in Accordance with it-But Men
Consider this Way too Slow, and Look for Deliverance Through Changes in
Material Conditions of Life Aided by Government-That Will Lead to No
Improvement, as it is simply Increasing the Evil under which Men are
Suffering-A Striking Instance of this is the Submission to Com¡©pulsory
Military Service, which it would be More Advantageous for Every Man to
Refuse than to Submit to-The Emancipation of Men Can Only be Brought About
by each Individual Emancipating Himself, and the Examples of this
Self-emancipation which are already Appear¡©ing Threaten the Destruction
of Governmental Authority-Refusal to Comply with the Unchristian Demands
of Government Undermines the Authority of the State and Emancipates
Men-And therefore Cases of such Non-compliance are Regarded with more
Dread by State Authorities than any Conspiracies or Acts of
Violence-Examples of Non-compliance in Russia, in Regard to Oath of
Allegiance, Pay¡©ment of Taxes, Passports, Police Duties, and Military
Service- Examples of such Non-compliance in other States-Governments do
not Know how to Treat Men who Refuse to Comply with their Demands on
Christian Grounds-Such People, without Striking a Blow, Undermine the very
Basis of Government from Within-To Punish them is Equivalent to Openly
Renouncing Christianity, and Assisting in Diffusing the Very Principle by
which these Men Justify their Non-compliance-So Governments are in a
Helpless Position- Men who Maintain the Uselessness of Personal
Independence, only Retard the Dissolution of the Present State
Organization Based on Force. |
±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ »îÀº À̱³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÖ´Ù
ºñ·Ï ±×µé¿¡°Ô ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÚ°¢ÀÌ ½º¸çµé¾ú¾îµµ-ÀÌ·±
¸ð¼øÀ¸·Î ¹þ¾î³ª´Â ±æÀº »îÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ
¼ö¿ë¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù-¿ÀÁ÷ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼¸¸ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº ¸ðµç
Àΰ£ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ÇØ¹æµÈ´Ù-ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇØ¹æÀº
»îÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Á¶°Çµé¿¡¼ÀÇ º¯È°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÁ÷ »îÀÇ
°³³äÀÇ º¯È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù-±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀº ¸ðµç
Æø·ÂÀÇ Æ÷±â¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â
»ç¶÷À» ÇØ¹æÇÔ¿¡¼,
Àüü ¼¼°è¸¦ ¸ðµç ¿ÜÀûÀÎ
±Ç·Âµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æÇÑ´Ù-ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸í¹éÈ÷ Èñ¸Á¾ø´Â
À§Ä¡¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª´Â ±æÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÇ »îÀ»
Èí¼öÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ°í ±×¿¡
µû¶ó »ç´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª
´À¸®´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù,
±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ÅëÇÑ »îÀÇ
¹°ÁúÀû »óÅÂÀÇ º¯ÈµéÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ±¸¿øÀ» ã´Â´Ù-±×°ÍÀº
¾Æ¹«·± °³¼±À» µ¿¹ÝÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº
´Ü¼øÈ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °íÅë¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¾ÇÀ» Áõ°¡½Ã۱â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù-À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÇÇÑ Áõ°Å´Â °Á¦Àû º´¿ª
Àǹ«¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÔÀ̸ç,
±×°ÍÀº º¹Á¾Çϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â °ÅºÎÇÔÀÌ
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´õ¿í ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù-»ç¶÷µéÀÇ
ÇØ¹æÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ °¢±â °³ÀεéÀÌ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÇØ¹æÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ¹Ì ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·± ÀÚ±â
ÇØ¹æÀÇ ¿¹µéÀº Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÆÄ±«·Î À§ÇùÇÑ´Ù-Á¤ºÎÀÇ ºñ
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¸í·Éµé¿¡ ¼øÀÀÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÔÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ
±Ç·ÂÀ» ¾àÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇØ¹æ½ÃŲ´Ù-±×¸®°í
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ °æ¿ìµéÀº ±¹°¡ ±Ç·Âµé¿¡°Ô´Â
´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² À½¸ð³ª Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µé º¸´Ù ´õ¿í µÎ·Æ°Ô
¿©°ÜÁø´Ù-Ãæ¼º ¼±¼,
¼¼±Ý ³³ºÎ,
½ÅºÐÁõµé,
°æÂû Àǹ«µé,
±×¸®°í º´¿ª Àǹ« µî¿¡ °ü·ÃÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ
¿¹µé-Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±×µéÀÌ ¸í·ÉµéÀ»
º¹Á¾Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ´Ù·ç¾î¾ß ÇÒ
Áö¸¦ ¸ð¸¥´Ù-±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÁÖ¸ÔÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê°í
³»ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±â¹Ý ÀÚü¸¦ ¾àÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù-±×µéÀ»
ó¹úÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ±âµ¶±³¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç,
ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ºÒº¹Á¾À» Á¤´çÈÇÏ´Â ¿ø¸® ÀÚü¸¦
ÀüÆÄÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁØ´Ù-°³ÀÎÀûÀÎ µ¶¸³ÀÇ ¹«¿ëÇÔÀ»
ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº,
¿ÀÁ÷ Æø·ÂÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·ÎÇÏ´Â ÇöÀç
±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¿ÍÇØ¸¦ ´õµð°Ô ÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The position of the Christian peoples in our days has remained just as
cruel as it was in the times of paganism. In many respects, especially in
the oppression of the masses, it has become even more cruel than it was in
the days of paganism. |
¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ À§Ä¡´Â À̱³ÁÖÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡
±×·¯ÇÏ´ø °Í°ú ¶È°°ÀÌ ÀÜÀÎÇÏ´Ù.
¸¹Àº Á¡µé¿¡¼,
ƯÈ÷
´ëÁßµéÀ» ź¾Ð¿¡¼,
±×°ÍÀº À̱³ÁÖÀÇ ½Ã´ëº¸´Ù ½ÉÁö¾î
´õ¿í ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
But between the condition of men in ancient times and their condition
in our days there is just the difference that we see in the world of
vegetation between the last days of autumn and the first days of spring.
In the autumn the external lifelessness in nature corresponds with its
inward condition of death, while in the spring the external lifeless-ness
is in sharp contrast with the internal state of reviving and passing into
new forms of life. |
±×·¯³ª °ú°Å ½Ã´ëµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óȲ°ú,
¿ì¸®
½Ã´ëµéÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ »óȲÀº ¹Ù·Î,
¿ì¸®´Â ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡¼
°¡À»ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ³¯µé°ú º½ÀÇ Ã¹³¯µéÀ» ¾È´Ù´Â Â÷ÀÌÀÌ´Ù.
°¡À»ÀÌ µÇ¸é ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ Á¤Áö°¡ ³»ÀûÀÎ Á×À½ÀÇ
»óÅÂ¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù,
¹Ý¸é¿¡ º½ÀÌ µÇ¸é ¿ÜÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ Á¤Áö´Â
³»ÀûÀÎ ºÎȰ°ú »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ ÇüÅ·ÎÀÇ À̵¿ÇÔ°úÀÇ
¿¹¸®ÇÑ ´ëÁ¶°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
In the same way the similarity between the ancient heathen life and the
life of to-day is merely external: the inward condition of men in the
times of heathenism was absolutely different from their inward condition
at the present time. |
¶È°°Àº ½ÄÀ¸·Î,
¿¾³¯ÀÇ À̱³ÀûÀÎ »î°ú ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »î
»çÀÌÀÇ À¯»ç¼ºÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù:
À̱³ÀÇ
½Ã´ëµé¿¡¼ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ »óÅ´ Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ
³»ÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿ʹ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´Þ¶ú´Ù. |
|
Then the outward condition of cruelty and of slavery was in complete
harmony with the inner conscience of men, and every step in advance
intensified this harmony; now the outward condition of cruelty and of
slavery is completely contradictory to the Christian consciousness of men,
and every step in advance only intensifies this contradic¡©tion. |
±×´ç½Ã ÀÜÀÎÇÔ°ú ³ë¿¹·Î¼ÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ »óÅ´ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
³»ÀûÀÎ ¾ç½É°ú ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀüÁøÇÏ´Â
¸ðµç ¹ß°ÉÀ½Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ °È½ÃÄ×´Ù;
ÀÌÁ¦
ÀÜÀÎÇÔ°ú ³ë¿¹·Î¼ÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ »óÅ´ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ
ÀÚ°¢°ú´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´ëÄ¡µÇ¸ç,
ÀüÁøÇÏ´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ ¹ß°ÉÀ½Àº
¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ëÄ¡¸¦ °È½Ãų »ÓÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Humanity is passing through seemingly unnecessary, fruitless agonies.
It is passing through something like the throes of birth. Everything is
ready for the new life, but still the new life does not come. |
Àηù´Â °ÑÀ¸·Î º¸±â¿¡ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇϸç,
¹«ÀÍÇÑ °íÅëµéÀ»
Åë°úÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº Ãâ»êÀÇ °íÅë °°Àº °ÍÀ» Åë°úÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù.
¸ðµç °ÍÀº »õ·Î¿î »îÀ» À§ÇØ ÁغñµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¿©ÀüÈ÷ »õ·Î¿î »îÀº ¿ÀÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
|
There seems no way out of the position. And there would be none, except
that a man (and thereby all men) is gifted with the power of forming a
different, higher theory of life, which at once frees him from all the
bonds by which he seems indissolubly fettered. |
±×·¯ÇÑ À§Ä¡¸¦ ¹þ¾î³¯ ±æÀÌ ¾ø¾î º¸ÀδÙ.
»ç¶÷Àº (±×¸®ÇÏ¿©
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ)
»óÀÌÇÏ¸ç ´õ ³ôÀº »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¸¸µé¾î
³»´Â ÈûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î¼,
±× ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ,
Ç® ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î
¹¿© ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â ¸ðµç ±¸¼Óµé·ÎºÎÅÍ,
´çÀå ±×¸¦
ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ±æÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
And such a theory is the Christian view of life made known to mankind
eighteen hundred years ago. |
±×¸®°í ±×·± ÀÌ·ÐÀº 1800³â Àü¿¡ Àηù¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁø »îÀÇ
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
A man need only make this theory of life his own, for the fetters which
seemed so indissolubly forged upon him to drop off of themselves, and for
him to feel himself absolutely free, just as a bird would feel itself free
in a fenced-in place directly it took to its wings. |
»ç¶÷Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÀÚ±â ÀڽŰÍÀ¸·Î
¸¸µé±â¸¸ Çϸé,
±×·¸°Ô ´Ü´ÜÈ÷ ±×¿¡°Ô ä¿öÁø Á·¼âµéÀº
ÀúÀý·Î ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª°¥ °ÍÀ̸ç,
ÇÑ ¸¶¸®ÀÇ »õ°¡ ±× ³¯°³¸¦
ÈçµéÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ °¤Çô ÀÖ´ø °÷¿¡¼ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿òÀ» ´À³¦°ú
¶È°°ÀÌ,
±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿òÀ» ´À³¥
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
People talk about the liberty of the Christian Church, about giving or
not giving freedom to Christians. Under¡©lying all these ideas and
expressions there is some strange misconception. Freedom cannot be
bestowed on or taken from a Christian or Christians. Freedom is an
inalienable possession of the Christian. |
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼,
±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô ÀÚÀ¯À» ÁÜ ¶Ç´Â ÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇØ
À̾߱âÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç»óµé°ú Ç¥ÇöµéÀÇ Àúº¯¿¡´Â ¾î¶²
ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÚÀ¯´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̳ª
±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô ÁÖ¾î Áö°Å³ª,
±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ »©¾ÑÀ» ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÚÀ¯´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ ºÐ¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â
¼ÒÀ¯¹°ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
If we talk of bestowing freedom on Christians or with¡©holding it from
them, we are obviously talking not of real Christians but of people who
only call themselves Chris¡©tians. A Christian cannot fail to be free,
because the attainment of the aim he sets before himself cannot be pre¡©vented
or even hindered by anyone or anything. |
¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±âµ¶±³Àε鿡°Ô ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϰųª
±×µé¿¡°Ô¼ ±×°ÍÀ» ȸ¼öÇÔÀ» À̾߱â ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
¿ì¸®´Â
ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
¼ÒÀ§ ÀڽŵéÀ» ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ»
¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ÀÚÀ¯·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡
¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀڽŠ¾Õ¿¡ ¼³Á¤ÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥ÀÇ ´Þ¼ºÀº ¾î´À
´©±¸³ª,
¾î´À °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼µµ ±ÝÁöµÇ°Å³ª ¹æÇعÞÀ» ¼ö
¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Let a man only understand his life as Christianity teaches him to
understand it, let him understand, that is, that his life belongs not to
him-not to his own individual¡©ity, nor to his family, nor to the
state-but to him who has sent him into the world, and let him once
understand that he must therefore fulfill not the law of his own indi¡©viduality,
nor his family, nor of the state, but the infinite law of him from whom he
has come; and he will not only feel himself absolutely free from every
human power, but will even cease to regard such power as at all able to
hamper anyone. |
±âµ¶±³°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô »îÀ» ±ú´Ýµµ·Ï °¡¸£Ä£ ´ë·Î ¿ÀÁ÷
±×ÀÇ »îÀ» ±ú´Ý°ÔÇ϶ó,
´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé,
±×ÀÇ »îÀº ÀÚ½Å-±×
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³Àο¡°Ô°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç,
±×ÀÇ °¡Á·¿¡°Ôµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç,
±¹°¡¿¡°Ôµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç-¿¡°Ô ¼ÓÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â ±×¸¦
¼¼»ó¿¡ º¸³»½Å ºÐ²² ¼ÓÇÑ °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô Ç϶ó,
±×¸®°í
±×´Â ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±× Àڽа³ÀÎÀÇ ¹ýµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç,
±×ÀÇ
°¡Á·ÀÇ ¹ýµµ ¾Æ´Ï°í,
±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ýµµ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×¸¦ ¼¼»ó¿¡
º¸³½ ±×ºÐÀÇ ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ¹ýÀ» ½ÇÃµÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀ» Çѹø¸¸ ±ú´Ý°Ô
Ç϶ó;
±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ±× ½º½º·Î°¡ ¸ðµç Àΰ£µéÀÇ
±Ç·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿òÀ» ´À³¥ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
½ÉÁö¾î ±×·¯ÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ¾î´À ´©±¸¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í
Á¶Â÷ ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» ±×Ä¡°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Let a man but realize that the aim of his life is the fulfill¡©ment of
God's law, and that law will replace all other laws for him, and he will
give it his sole allegiance, so that by that very allegiance every human
law will lose all binding and controlling power in his eyes. |
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ½ÇõÇÔ¿¡
ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ±ú´Ý°Ô Ç϶ó,
±×·¯¸é ±× ¹ýÀº ±×¸¦
À§ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ¹ýµéÀ» ¹Ù²Ü °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×·¯¸é ±×´Â
±×°Í¿¡ ±×ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Ãæ¼ºÀ» ´ÙÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¹Ù·Î
±× Ãæ¼ºÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ ¹ýÀº ±×ÀÇ ´«¿¡¼ ¸ðµç
±¸¼ÓÀûÀ̸ç ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ» ÀÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The Christian is independent of every human authority by the fact that
he regards the divine law of love, implanted in the soul of every man, and
brought before his conscious¡©ness by Christ, as the sole guide of his
life and other men's also. |
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶û¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹ýÀº,
¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡
½É¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ°¢À¸·Î
³ªÅ¸³µÀ½À»,
±×ÀÇ »î »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀÇ
À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÁöħÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡¼,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº
¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¶¸³µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The Christian may be subjected to external violence, he may be deprived
of bodily freedom, he may be in bondage to his passions (he who commits
sin is the slave of sin), but he cannot be in bondage in the sense of
being forced by any danger or by any threat of external harm to perform an
act which is against his conscience. |
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Æø·Â¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁú ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
À°½ÅÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯À» ¹ÚÅ»´çÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í,
±×´Â ±×ÀÇ Á¤¿ÀÇ
±¼·¹(Á˸¦ ÀúÁö¸£´Â »ç¶÷Àº ÁËÀdz뿹ÀÌ´Ù)¿¡ ¸ÅÀÏ ¼öµµ
ÀÖ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª´Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϵµ·Ï
¿ÜÀûÀÎ ÇØ¾ÇÀ» °¡Á®¿À´Â ¾î¶² À§ÇèÀ̳ª ¾î¶² Çù¹Ú¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ °Á¦µÇ´Â Àǹ̷μÀÇ ±¼·¹¿¡ ¸ÅÀÏ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. |
|
He cannot be compelled to do this, because the depriva¡©tions and
sufferings which form such a powerful weapon against men of the state
conception of life, have not the least power to compel him. |
±×´Â À̰ÍÀ» Çϵµ·Ï °¿ä´çÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸Å¿ì ¸·°ÇÑ
¹«±â°¡ µÇ´Â ¹ÚÅ»µéÀ̳ª °íÅëµéÀº,
±×¸¦ °¿äÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
ÈûÀ» °áÄÚ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Deprivations and sufferings take from them the happi¡©ness for which
they live; but far from disturbing the happiness of the Christian, which
consists in the conscious¡©ness of fulfilling the will of God, they may
even intensify it, when they are inflicted on him for fulfilling his will. |
¹ÚÅ»µéÀ̳ª °íÅëµéÀº ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÌ »ì¾Æ°¡´Â
ÇູÀ» »¯¾Æ °£´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ ÇູÀ»
¹æÇØÇϱâ´Â Ä¿³ç,
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ ÇູÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ»
½ÇÃµÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÚ°¢¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
±×ºÐÀÇ ¶æÀ» ½ÇõÇÔ
¶§¹®¿¡ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô °¡ÇØÁú ¶§¿¡,
±×°ÍµéÀº ÇູÀ»
´õ¿í °ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
And therefore the Christian, who is subject only to the inner divine
law, not only cannot carry out the enactments of the external law, when
they are not in agreement with the divine law of love which he
acknowledges (as is usually the case with state obligations), he cannot
even recognize the duty of obedience to anyone or anything whatever, he
cannot recognize the duty of what is called allegiance. |
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº,
±×´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ³»ÀûÀÎ
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ ±¸¼ÓµÇ¹Ç·Î,
¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¹ýÀÇ Á¶Ç×µéÀÌ ±×°¡
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ý°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§ (ÈçÈ÷
±¹°¡ÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀÌ ±×·± °æ¿ìÀÎ °Íó·³),
±×°ÍµéÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÒ
¼ö ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×´Â ½ÉÁö¾î µµ¹«Áö ¾î´À ´©±¸³ª
¾î´À °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾ÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
¼ÒÀ§
Ãæ¼ºÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â Àǹ«¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. |
|
For a Christian the oath of allegiance to any govern¡©ment whatever-the
very act which is regarded as the foundation of the existence of a
state-is a direct renuncia¡©tion of Christianity. For the man who promises
uncon¡©ditional obedience in the future to laws, made or to be made, by
that very promise is in the most positive manner renouncing Christianity,
which means obeying in every cir¡©cumstance of life only the divine law of
love he recognizes within him. |
±âµ¶±³Àο¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾î´À Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶°ÇÑ
Ãæ¼ºÀÇ ¸Í¼¼-±¹°¡ÀÇ Á¸ÀçÀÇ ±âÃʷμ ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ÇàÀ§
ÀÚü-±âµ¶±³¸¦ Á÷Á¢ Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¸¸µé¾î Á® Àְųª
¸¸µé¾î Áú ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¹ý·üµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ º¹Á¾À»
¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡¿¡´Â,
¹Ù·Î ±× ¾à¼ÓÀ¸·Î¼ °¡Àå
Àû±ØÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±âµ¶±³¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç,
±âµ¶±³´Â »îÀÇ ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼µµ ±×°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¾È¿¡¼
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÔÀ»
ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Under the pagan conception of life it was possible to carry out the
will of the temporal authorities, without infringing the law of God
expressed in circumcisions, Sabbaths, fixed times of prayer, abstention
from certain kinds of food, and so on. The one law was not opposed to the
other. But that is just the distinction between the Christian religion and
heathen religion. Christianity does not require of a man certain definite
negative acts, but puts him in a new, different relation to men, from
which may result the most diverse acts, which cannot be defined
beforehand. And therefore the Christian not only cannot promise to obey
the will of any other man, without know¡©ing what will be required by that
will; he not only cannot obey the changing laws of man, but he cannot even
promise to do anything definite at a certain time, or to abstain from
doing anything for a certain time. For he cannot know what at any time
will be required of him by that Christian law of love, obedience to which
constitutes the meaning of life for him. The Christian, in promising
unconditional fulfillment of the laws of men in the future, would show
plainly by that promise that the inner law of God does not constitute for
him the sole law of his life. |
À̱³Àû °³³äÀÇ »î ¾Æ·¡¼´Â,
Çҷʵé,
¾È½ÄÀϵé,
Á¤ÇØÁø ±âµµ ½Ã°£µé,
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ À½½ÄµéÀÇ ±ÝÁö,
µîµî¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÈ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» ¹üÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼,
¼¼¼ÓÀÇ
±Ç·ÂµéÀÇ ¶æÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇß¾ú´Ù.
ÀüÀÚÀÇ ¹ýÀº
ÈÄÀÚÀÇ ¹ý°ú Ãæµ¹ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
±âµ¶±³ Á¾±³¿Í À̱³ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³¿ÍÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÀÌ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³´Â
Á¤ÇØÁø ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª
±×¸¦ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ »õ·Ó°í,
´Ù¸¥ °ü°è¿¡ µÎ¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº
»çÀü¿¡ Á¤ÀÇµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº
´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶æµµ µû¸£±â¸¦ ¾à¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±× ÀÇÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÉ Áö¸¦ ¾ËÁö
¸øÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù;
±×´Â º¯ÈÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýµéÀ» º¹Á¾ÇÒ
¼ö ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£¿¡
Á¤ÇØÁø ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¶Ç´Â,
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£¿¡
¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¾à¼ÓÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù.
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â »ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¹ý¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ¾î¶² ½Ã°£¿¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÉÁö¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö
¾ø±â ¶§¹®À̸ç,
±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾ÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ »îÀÇ
Àǹ̸¦ ±¸¼ºÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº,
¹Ì·¡¿¡
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹ýµéÀ» ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇõÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº,
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ ¹ýÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ
À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹ýÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±× ¾à¼ÓÀ¸·Î
ÀÎÇØ¼ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
For a Christian to promise obedience to men, or the laws of men, is
just as though a workman bound to one em¡©ployer should also promise to
carry out every order that might be given him by outsiders. One cannot
serve two masters. |
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÌ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¶Ç´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹ýµé¿¡ º¹Á¾À»
¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ¸¶Ä¡ ÇÑ °í¿ëÁÖ¿¡°Ô ¼ÓÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ°¡
¶ÇÇÑ ¿ÜºÎÀεéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ³»¸®´Â ¸ðµç ¸í·ÉµéÀ»
ÁöŰ°Ú´Ù°í ¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.
»ç¶÷Àº µÎ ÁÖÀÎÀ» ÇÔ²²
¼¶±æ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
The Christian is independent of human authority, be¡©cause he
acknowledges God's authority alone. His law, revealed by Christ, he
recognizes in himself, and voluntarily obeys it. |
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¶¸³µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ±Ç¼¼¸¸À» ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÎÁ¤Çϱâ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×ºÐÀÇ ¹ýÀº,
±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹àÇôÁ³À¸¸ç,
±×´Â Àڱ⠾ȿ¡¼ ÀνÄÇϸç,
ÀÚ¿øÇؼ ±×°Í¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
And this independence is gained, not by means of strife, not by the
destruction of existing forms of life, but only by a change in the
interpretation of life. This independence results first from the Christian
recognizing the law of love, revealed to him by his teacher, as perfectly
sufficient for all human relations, and therefore he regards every use of
force as unnecessary and unlawful; and secondly, from the fact that those
deprivations and sufferings, or threats of deprivations and sufferings
(which reduce the man of the social conception of life to the necessity of
obeying) to the Christian from his different conception of life, present
them¡©selves merely as the inevitable conditions of existence. And these
conditions, without striving against them by force, he patiently endures,
like sickness, hunger, and every other hardship, but they cannot serve him
as a guide for his actions. The only guide for the Christian's actions
is to be found in the divine principle living within him, which can¡©not
be checked or governed by anything. |
±×¸®°í ÀÌ µ¶¸³Àº,
ÅõÀïÀ» ÅëÇØ¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±âÁ¸¿¡
Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â »îÀÇ ¸ð½ÀµéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¿ÀÁ÷ »îÀÇ ÇØ¼®¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ÀÇ º¯È¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¾ò¾îÁø´Ù.
ÀÌ
µ¶¸³Àº ù¹øÂ°·Î ±×ÀÇ ±³»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×¿¡°Ô ¹àÇôÁø
»ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀÌ ¸ðµç Àΰ£ °ü°èµé¿¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù°í
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À¸ç,
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î
±×´Â ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ºÒ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù;
±×¸®°í µÎ¹øÂ°·Î ±âµ¶±³Àο¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±× »óÀÌÇÑ »îÀÇ
°³³äÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·ÎÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ÚÅ»µé°ú °íÅëµé,
¶Ç´Â
¹ÚÅ»µé°ú °íÅëµé (À̰ÍÀº »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ »ç¶÷À»
º¹Á¾ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù)ÀÇ À§ÇùÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ »îÀÇ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Â »óȲµé·Î¼ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù.
±×¸®°í ÀÌµé »óȲµéÀº,
Èû¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×°Í°ú ½Î¿òÀÌ ¾øÀÌ,
¸¶Ä¡ Áúº´,
¹è°íÇÄ,
±×¸®°í
´Ù¸¥ ¿ª°æµé ó·³ ±×´Â Àγ»½ÉÀ¸·Î ÂüÁö¸¸,
±×µéÀº
±×¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöħÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÁöħÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾È¿¡
»ì°í ÀÖ´Â ½ÅÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®¿¡¼ ã¾ÆÁ®¾ß Çϸç,
±×°ÍÀº
¹«¾ù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼µµ ÀúÁöµÇ°Å³ª Áö¹èµÇ¾î¼µµ ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. |
|
The Christian acts according to the words of the prophecy applied to
his teacher: "He shall not strive, nor cry; neither shall any man hear
his voice in the streets. A bruised reed shall he not break, arid smoking
flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory."
(Matt. xii. 19, 20.) |
¿¹¾ðÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀº ±×ÀÇ
±³»ç¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù: ¡°±×°¡ ´ÙÅõÁöµµ ¾Æ´ÏÇϸç
µé·¹Áöµµ ¾Æ´ÏÇϸ®´Ï ¾Æ¹«µµ ±æ¿¡¼ ±× ¼Ò¸®¸¦ µèÁö
¸øÇϸ®¶ó »óÇÑ °¥´ë¸¦ ²ªÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ¸ç ²¨Á®°¡´Â ½ÉÁö¸¦
²ôÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϱ⸦ ½ÉÆÇÇÏ¿© ÀÌ±æ ¶§±îÁö Çϸ®´Ï.¡±(¸¶Åº¹À½
12Àå 19,20) |
|
The Christian will not dispute with anyone, nor attack anyone, nor use
violence against anyone. On the con¡©trary, he will bear violence without
opposing it. But by this very attitude to violence, he will not only
himself be free, but will free the whole world from all external power. |
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé°ú ³íÀïÇÏÁö¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷À» °ø°ÝÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̰í,
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Æø·ÂÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¹Ý´ë·Î,
±×´Â Æø·ÂÀ» ÂüÀ»
°ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×°Í¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª Æø·Â¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± ŵµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
±×´Â ÀڽŸ¸ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿Í
Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Àü ¼¼°è¸¦ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ±Ç·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
"Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free." If
there were any doubt of Christianity being the truth, the perfect liberty,
that nothing can curtail, which a man experiences directly he makes the
Christian theory of life his own, would be an unmistakable proof of its
truth. |
¡°Áø¸®¸¦ ¾ËÁö´Ï Áø¸®°¡ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯ÄÉ Çϸ®¶ó.¡±
±âµ¶±³°¡ Áø¸®ÀÓ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ Á¡ÀÇ ÀÇȤµµ ¾ø´Ù¸é,
¿ÏÀüÇÑ
ÀÚÀ¯´Â,
¾Æ¹«°Íµµ »©¾Ñ¾Æ °¥ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Àڱ⠰ÍÀ¸·Î ¸¸µéÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ
°æÇèÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼,
±× Áø¸®ÀÇ Æ²¸²¾ø´Â Áõ¸íÀÌ µÉ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Men in their present condition are like a swarm of bees hanging in a
cluster to a branch. The position of the bees on the branch is temporary,
and must inevitably be changed. They must start off and find themselves a
habitation. Each of the bees knows this, and desires to change her own and
the others' position, but no one of them can do it till the rest of them
do it. They cannot all start off at once, be¡©cause one hangs on to
another and hinders her from separating from the swarm, and therefore they
all continue to hang there. It would seem that the bees could never escape
from their position, just as it seems that worldly men, caught in the
toils of the state conception of life, can never escape. And there would
be no escape for the bees, if each of them were not a living, separate
creature, en¡©dowed with wings of its own. Similarly there would be no
escape for men, if each were not a living being endowed with the faculty
of entering into the Christian conception of life. |
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇöÀç »óÅ´ ¸¶Ä¡ °¡Áö ³¡¿¡ µ¢¾î¸®Á®¼
¸Å´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Â ¹ú¶¼¿Í °°´Ù.
°¡Áö¿¡¼ ¹úµéÀÇ À§Ä¡´Â
ÀϽÃÀûÀ̸ç,
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×µéÀº
¹Ýµå½Ã ¿©ÇàÇÏ¿© ½º½º·Î°¡ »ì°÷À» ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
°¢°¢ÀÇ
¹úµéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ ¹úµéÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦
¹Ù²Ù±â¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µé Áß ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×µé ³ª¸ÓÁö°¡
±×°ÍÀ» ÇÒ ¶§°¡Áö ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
±×µéÀº ÇѲ¨¹ø¿¡
´çÀå Ãâ¹ßÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¼·Î°¡ ¼·Î¿¡°Ô
¸Å´Þ·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¹ú¶¼¿¡¼ ¶³¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÇØÇϱâ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â °è¼ÓÇØ¼
°Å±â¿¡ ¸Å´Þ·Á Àִ´Ù.
¹úµéÀº °áÄÚ ±×µéÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡¼
Å»ÃâÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ,
¸¶Ä¡ ¼¼»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ,
±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀÇ ¿ª°æ¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÇô¼,
°áÄÚ Å»ÃâÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â °Í°ú ¶È°°´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µé
°¢ÀÚ°¡ »ì¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
ºÐ¸®µÈ »ý¹°µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç,
±×
½º½º·ÎÀÇ ³¯°³µéÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é,
¹úµé¿¡°Õ ¾Æ¹«·± Å»ÃâÀÌ
¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ºñ½ÁÇϰԵµ,
¸¸ÀÏ °¢ÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷ÀÌ
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¥ ´É·ÂÀ» ºÎ¿©¹ÞÀº
»ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â Á¸Àç°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é,
±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¾î¶² Å»Ãâµµ
¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
If every bee who could fly, did not try to fly, the others, too, would
never be stirred, and the swarm would never change its position. And if
the man who has mastered the Christian conception of life would not,
without waiting for other people, begin to live in accordance with this
con¡©ception, mankind would never change its position. But only let one
bee spread her wings, start off, and fly away, and after her another, and
another, and the clinging, inert cluster would become a freely flying
swarm of bees. Just in the same way, only let one man look at life as
Christianity teaches him to look at it, and after him let another and
another do the same, and the enchanted circle of exist¡©ence in the state
conception of life, from which there seemed no escape, will be broken
through. |
¸¸ÀÏ ³¯¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ ¹úÀÌ ³¯·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
´Ù¸¥ °Íµéµµ ¿ª½Ã °áÄÚ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×¸®°í
¹ú¶¼µéÀº °áÄÚ ±× À§Ä¡¸¦ ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
¸¸ÀÏ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ °³³äÀ» ¼÷´ÞÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ,
´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ±â´Ù¸®Áö ¾Ê°í¼,
ÀÌ·± °³³ä¿¡ µû¶ó¼ »ì±â
½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù¸é,
Àηù´Â °áÄÚ ±× À§Ä¡¸¦ ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹ú ÇѸ¶¸®°¡ ±× ³¯°³À» ÆîÄ¡°í,
Ãâ¹ßÇÏ¿©,
³¯¾Æ °¡¹ö¸®¸é,
±×¸®°í ±× ¹úÀ» µû¶ó¼ ´Ù¸¥ ¹úÀÌ,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¹úÀÌ,
±×¸®°í ¹¶ÃÄÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
²ÞÀûµµ ¾Ê´Â
µ¢¾î¸®°¡ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ³ª´Â ¹ú ¶¼°¡ µÉ °Í´Ù.
Á¤¸» ¶È°°Àº
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î,
¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±âµ¶±³°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô »îÀ» ÃÄ´Ù
º¸µµ·Ï ½Ã۴´ë·Î »îÀ» ¹Ù¶óº»´Ù¸é,
±×¸®°í ±×¸¦
µû¶ó¼ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷,
¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¶È°°ÀÌ ÇàÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »î¿¡¼ ³ÌÀ» ÀÒÀº Á¸ÀçÀÇ °í¸®°¡,
±×°÷¿¡¼± ¾î¶² Å»Ãⱸµµ ¾ø´Ù°í ´À°ÜÁ³Áö¸¸,
ºÎ¼Á®
¹ö¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
But men think that to set all men free by this means is too slow a
process, that they must find some other means by which they could set all
men free at once. It is just as though the bees who want to start and fly
away should consider it too long a process to wait for all the swarm to
start one by one; and should think they ought to find some means by which
it would not be necessary for every separate bee to spread her wings and
fly off, but by which the whole swarm could fly at once where it wanted
to. But that is not possible; till a first, a second, a third, a hun¡©dredth
bee spreads her wings and flies off of her own accord, the swarm will not
fly off and will not begin its new life. Till every individual man makes
the Christian conception of life his own, and begins to live in accord
with it, there can be no solution of the problem of human life, and no
establishment of a new form of life. |
±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô
ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ´À¸° °úÁ¤À̹ǷÎ,
±×µéÀº ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶²
¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº
Á¤¸»·Î Ãâ¹ßÇØ¼ ³¯°í ½Í¾î ÇÏ´Â ¹úµéÀÌ ¸ðµç ¹ú¶¼°¡
ÇѸ¶¸®¾¿ Ãâ¹ßÇϱ⸦ ±â´Ù¸®´Â °ÍÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ¿À·¡°É¸®´Â
°úÁ¤À̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù;
±×¸®°í,
Á¦°¢±â º°°³ÀÇ
¹úÀÌ ³¯°³¸¦ Æì¼ ³¯¾Æ °¥ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ»
ã¾Æ¾ß¸¸ Çϸç,
±×·¯³ª ±×·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Àüü ¹ú¶¼µéÀÌ
±×°ÍÀÌ °¡°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °÷À¸·Î ´çÀå ³¯¾Æ °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº °¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù;
ù¹øÂ°,
µÎ¹øÂ°,
¼¼¹øÂ°,
¹é¹øÂ° ¹úÀÌ ±× ³¯°³¸¦ Æì°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
ÈûÀ¸·Î ³¯¾Æ °¥ ¶§ ±îÁö´Â,
¹ú¶¼µéÀº ³¯¾Æ ¿À¸£Áö ¸øÇÒ
°ÍÀÌ¸ç »õ·Î¿î »îÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Á¦°¢±â
°³ÀεéÀÌ ±âµ¶±³Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î
¸¸µé°í ±×°Í¿¡ µû¶ó¼ »ì ¶§±îÁö´Â,
Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀº ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
»õ·Î¿î ÇüÅÂÀÇ »îÀÇ È®¸³µµ ¾ø´Ù. |
|
One of the most striking phenomena of our times is pre¡©cisely this
advocacy of slavery, which is promulgated among the masses, not by
governments, in whom it is inevitable, but by men who, in advocating
socialistic theories, regard themselves as the champions of freedom. |
¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °¡Àå µÎ¸£·¯Áø Çö»óµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â
Á¤È®È÷ ÀÌ·± ³ë¿¹ »óÅÂÀÇ ¿ËÈ£ÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº
´ëÁßµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â
Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ À̷еéÀ»
¿ËÈ£ÇÔ¿¡¼ ÀڽŵéÀ» ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â
»ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿ËÈ£µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
These people advance the opinion that the amelioration of life, the
bringing of the facts of life into harmony with the conscience, will come,
not as the result of the personal efforts of individual men, but of itself
as the result of a certain possible reconstruction of society effected in
some way or other. The idea is promulgated that men ought not to walk on
their own legs where they want and ought to go, but that a kind of floor
under their feet will be moved somehow, so that on it they can reach where
they ought to go without moving their own legs. And, therefore, all their
efforts ought to be directed, not to going so far as their strength allows
in the direction they ought to go, but to standing still and constructing
such a floor. |
ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº »îÀÇ °³¼±Àº,
»îÀÇ »ç½ÇµéÀ» ¾ç½É°ú
Á¶È¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº,
°³º°ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ
³ë·ÂµéÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
½º½º·Î°¡ ÀÌ·± Àú·±
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿µÇâÀ» Áִ Ưº°È÷ °¡´ÉÇÑ »çȸÀÇ À籸ÃàÀÇ
°á°ú·Î¼ ¿Â´Ù°í ÀǰßÀ» Àü°³ÇÑ´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ
¿øÇÏ¸ç °¡¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °÷¿¡ ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ¹ßÀ» °¡Áö°í °É¾î
°¡¼´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç,
±×µéÀÇ ¹ß ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ
¹Ù´ÚÀÌ ¾î¶µç ¿òÁ÷ÀÏ °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×·¡¼ ±× À§¿¡¼ ±×µéÀº
¹ßÀ» ¿òÁ÷ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°íµµ ±×µéÀÌ °¡¾ßÇÏ´Â °÷¿¡ µµÂøÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç»óÀÌ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î,
±×µéÀÇ
¸ðµç ³ë·ÂµéÀº,
±×µéÀÌ °¡¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ÈûÀÌ
Çã¶ôÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °É¾î °¡¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
°¡¸¸È÷ ¼
ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼ ±×·± ¹Ù´ÚÀ» °Ç¼³ÇØ¾ß ÇÔ¿¡ ÁýÁߵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
In the sphere of political economy a theory is propounded which amounts
to saying that the worse things are the better they are; that the greater
the accumulation of capital, and therefore the oppression of the workman,
the nearer the day of emancipation, and, therefore, every per¡©sonal
effort on the part of a man to free himself from the oppression of capital
is useless. In the sphere of govern¡©ment it is maintained that the
greater the power of the government, which, according to this theory,
ought to inter¡©vene in every department of private life in which it has
not yet intervened, the better it will be, and that therefore we ought to
invoke the interference of government in private life. In politics and
international questions it is maintained that the improvement of the means
of destruction, the mul¡©tiplication of armaments, will lead to the
necessity of making war by means of congresses, arbitration, and so on.
And, marvelous to say, so great is the dullness of men, that they believe
in these theories, in spite of the fact that the whole course of life,
every step they take, shows how unworthy they are of belief. |
Á¤Ä¡Àû °æÁ¦ÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼´Â,
¾ÇÇÏ¸é ¾ÇÇÒ¼ö·Ï ´õ ÁÁ´Ù;
ÀÚº»ÀÌ ÃàÀûµÇ¸é µÉ¼ö·Ï,
Áï,
³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¾ï¾ÐÀÌ
½ÉÇÏ¸é ½ÉÇÒ¼ö·Ï,
ÇØ¹æÀÇ ³¯Àº ´õ °¡±î¿Í Áø´Ù,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î,
ÀÚº»ÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷
°¢ÀÚÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ³ë·ÂÀº ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº
ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ´Ù.
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼´Â,
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ
Å©¸é Ŭ¼ö·Ï ´õ ÁÁÀ¸¸ç,
Á¤ºÎ´Â ÀÌ À̷п¡ µû¸£¸é ¾ÆÁ÷
°³ÀÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ¸ðµç °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã
°³ÀÔÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »î¿¡
Á¤ºÎÀÇ °£¼·À» ºÒ·¯¿Í¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåµÈ´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡¿Í
±¹Á¦¹®Á¦µé¿¡ À־Â,
ÆÄ±« ¼ö´ÜÀÇ ¹ßÀü,
±ººñÀÇ
Áõ°Àº ÀÇȸµé,
ÁßÀç,
µîµîÀ» ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·ÎÇÏ¿© ÀüÀïÀ»
ÀÏÀ¸Å³ Çʿ信 À̸£°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÁÖÀåµÈ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
¸»Çϱ⿡ ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀÌÁö¸¸,
Àüü »îÀÇ °úÁ¤,
±×µéÀÌ
ÅÃÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÉÀ½ÀÌ ±×µéÀÌ ¹Ï´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª °¡Ä¡
¾ø´ÂÁö º¸¿© Áشٴ »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
»ç¶÷µéÀº
³Ê¹«³ª ¿ìµÐÇÏ¿©¼,
À̵é À̷еéÀ» ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
The people are suffering from oppression, and to deliver them from this
oppression they are advised to frame general measures for the improvement
of their position, which measures are to be entrusted to the authorities,
and them¡©selves to continue to yield obedience to the authorities. And
obviously all that results from this is only greater power in the hands of
the authorities, and greater oppression result¡©ing from it. |
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ï¾ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °íÅë¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·±
¾ï¾ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀ» ±¸ÇØ ³»·Á¸é,
±×µéÀÇ Ã³Áö¸¦
°³¼±ÇÏ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ´ëÃ¥µéÀ» ¼¼¿ö¾ß ÇÔÀÌ ±Ç°íµÈ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±× ´ëÃ¥µéÀº ±Ç·Âµé¿¡°Ô ¸º°ÜÁö°í,
±×µéÀº
±Ç·Âµé¿¡ °è¼ÓÇØ¼ º¹Á¾Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¸í¹éÈ÷
À̰ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±Ç·ÂµéÀÌ
¼Õ¿¡ ´õ¿í Å« ÈûÀ» ½Ç¾î ÁÖ¸ç,
±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ´õ¿í Å« ¾ï¾ÐÀÌ
ÃÊ·¡µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Not one of the errors of men carries them so far away
from the aim toward which they are struggling as this very one. They do
all kinds of different things for the attain¡©ment of their aim, but not
the one simple obvious thing which is within reach of everyone. They
devise the subtlest means for changing the position which is irksome to
them, but not that simplest means, that everyone should refrain from doing
what leads to that position. |
¹Ù·Î ÀÌ°Í ¸¸Å ±×µéÀÌ ½Î¿ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
³Ê¹«´Ù ¶¼¾î ³õ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿À·ù´Â Çϳªµµ ¾ø´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§Çؼ ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ
ÀϵéÀ» ´ÙÇØ º»´Ù,
±×·¯³ª °¢ÀÚÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡´Â ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ
´Ü¼øÇÑ Àϵµ ¾ø´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±×µéÀ» ±«·ÓÈ÷´Â Áö°Ü¿î
óÁö¸¦ º¯¸ð½Ã۰íÀÚ ±³¹¦ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» °±¸ÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×·¸°Ô Á¤¸» ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¼ö´ÜµéÀº ¾ø´Ù,
±×·¡¼
°¢ÀÚ´Â ±×·± óÁö·Î ºüÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï
ÀÚÁ¦ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
I have been told a story of a gallant police officer, who came to a
village where the peasants were in insurrection and the military had been
called out, and he undertook to pacify the insurrection in the spirit of
Nicholas I., by his personal influence alone. He ordered some loads of
rods to be brought, and collecting all the peasants together into a barn,
he went in with them, locking the door after him. To begin with, he so
terrified the peasants by his loud threats that, reduced to submission by
him, they set to work to flog one another at his command. And so they
flogged one another until a simpleton was found who would not allow
himself to be flogged, and shouted to his companions not to flog one
another. Only then the flogging ceased and the police officer made his
escape. Well, this simpleton's advice would never be followed by men of
the state concep¡©tion of life, who continue to flog one another, and
teach people that this very act of self-castigation is the last word of
human wisdom. |
³ª´Â ¾î¶² ¿ë¸ÍÇÑ °æÂû °ü¸®ÀÇ À̾߱⸦ µé¾ú´Ù,
±×´Â
³óºÎµéÀÌ Æøµ¿À» ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ ±º´ë°¡ Ã⵿µÈ ¸¶À»¿¡ °¬´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º 1¼¼ÀÇ Á¤½Å,
Áï ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ
¿µÇâ·Â¸¸À¸·Î Æøµ¿À» Á¶¿ëÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ¸¶À½¸Ô¾ú´Ù.
±×´Â ¸·´ë±â ¸î°³¸¦ °¡Á®¿À¶ó°í ½ÃÄ×´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµç
³óºÎµéÀ» Çê°£¿¡ ¸ðµÎ ¸ðÀ¸°í´Â,
±×µé°ú ÇÔ²² µé¾î°¬´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±× µÚÀÇ ¹®À» Àá°¬´Ù.
½ÃÀÛÇϸé¼,
±×´Â ±×ÀÇ
¿ì··Âù Çù¹ÚÀ¸·Î ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô ¾öû³ °ÌÀ» ÁÖ¾î¼,
±×µéÀº º¹Á¾À» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í,
±×µéÀº ±×ÀÇ ¸í·É´ë·Î
¼·Î¿¡°Ô ¸ÅÁúÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ¼·Î¿¡°Ô
¸ÅÁúÀ» ÇØ´ë´Ù°¡,
°©Àڱ⠸ÅÁúÀ» ´çÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á´Â
¾ó°£À̰¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµé¿¡°Ô ¼·Î¿¡°Ô
¸ÅÁúÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó°í ¼Ò¸®ÃÆ´Ù.
¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¶§¼¾ß ¸ÅÁúÀÌ
±×ÃÆ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±× °æÂû °ü¸®´Â µµ¸ÁÃÆ´Ù.
»ç½Ç,
ÀÌ
¾ó°£ÀÌÀÇ Ãæ°í´Â ±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀº
°áÄÚ µû¸£Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×µéÀº °è¼ÓÇØ¼ ¼·Î¿¡°Ô
¸ÅÁúÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ Àڱ⠡°èÀÇ
ÇàÀ§¾ß¸»·Î Àΰ£Àû ÁöÇýÀÇ ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ¸»¾¸À̶ó°í
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¡¸£Ä¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Indeed, can one imagine a more striking instance of men flogging
themselves than the submissiveness with which men of our times will
perform the very duties required of them to keep them in slavery,
especially the duty of military service? We see people enslaving
themselves; suffering from this slavery, and believing that it must be so,
that it does not matter, and will not hinder the emancipation of men,
which is being prepared somewhere, somehow, in spite of the
ever-increasing growth of slavery. |
Á¤¸»·Î ¿ì¸®´Â,
¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀ» ³ë¿¹
»óÅ·Π¹¾î µÎ±â¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× ¸í·ÉµéÀ»
¼öÇàÇÏ´Â º¹Á¾½É,
ƯÈ÷ º´¿ª Àǹ«ÀÇ ÀÓ¹«º¸´Ù,
½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô ¸ÅÁúÇÏ´Â ´õ¿í ³î¶ó¿î ¿¹¸¦ »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖÀ»±î?
¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ³ë¿¹·Î ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀ»
º»´Ù;
ÀÌ·± ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡¼ °íÅë¹Þ°í,
±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ
´ç¿¬Çϸç,
±×°ÍÀº º° ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í,
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀ»
¹æÇØÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̰í,
±×¸®°í ÇØ¹æÀº,
³ë¿¹ÈÀÇ
²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â Áõ°¡¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
¾îµð¿¡¼±°¡,
¾îÂîÇÏ¿´µç,
ÁغñµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
In fact, take any man of the present time whatever (I don¡¯t mean a
true Christian, but an average man of the present day), educated or
uneducated, believing or unbe¡©lieving, rich or poor, married or
unmarried. Such a man lives working at his work, or enjoying his
amusements, spending the fruits of his labors on himself or on those near
to him, and, like everyone, hating every kind of restriction and
deprivation, dissension and suffering. Such a man is going his way
peaceably, when suddenly people come and say to him: First, promise and
swear to us that you will slavishly obey us in everything we dictate to
you, and will consider absolutely good and authoritative everything we
plan, decide, and call law. Secondly, hand over a part of the fruits of
your labors for us to dispose of-we will use the money to keep you in
slavery, and to hinder you from forcibly opposing our orders. Thirdly,
elect others, or be yourself elected, to take a pretended share in the
govern¡©ment, knowing all the while that the government will pro¡©ceed
quite without regard to the foolish speeches you, and those like you, may
utter, and knowing that its proceedings will be according to our will, the
will of those who have the army in their hands. Fourthly, come at a
certain time to the law courts and take your share in those senseless
cruel¡©ties which we perpetrate on sinners, and those whom we have
corrupted, in the shape of penal servitude, exile, soli¡©tary confinement,
and death. And fifthly and lastly, more than all this, in spite of the
fact that you may be on the friend¡©liest terms with people of other
nations, be ready, directly we order you to do so, to regard those whom we
indicate to you as your enemies; and be ready to assist, either in per¡©son
or by proxy, in devastation, plunder, and murder of their men, women,
children, and aged alike-possibly your own kinsmen or relations-if that is
necessary to us. |
»ç½Ç,
±³À°¹Þ¾Ò°Å³ª °ÜÀ°¹ÞÁö ¸øÇ߰ųª,
¹Ï°Å³ª ¹ÏÁö
¾Ê°Å³ª,
ºÎÀڰųª °¡³Çϰųª,
°áÈ¥ÇÏ¿´°Å³ª °áÈ¥ÇÏÁö
¾Ê¾Ò°Å³ª °£¿¡,
ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ ºÙµé¾î º¸¶ó
(³ª´Â ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½Ã ½Ã´ëÀÇ º¸Åë»ç¶÷À»
ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù).
±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÏÀ» À§Çؼ ÀÏÇϰí,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» À§Çؼ Áñ±â¸ç,
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ëµ¿µéÀÇ
¼Ò»êÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀ̳ª ±×¿¡°Ô °¡±î¿î »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´©±¸³ª ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î,
¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Á¦ÇѰú ¹ÚÅ»,
ºÐÀï°ú °íÅëÀ» Áõ¿ÀÇÑ´Ù.
±×·± »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±æÀ»
ÆòȽº·´°Ô °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×·±µ¥ °©Àڱ⠻ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô
¿Í¼ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
´ÙÀ½À» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¾à¼ÓÇÏ°í ¸Í¼¼Ç϶ó,
ù°·Î,
´ç½ÅÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ»
³ë¿¹Ã³·³ º¹Á¾Ç϶ó,
±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ °èȹÇϰí,
°áÁ¤Çϸç,
±×¸®°í ¹ýÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±Çϸç
±ÇÇÑ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â¶ó.
µÎ°·Î,
´ç½ÅÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ
¼Ò»êÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ¿ì¸®°¡ óºÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ³Ñ°Ü¶ó-¿ì¸®´Â
±× µ·À» ´ç½ÅÀ» ³ë¿¹ »óÅ·Π¹¾îµÎ°í,
´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ
¸í·Éµé¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °¾ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æÇØÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëÇÒ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¼¼Â°·Î,
Á¤ºÎ¿¡ Çü½ÄÀûÀÎ ¸òÀ» °¡Áö±â À§Çؼ,
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¼±ÃâÇϰųª ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¼±ÃâµÇ¾î¶ó,
±×¸®°í
ÀÌ¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¤ºÎ´Â ´ç½Å ±×¸®°í ´ç½Å°ú °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â ¹Ùº¸°°Àº ¸» µé¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¥
°ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç,
±×·± ÁøÇàµéÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÇÁö,
Áï,
±º´ë¸¦ ¼Õ¿¡ °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ µû¸¦ °ÍÀÓÀ»
¾Ë¶ó.
³×°·Î,
ÁöÁ¤µÈ ½Ã°£¿¡ ¹ýÁ¤À¸·Î ³ª¿À¶ó ±×¸®°í
¿ì¸®°¡ ÁËÀεé°ú ¿ì¸®°¡ ºÎÆÐ½ÃŲ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô,
¡¿ª,
Ãß¹æ,
µ¶¹æ°¨±Ý ±×¸®°í »çÇüÀÇ ÇüÅ·Î,
ÀúÁö¸£´Â
¸ôÁö°¢ÇÑ ÀÜÀÎÇԵ鿡 ´ç½Å ¸òÀ» °¡Áö¶ó.
±×¸®°í
´Ù¼¸Â°ÀÌÀÚ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î,
ÀÌ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ´õÇØ¼,
´ç½ÅÀÌ
´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶ó »ç¶÷µé°ú ¸Å¿ì Ä£ÀýÇÑ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â
»ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí,
¿ì¸®°¡ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ¸í·ÉÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ,
¿ì¸®°¡ °¡¸®Å°´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ´ç½ÅÀÇ Àûµé·Î ¿©±æ Áغñ¸¦
Ç϶ó;
±×¸®°í °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Îµç,
¾Æ´Ï¸é ´ë¸®ÀÎÀ» ÅëÇØ¼µç,
¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é,
¾Æ¸¶µµ ´ç½Å ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
µ¿Á·À̰ųª ģôµéÀÌ´õ¶óµµ,
±×µéÀÇ »ç¶÷µé,
¿©ÀÚµé,
¾ÆÀ̵é,
±×¸®°í ³ëÀεéÀ» À¯¸°ÇÏ°í ¾àÅ»Çϸç,
»ìÇØÇÔÀ»
µµ¿ï Áغñ¸¦ Ç϶ó. |
|
One would expect that every man of the present day who has a grain of
sense left, might reply to such require¡©ments, "But why should I do all
this?" One would think every right-minded man must say in amazement:
"Why should I promise to yield obedience to everything that has been
decreed first by Salisbury, then by Gladstone; one day by Boulanger, and
another by Parliament; one day by Peter III., the next by Catherine, and
the day after by Pougachef; one day by a mad king of Bavaria, another by
William? Why should I promise to obey them, knowing them to be wicked or
foolish people, or else not knowing them at all? Why am I to hand over the
fruits of my labors to them in the shape of taxes, knowing that the money
will be spent on the support of officials, prisons, churches, armies, on
things that are harmful, and on my own enslavement? Why should I punish
myself? Why should I go wasting my time and hoodwinking myself, giv¡©ing
to miscreant evildoers a semblance of legality, by taking part in
elections, and pretending that I am taking part in the government, when I
know very well that the real control of the government is in the hands of
those who have got hold of the army? Why should I go to the law courts to
take part in the trial and punishment of men because they have sinned,
knowing, if I am a Christian, that the law of vengeance is replaced by the
law of love, and, if I am an educated man, that punishments do not reform,
but only deprave those on whom they are inflicted? And why, most of all,
am I to consider as enemies the people of a neighboring nation, with whom
I have hitherto lived and with whom I wish to live in love and harmony,
and to kill and rob them, or to bring them to misery, simply in order that
the keys of the temple at Jerusalem may be in the hands of one archbishop
and not another, that one German and not another may be prince in
Bulgaria, or that the English rather than the American merchants may cap¡©ture
seals? |
¿ì¸®´Â ÇÑ ¾ËÀÇ Áö°¢ÀÌ¶óµµ °¡Áø Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷Àº,
±×·¯ÇÑ ¿ä±¸µé¿¡, ¡°³»°¡ ¿Ö ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇØ¾ß
Çϴ°¡?¡±
¶ó°í ÀÀ´äÇÒ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¿¹»óÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â
¸ðµç Á¦ Á¤½ÅÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ³î¶÷¿¡ °¡µæÂ÷¼
¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¡°³»°¡ ¿Ö óÀ½¿¡ »ì¸®½ºº£¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
´ÙÀ½À½ ±Û·¡µå½ºÅæ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¼±Æ÷µÈ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡
º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?;
¾î´À³¯Àº ºÒ¶õÀú,
±×¸®°í ´ÙÀ½Àº
±¹È¸°¡;
¾î´À³¯Àº ÇÇÅÍ 3¼¼,
´ÙÀ½³¯Àº ij´õ¸°,
±×¸®°í
´ÙÀ½³¯Àº Ǫ°¡Ã¼ÇÁ°¡;
¾î´À³¯Àº ¹Ù¹Ù¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¹ÌÄ£ ¿ÕÀÌ,
´ÙÀ½³¯Àº Àª¸®¾ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼±Æ÷µÈ °ÍÀ» º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?
³ª´Â ¿Ö ±×µéÀÌ »ç¾ÇÇϰųª ¾î¸®¼®Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÓÀ»
¾Ë¸é¼ ¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀ» ÀüÇô ¸ð¸£¸é¼ º¹Á¾Çϱ⸦
¾à¼ÓÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?
³ª´Â ¿Ö ³ªÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ¼Ò»êÀ»
¼¼±ÝÀ̶ó´Â ÇüÅ·Π±×µé¿¡°Ô ³Ñ°Ü ÁÖ¾î¾ß Çϴ°¡,
±×
µ·Àº °ü¸®µé°ú,
°¨¿Áµé,
±³È¸µé,
±º´ëµé,
ÇØ·Î¿î °Íµé¿¡,
±×¸®°í ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ³ë¿¹È ½ÃŰ´Â °Íµé¿¡ »ç¿ëµÉ °ÍÀÓÀ»
¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡?
³ª´Â ¿Ö ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ó¹úÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?
³ª´Â ¿Ö ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ³¶ºñÇϸç ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¼ÓÀ̴°¡,
»ç¾ÇÇÑ ¾ÇÇÑ Àڵ鿡°Ô °ÅÁþ Ãæ¼ºÀ» Çϸç,
¼±°Å¿¡
Âü¿©Çϰí,
±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎ¿¡ Âü¿©Çϰí Àִ ôÇÏÁö¸¸,
³ª´Â
Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ½ÇÁ¦ ÅëÁ¦ÇÔÀº ±º´ë¸¦ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡
ÀÖÀ½À» ³Ê¹«µµ Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡?
³ª´Â ¿Ö »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
Á˸¦ Áö¾ú´Ù°í ÇØ¼ ½É¸®Çϰí ó¹ú¿¡ Âü¿©ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â
¹ýÁ¤¿¡ °¡¾ßÇϴ°¡,
¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̶ó¸é,
º¹¼öÀÇ
¹ýÀº »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀ¸·Î ´ëüµÇ¸ç,
¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ±³À°¹ÞÀº
»ç¶÷À̶ó¸é,
ó¹úµéÀÌ ±³ÈÇÏÁö ¸øÇϸç,
¿ÀÁ÷ ó¹úµéÀÌ
°¡ÇØÁö´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ÇȽÃŲ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö
¾Ê´Â°¡?
±×¸®°í,
¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ,
¿Ö,
ÀÌ¿ô±¹°¡ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ»
ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿©°Ü¾ß Çϴ°¡,
±× »ç¶÷µé°ú ÇÔ²² ³ª´Â ¿©Å±îÁö
»ì¾Æ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç,
³ª´Â ±× »ç¶÷µé°ú »ç¶û°ú ÈÇÕÀ¸·Î »ì°í
½ÍÁö ¾ÊÀº°¡,
±×¸®°í ¿Ö ±×µéÀ» Á×ÀÌ°í °Å»Çϸç,
¶Ç´Â
ºÒÇà¿¡ ºüÆ®·Á¾ß Çϴ°¡,
±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ¼ºÀüÀÇ
¿¼è°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ±³°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÌ ÁÖ±³ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç,
ºÒ°¡¸®ÀDZºÁÖ´Â ÀÌ µ¶ÀÏÀξî¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ´Ù¸¥ µ¶ÀÏÀÎÀº
¾Æ´Ï¾î¾ß Çϸç,
¶Ç´Â ¹Ì±¹ »óÀε麸´Ù´Â Â÷¶ó¸® ¿µ±¹
»óÀεéÀÌ ¹Ù´ÙÇ¥¹üÀ» Àâ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â µîÀÇ À̾߱Ⱑ
¾Æ´Ñ°¡? |
|
And why, most of all, should I take part in person or hire others to
murder my own brothers and kinsmen? Why should I flog myself? It is
altogether unnecessary for me; it is hurtful to me, and from every point
of view it is immoral, base, and vile. So why should I do this? |
±×¸®°í,
¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ,
³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µé°ú µ¿Á·À»
Á×À̱â À§Çؼ ³»°¡ Á÷Á¢ ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» °í¿ëÇØ¾ß
Çϴ°¡?
³ª´Â ¿Ö ³»°Ô ¸ÅÁúÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?
±×°ÍÀº
ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ³»°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù;
±×°ÍÀº ³»°Ô »óó¸¦ ÁØ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °üÁ¡¿¡¼,
±×°ÍÀº ºñµµ´öÀûÀ̸ç,
õÇϰí,
»ç¾ÇÇÏ´Ù.
±×·±µ¥ ³»°¡ ¿Ö À̰ÍÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡? |
|
If you tell me that if I do it not I shall receive some injury from
someone, then, in the first place, I cannot anticipate from anyone an
injury so great as the injury you bring on me if I obey you; and secondly,
it is perfectly clear to me that if we our own selves do not flog
ourselves, no one will flog us. |
¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ³»°Ô ¸»Çϱ⸦,
³»°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸é,
³ª´Â ´©±º°¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶² ¼ÕÇØ¸¦ ÀÔ°Ô µÉ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
Á¦ÀÏ ¸ÕÀú,
³ª´Â ³»°¡ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô
º¹Á¾ÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ç½ÅÀÌ ³»°Ô °¡ÇÏ´Â ¼ÕÇØº¸´Ù Å« »óó¸¦
´©±¸¿¡°Ô¼ ±â´ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù;
µÎ¹øÂ°·Î,
¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸®
ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¸ÅÁúÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é,
¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ¸ÅÁúÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ»
°ÍÀÌ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ³»°Ô ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. |
|
As for the government-that means the tzars, ministers, and officials
with pens in their hands, who cannot force us into doing anything, as that
officer of police compelled the peasants; the men who will drag us to the
law court, to prison, and to execution, are not tzars or officials with
pens in their hands, but the very people who are in the same position as
we are. And it is just as unprofitable and harmful and unpleasant to them
to be flogged as to me, and therefore there is every likelihood that if I
open their eyes they not only would not treat me with violence, but would
do just as I am doing. |
Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â-±×°ÍÀº ȲÁ¦µé,
Àå°üµé,
±×¸®°í ¼Õ¿¡
Ææ´ë¸¦ µé°í ÀÖ´Â °ü¸®µéÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç,
³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô
¸í·ÄÀ» ³»¸° °æÂû °ü¸®Ã³·³,
±×µéÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô
¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ÇàÇ϶ó°í °¿äÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù;
¿ì¸®¸¦ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡,
°¨¿Á¿¡,
±×¸®°í óÇüÀåÀ¸·Î ²ø°í°¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº,
¼Õ¿¡
Ææ´ë¸¦ µé°í Àִ ȲÁ¦µéÀ̳ª °ü¸®µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¿ì¸®¿Í
¶È°°Àº À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº
¹Ù·Î ±×µéµµ ³ª ¸¸ÅÀ̳ª ¸ÅÁú ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¶È°°ÀÌ
ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÇØ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î
³»°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ´«À» ¶ß°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù¸é,
±×µéÀº ³ª¸¦ Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î
´ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³»°¡ ÇàÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ÇàÇÒ
°ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¿Â°® °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Thirdly, even if it should come to pass that I had to suffer for it,
even then it would be better for me to be exiled or sent to prison for
standing up for common sense and right-which, if not to-day, at least
within a very short time, must be triumphant-than to suffer for folly and
wrong which must come to an end directly. And there¡©fore, even in that
case, it is better to run the risk of their banishing me, shutting me up
in prison, or executing me, than of my living all my life in bondage,
through my own fault, to wicked men. Better is this than the possibility
of being destroyed by victorious enemies, and being stupidly tortured and
killed by them, in fighting for a cannon, or a piece of land of no use to
anyone, or for a senseless rag called a banner. |
¼¼¹øÂ°·Î,
ºñ·Ï ³»°¡ ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î °íÅë¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ
¹ß»ýÇÏ´õ¶ó°í,
½ÉÁö¾î ±×·¸´õ¶óµµ,
°ð ³¡ÀÌ ³¯
¾î¸®¼®À½°ú ¾ÇÇÔ ¶§¹®¿¡ °íÅë¹Þ´Â °Íº¸´Ù,
º¸ÅëÀÇ
»ó½Ä°ú Á¤ÀǸ¦ ´ëº¯ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ Ãß¹æµÇ°Å³ª °¨¿Á¿¡ °¡´Â
°ÍÀÌ ´õ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù-±×°ÍÀº,
¸¸ÀÏ ¿À´ÃÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é,
Àû¾îµµ ¾ó¸¶ ¾È°¡¼,
½Â¸®ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î,
½ÉÁö¾î ±×·± °æ¿ì¿¡µµ,
³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À߸øÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©,
³ªÀÇ
¸ðµç »îÀ» ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸Å¿© »ç´Â °Íº¸´Ù,
³ª¸¦
Ãß¹æÇϰųª,
°¨¿Á°Ô °¡µÎ°Å°¡,
¶Ç´Â óÇüÇÏ´Â À§ÇèÀ»
°¨¼öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
´ëÆ÷³ª ¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ
¼Ò¿ë¾ø´Â ÇÑ ÇÊÁöÀÇ ¶¥À» À§ÇØ ¶Ç´Â ±ê¹ßÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â
¹«ÀǹÌÇÑ ´©´õ±â¸¦ À§Çؼ ½Î¿ï ¶§´Â,
½Â¸®ÇÏ´Â Àûµé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ÆÄ±«µÇ°í ±×µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹Ùº¸Ã³·³ °í¹®´çÇϰí
»ìÇØ´çÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÌ°Í º¸´Ù´Â ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, |
|
I don't want to flog myself and I won't do it. I have no reason to
do it. Do it yourselves, if you want it done; but I won't do it. |
³ª´Â ³ª Àڽſ¡°Ô ¸ÅÁúÇÏ°í ½ÍÁö ¾Ê´Ù ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â
±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
³ª´Â ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô µÊÀ» ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é,
´ç½Å ½º½º·Î Ç϶ó;
³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
One would have thought that not religious or moral feeling alone, but
the simplest common sense and foresight should impel every man of the
present day to answer and to act in that way. But not so. Men of the state
con¡©ception of life are of the opinion that to act in that way is not
necessary, and is even prejudicial to the attainment of their object, the
emancipation of men from slavery. They hold that we must continue, like
the police officer's peas¡©ants, to flog one another, consoling
ourselves with the reflection that we are talking away in the assemblies
and meetings, founding trades unions, marching through the streets on the
1st of May, getting up conspiracies, and stealthily teasing the government
that is flogging us, and that through all this it will be brought to pass
that, by enslaving ourselves in closer and closer bondage, we shall very
soon be free. |
¿ì¸®´Â,
Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¶Ç´Â µµ´öÀûÀÎ ´À³¦ ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
°¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ó½Ä ±×¸®°í ¾È¸ñ ¸¸À¸·Îµµ ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ´ë´äÇÏ°í ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í
»ý°¢ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù.
±¹°¡Àû °³³äÀÇ
»îÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÌ ¸ñÀû,
»ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ë¿¹
»óÅ¿¡¼ ÇØ¹æÇÔÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÆíÆÄÀûÀ̶ó´Â
ÀǰßÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â,
¸¶Ä¡ °æÂû °ü¸®ÀÇ ³óºÎµé
ó·³,
¼·Î¸¦ °è¼ÓÇØ¼ ¸ÅÁúÇØ¾ß Çϸç,
µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â
ȸÀǵéÀ̳ª ¸ðÀӵ鿡¼ ÀçÀ߰Ÿ®¸ç,
³ëµ¿ Á¶ÇÕÀ»
¼³¸³Çؼ 5¿ù 1ÀÏ °Å¸®µé·Î ÇàÁøÇϰí,
À½¸ðµéÀ» ²Ù¸ç¼,
¿ì¸®¸¦ ¸ÅÁúÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ¸¦ Àº¹ÐÈ÷ °£Áö·´Èù´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ
¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©,
¿ì¸®¸¦ ´õ¿í ´õ °¡±î¿î ±¼·¹¿¡
¿¹¼ÓÇÔÀ¸·Î¼,
¿ì¸®´Â Á¶¸¸°£ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁö´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾî
³¯ °ÍÀ̶ó°í À§¾È ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ±×µéÀº ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Nothing hinders the emancipation of men from slavery so much as this
amazing error. Instead of every man directing his energies to freeing
himself, to transforming his conception of life, people seek for an
external united method of gaining freedom, and continue to rivet their
chains faster and faster. |
ÀÌ·¯¿î ³î¶ó¿î ¿À·ù ¸¸Å ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ë¿¹
»óÅ¿¡¼ ÇØ¹æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·´Â °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù.
Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÌ
±×ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Çϴµ¥ ½ñ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡,
±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ °³³äÀ» º¯ÇüÇϱâ À§Çؼ,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚÀ¯À»
¾ò±â À§ÇØ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¿¬ÇÕµÈ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ãÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÇ »ç½½À»
Á¡Á¡ ´õ ´Ü´ÜÈ÷ °íÁ¤½ÃŲ´Ù. |
|
It is much as if men were to maintain that to make up a fire there was
no need to kindle any of the coals, but that all that was necessary was to
arrange the coals in a certain order. Yet the fact that the freedom of all
men will be brought about only through the freedom of individual persons,
becomes more and more clear as time goes on. The freedom of individual
men, in the name of the Chris¡©tian conception of life, from state
domination, which was formerly an exceptional and unnoticed phenomenon,
has of late acquired threatening significance for state authorities. |
±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºÒÀ» ÇÇ¿ì´Â °ÍÀº ¼®Åºµé¿¡ Á¡ÈÇÒ
Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ¸¸ç ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¼®ÅºµéÀ» ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ
¼ø¼´ë·Î ´Ã¾î ³õ±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÔ°ú °°´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ °³°³ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ °¡Á®¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº,
½Ã°£ÀÌ °¨¿¡
µû¶ó¼ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸íÈ®ÇØ Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ
°³³äÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î,
±¹°¡ÀÇ Áö¹è·ÎºÎÅÍ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯´Â,
±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÌ¸ç ´«¿¡ ¶ÙÁö
¾Ê´Â Çö»óÀ̾úÁö¸¸,
±Ù·¡¿¡ ±¹°¡ ±Ç·Âµé¿¡°Ô´Â
À§ÇùÀûÀÎ Àǹ̰¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
If in a former age, in the Roman times, it happened that a Christian
confessed his religion and refused to take part in sacrifices, and to
worship the emperors or the gods; or in the Middle Ages a Christian
refused to worship images, or to acknowledge the authority of the
Pope-these cases were in the first place a matter of chance. A man might
be placed under the necessity of confessing his faith, or he might live
all his life without being placed under this necessity. But now all men,
without exception, are sub¡©jected to this trial of their faith. Every man
of the present day is under the necessity of taking part in the cruelties
of pagan life, or of refusing all participation in them. And secondly, in
those days cases of refusal to worship the gods or the images or the Pope
were not incidents that had any material bearing on the state. Whether men
worshiped or did not worship the gods or the images or the Pope, the state
remained just as powerful. But now cases of refusing to comply with the
unchristian demands of the government are striking at the very root of
state authority, because the whole authority of the state is based on the
compliance with these unchristian demands. |
¸¸ÀÏ,
ÀÌÀüÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡,
·Î¸¶ ½Ã´ë¿¡,
ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÌ
±×ÀÇ Á¾±³¸¦ °í¹éÇϰí Èñ»ýµé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú,
ȲÁ¦µéÀ̳ª ½ÅµéÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ
ÀϾ´Ù¸é;
¶Ç´Â Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾î¶² ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÌ ¿ì»óÀ»
¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ±³È²ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
°ÅºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é-ÀÌ·± °æ¿ìµéÀº ù¹øÂ°·Î ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿´´Ù.
±× »ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä ¾Æ·¡ ³õÀÏ °ÍÀ̰ųª,
±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç »îÀ» ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÊ¿ä ¾Æ·¡ ³õÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í »ì
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌÁ¦ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº,
¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ,
±×µéÀÌ ½Å¾Ó¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ½ÃÇè¿¡ Ã³ÇØ ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº
À̱³Àû »îÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇԵ鿡 Âü¿©Çϰųª ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¸ðµç Âü¿©¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä ¾Æ·¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
µÎ¹øÂ°·Î,
±× ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ½ÅµéÀ̳ª ¿ì»óµéÀ̳ª ±³È²À»
¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµéÀº ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ÈçÀûÀ» ³»´Â »ç°ÇµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ
½ÅµéÀ̳ª ¿ì»óµéÀ̳ª,
±³È²À» ¼þ¹èÇϵç,
¼þ¹èÇÏÁö ¾Êµç,
±¹°¡´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °·ÂÇÏ°Ô Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦ Á¤ºÎÀÇ
ºñ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¿ä±¸µé¿¡ ÀÀÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµéÀº
±¹°¡ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ »Ñ¸® ±× ÀÚü¸¦ Ä¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
±¹°¡ÀÇ Àüü ±Ç·ÂÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¿ä±¸µé¿¡
º¹Á¾ÇÔ¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The sovereign powers of the world have in the course of time been
brought into a position in which, for their own preservation, they must
require from all men actions which cannot be performed by men who profess
true Chris¡©tianity. |
¼¼°èÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ ¼¼·ÂµéÀº ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ±×µé
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º¸Á¸À» À§Çؼ,
±×µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ,
ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³¸¦ °í¹éÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼´Â ÀÌÇàµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â
ÀÔÀåÀ¸·Î À§Ä¡·Î µé¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
And therefore in our days every profession of true Chris¡©tianity, by
any individual man, strikes at the most essential power of the state, and
inevitably leads the way for the emancipation of all. |
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®µéÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â,
¾î¶² °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ
»ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼¶óµµ,
°¢°¢ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °í¹éÀº,
±¹°¡ÀÇ °¡Àå ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Ä¡´Â °ÍÀ̰í,
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀ» À§ÇÑ ±æ·Î ÀεµÇÑ´Ù. |
|
What importance, one might think, can one attach to such an incident as
some dozens of crazy fellows, as people will call them, refusing to take
the oath of allegiance to the government, refusing to pay taxes, to take
part in law pro¡©ceedings or in military service? |
¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº »ý°¢ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÏÄ´ °Íó·³,
¼ö½Ê¸íÀÇ ¹ÌÄ£ ³à¼®µéÀÌ,
±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãæ¼ºÀÇ ¸Í¼¼¸¦
°ÅºÎÇϰí,
¼¼±Ý ³³ºÎ¸¦ °ÅºÎÇϰí,
¼Ò¼Û ÀýÂ÷³ª º´¿ª
Àǹ«¿¡ Âü°¡¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °Í °°Àº ±×·± »ç°Ç¿¡ ¹«½¼
Á߿伺À» ¿ì¸®°¡ ºÎ¿©ÇÒ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡? |
|
These people are punished and exiled to a distance, and life goes on in
its old way. One might think there was no importance in such incidents;
but yet, it is just those inci¡©dents, more than anything else, that will
undermine the power of the state and prepare the way for the freedom of
men. These are the individual bees, who are beginning to separate from the
swarm, and are flying near it, waiting till the whole swarm can no longer
be prevented from starting off after them. And the governments know this,
and fear such incidents more than all the socialists, communists, and
anarchists, and their plots and dynamite bombs. |
ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ó¹ú ¹Þ¾Æ¼ ¸Ö¸® Ãß¹æµÈ´Ù ±×¸®°í »îÀº
¿¾³¯ ó·³ ÁøÇàµÈ´Ù.
¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº »ý°¢ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·±
»ç°Çµé¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Á߿伺ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÁ÷µµ,
¹«¾îº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú,
±¹°¡ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ¾àȽÃŰ°í »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ±æÀ» ÁغñÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ±×µé »ç°ÇµéÀÌ´Ù.
À̰͵éÀº °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹úµéÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº
¹ú¶¼·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª¿À±â ½ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°Í
ÁÖÀ§¸¦ ³¯°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í Àüü ¹ú¶¼°¡ ±×µéÀ» µû¶ó¼
Ãâ¹ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¸·ÈûÀÌ ¾øÀ» ¶§°¡Áö ±â´Ù¸®°í
Àִ´Ù.
±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎµéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ
»ç°ÇµéÀ» ¸ðµç »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
±×¸®°í
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé º¸´Ùµµ,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ À½¸ð¿Í
´ÙÀ̳ʸ¶ÀÌÆ® ÆøÅºµé º¸´Ùµµ ´õ ¹«¼¿öÇÑ´Ù. |
|
A new reign is beginning. According to the universal rule and
established order it is required that all the subjects should take the
oath of allegiance to the new government. There is a general decree to
that effect, and all are summoned to the council-houses to take the oath.
All at once one man in Perm, another in Tula, a third in Moscow, and a
fourth in Kalouga declare that they will not take the oath, and though
there is no communication between them, they all explain their refusal on
the same grounds-namely, that swearing is forbidden by the law of Christ,
and that even if swearing had not been forbidden, they could not, in the
spirit of the law of Christ, promise to perform the evil actions required
of them in the oath, such as informing against all such as may act against
the interests of the government, or defending their government with
firearms or attacking its enemies. They are brought before rural police
officers, district police captains, priests, and gov¡©ernors. They are
admonished, questioned, threatened, and punished; but they adhere to their
resolution, and do not take the oath. And among the millions of those who
did take the oath, those dozens go on living who did not take the oath.
And they are questioned: |
»õ·Î¿î Áö¹è°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǰí ÀÖ´Ù.
º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ÅëÄ¡¿Í
¼¼¿öÁø Áú¼¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé,
¸ðµç ¹é¼ºµéÀº »õ·Î¿î Á¤ºÎ¿¡
Ãæ¼ºÀ» ¸Í¼¼ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù.
±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î
ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹ý·ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸Í¼¼¸¦
Çϱâ À§Çؼ À¾»ç¹«¼Ò¿¡ ¼ÒȯµÈ´Ù.
ÀÏÁ¦È÷ ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº
Æä¸§¿¡¼,
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº Åø¶ó¿¡¼,
¼¼¹øÂ° »ç¶÷Àº
¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù¿¡¼,
±×¸®°í ³×¹øÂ°´Â Ä«·Î¿ì°¡¿¡¼ ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù:
±×µéÀº ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï ±×µé
»çÀÌ¿¡ Åë½ÅÀÌ ¾ø¾úÁö¸¸,
±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ¶È°°Àº
ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î¼ ±×µéÀÇ °ÅºÎ¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù-Áï,
¸Í¼¼´Â
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±ÝÁöµÈ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¸Í¼¼°¡
±ÝÁöµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´õ¶óµµ,
±×µéÀº,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ýÀÇ Á¤½Å¿¡
µû¶ó¼,
¸Í¼¼-Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵鿡 ´ëÄ¡µÇ¾î ÇൿÇÏ´Â
°Í°°Àº ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¹Ð°íÇϰųª,
¹«±âµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ±×µéÀÇ
Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇϰųª,
±× ÀûµéÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â °Í-¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
±×µé¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀÌÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÒ
¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×µéÀº ½Ã°ñ °æÂû °ü¸®µé,
Áö¿ª °æÂû¼Àå,
¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé,
±×¸®°í Ãѵ¶µé ¾Õ¿¡ ¼±´Ù.
±×µéÀº ÈÆ°è¹Þ°í,
½É¹® ´çÇϸç,
Çù¹Ú¹Þ°í,
ó¹ú¹Þ´Â´Ù;
±×·¯³ª,
±×µéÀº
ÀڽŵéÀÇ °á½ÉÀ» °íÁýÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¼±¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¼±¼¸¦ ÇÑ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé °¡¿îµ¥,
¼±¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀº ±×µé ½Ê¿©¸íÀº °è¼ÓÇØ¼ »ì¾Æ°£´Ù.
±×¸®°í Áú¹®À»
¹Þ´Â´Ù: |
|
"What, didn't you take the oath?" "No, I didn't take the
oath." "And what happened-nothing?" "Nothing." |
¡°¹«¾î¶ó°í¿ä,
¼±¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ü ¸»ÀԴϱî?¡± ¡°±×·¸½À´Ï´Ù,
¼±¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.¡± ¡°±×·±µ¥ ¾î¶»°Ô
µÇ¾ú½À´Ï±î-¾Æ¹« Àϵµ ¾ø¾ú½À´Ï±î?¡± ¡°¾Æ¹« Àϵµ
¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.¡± |
|
The subjects of a state are all bound to pay taxes. And everyone pays
taxes, till suddenly one man in Kharkov, another in Tver, and a third in
Samara refuse to pay taxes-all, as though in collusion, saying the same
thing. One says he will only pay when they tell him what object the money
taken from him will be spent on. "If it is for good deeds," he says,
"he will give it of his own accord, and more even than is required of
him. If for evil deeds, then he will give nothing voluntarily, because by
the law of Christ, whose follower he is, he cannot take part in evil
deeds." The others, too, say the same in other words, and will not
voluntarily pay the taxes. |
ÇÑ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¹é¼ºµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
´©±¸³ª ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³½´Ù,
±×·±µ¥ °©ÀÚ±â Ä«¸£ÄÚÇÁ¿¡¼
ÇÑ»ç¶÷,
Æ®º£¸£¿¡¼ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷,
±×¸®°í »ç¸¶¶óÀÇ ¼¼¹øÂ°
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»±â¸¦ °ÅºÎÇß´Ù-¸ðµÎ´Ù,
¸¶Ä¡ °áŹÇÑ
°Íó·³,
¶È°°Àº °ÍÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ
¹Þ¾Æ °¡´Â µ·ÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²¿©Áö´ÂÁö ¸»ÇØÁÖ¸é
³³ºÎÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀº ÀϵéÀ»
À§Çؼ¶ó¸é,¡±
±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¡°±×´Â ±× ½º½º·Î°¡ ±×°ÍÀ»
³¾ °ÍÀ̰í,
±×¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ùµµ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ³¾
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ³ª»Û ÀϵéÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó¸é,
±×´Â
¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÀÚÁøÇؼ ³»Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ µû¸£´Â
»ç¶÷À̹ǷÎ,
±×´Â ³ª»Û ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ °¡´ãÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.¡±
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé ¿ª½Ã ´Ù¸¥ ¸»È£¼ °°Àº °ÍÀ» À̾߱âÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÚÁøÇؼ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»Áö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Those who have anything to be taken have their prop¡©erty taken from
them by force; as for those who have nothing, they are left alone. |
»©¾Ñ±æ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î¼ ±×µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ»
»©¾Ò°å´Ù;
¾Æ¹« °Íµµ °¡Áø °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº,
±×³É
µÎ¾îÁ³´Ù. |
|
"What, didn't you pay the tax? " "No, I didn't pay it."
"And what happened-nothing?" "Nothing." |
¡°¹«¾î¶ó°í¿ä,
¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»Áö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï±î?¡± ¡°¾Æ´Ï¿À,
±×°ÍÀ» ³»Áö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.¡± ¡°±×·¡ ¾î¶² ÀÏÀÌ
¹ú¾îÁ³½À´Ï±î-¾Æ¹« Àϵµ ¾ø¾ú½À´Ï±î?¡± ¡°¾Æ¹« Àϵµ
¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.¡± |
|
There is the institution of passports. Everyone moving from his place
of residence is bound to carry one, and to pay a duty on it. Suddenly
people are to be found in various places declaring that to carry a
passport is not necessary, that one ought not to recognize one's depend¡©ence
on a state which exists by means of force; and these people do not carry
passports, or pay the duty on them. And again, it's impossible to force
those people by any means to do what is required. They send them to jail,
and let them out again, and these people live without pass¡©ports. |
½ÅºÐÁõ ±â°üÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
±×ÀÇ °ÅÁÖÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ À̵¿ÇÏ´Â
¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº ½ÅºÐÁõÀ» °¡Áö°í ´Ù³à¾ß ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
°©Àڱ⠿©·¯Áö¿ª¿¡¼
½ÅºÐÁõÀ» °¡Áö°í ´Ù´Ï´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Ù°í,
Æø·ÂÀ»
¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Á¾¼ÓµÊÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ÀÌ
»ç¶÷µéÀº ½ÅºÐÁõÀ» Áö´Ï°í ´Ù´ÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª,
±×µé¿¡°Ô
¼¼±ÝÀ» ¹°Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã,
¹«½¼ ¼ö´ÜÀ»
¾²´õ¶óµµ ±× »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» °Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö°¡
¾ø¾ú´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±×¸¦ °¨¿Á¿¡ º¸³Á´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µé ´Ù½Ã
³» º¸³Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ½ÅºÐÁõÀÌ ¾øÀÌ »ê´Ù. |
|
All peasants are bound to fill certain police offices-that of village
constable, and of watchman, and so on. Sud¡©denly in Kharkov a peasant
refuses to perform this duty, justifying his refusal on the ground that by
the law of Christ, of which he is a follower, he cannot put any man in
fetters, lock him up, or drag him from place to place. The same
declaration is made by a peasant in Tver, another in Tambov. These
peasants are abused, beaten, shut up in prison, but they stick to their
resolution and don't fill these offices against their convictions. And
at last they cease to appoint them as constables. And again nothing
happens. |
¸ðµç ³óºÎµéÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °æÂû ¾÷¹«µéÀ» º¸ÃæÇϵµ·Ï
µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù-¸¶À» ¼ø°æ ¾÷¹«,
±×¸®°í ¹æ¹ü ¾÷¹«,
±×¸®°í
¿©·¯°¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
°©ÀÚ±â Ä«¸£ÄÚÇÁÀÇ ³óºÎ°¡ ±×ÀÇ
Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼,
±×´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ µû¸£´Â »ç¶÷À̹ǷÎ,
±×´Â ¾î¶²
»ç¶÷¿¡°Ôµµ Á·¼â¸¦ ä¿ï ¼ö ¾ø°í,
±×¸¦ °¡µÎ°Å³ª À̰÷
Àú°÷À¸·Î ²ø°í ´Ù´Ò ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±×ÀÇ °ÆºÎ¸¦
Á¤´çÈÇÑ´Ù.
¶È°°Àº ¼±¾ðÀÌ Æ®º£¸£ÀÇ ³óºÎ¿¡°Ô¼,
Žº¸ÇÁ¿¡¼ ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù.
ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ð¿åÀ» ´çÇϰí,
¸Å¸¦
¸Â°í,
°¨¿Á¿¡ °¤Çû´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ °á½ÉÀ»
°í¼öÇß´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶µé¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â À̵é
Á÷Ã¥µéÀ» ä¿ìÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä§³» ±×µéÀº
¼ø°æÀ¸·Î ÀÓ¸íÇϱ⸦ Áß´ÜÇß´Ù.
±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã´Â ¾Æ¹«
Àϵµ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
|
All citizens are obliged to take a share in law proceedings in the
character of jurymen. Suddenly the most different people-mechanics,
professors, tradesmen, peasants, serv¡©ants, as though by agreement refuse
to fill this office, and not on the grounds allowed as sufficient by law,
but because any process at law is, according to their views, unchristian.
They fine these people, trying not to let them have an opportunity of
explaining their motives in public, and replace them by others. And again
nothing can be done. |
¸ðµç ½Ã¹ÎµéÀº ¹è½É¿øÀÇ ÀÚ°ÝÀ¸·Î ¹ý ÀýÂ÷¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ
Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
°©Àڱ⠾ÆÁÖ ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ-±â¼úÀÚ,
±³¼öµé,
»ó¾÷Àεé,
³óºÎµé,
ÇÏÀεéÀÌ,
¸¶Ä¡ ¾à¼ÓÀ̶óµµ
ÇÑ µíÀÌ,
ÀÌ Á÷Ã¥À» ä¿ì±â¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¹ý¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
¸ðµç ÀýÂ÷´Â,
±×µéÀÇ ½Ã°¢¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé,
ºñ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀ̱â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹ú±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇÑ´Ù,
±×µé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ µ¿±âµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê±â
À§Çؼ,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·Î ¹Ù²Û´Ù.
±×¸®°í
´Ù½Ã ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÀϾ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. |
|
All young men of twenty-one years of age are obliged to draw lots for
service in the army. All at once one young man in Moscow, another in Tver,
a third in Kharkov, and a fourth in Kiev present themselves before the
authorities, and, as though by previous agreement, declare that they will
not take the oath, they will not serve because they are Christians. I will
give the details of one of the first cases, since they have become more
frequent, which I happen to know about. The same treatment has been
repeated in every other case. A young man of fair education refuses in the
Moscow Townhall to take the oath. No attention is paid to what he says,
and it is requested that he should pronounce the words of the oath like
the rest. He declines, quoting a particular passage of the Gospel in which
swear¡©ing is forbidden. No attention is paid to his arguments, and he is
again requested to comply with the order, but he does not comply with it.
Then it is supposed that he is a sectary and therefore does not understand
Christianity in the right sense, that is to say, not in the sense in which
the priests in the pay of the government understand it. And the young man
is conducted under escort to the priests, that they may bring him to
reason. The priests begin to reason with him, but their efforts in
Christ's name to per¡©suade him to renounce Christ obviously have no
influence on him; he is pronounced incorrigible and sent back again to the
army. He persists in not taking the oath and openly refuses to perform any
military duties. It is a case that has not been provided for by the laws.
To overlook such a refusal to comply with the demands of the authorities
is out of the question, but to put such a case on a par with simple breach
of discipline is also out of the question. |
½º¹° ÇÑ»ìÀÌ µÇ´Â ¸ðµç û³âµéÀº ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«ÇÒ
Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÏÁ¦È÷ ¸ð½ºÅ©¹ÙÀÇ ÇÑ Ã»³âÀÌ,
Æ®º£¸£ÀÇ
´Ù¸¥ û³â,
Ä«¸£ÄÚÇÁÀÇ ¼¼¹øÂ° û³â,
±×¸®°í Ű¿¡ÇÁÀÇ
³×¹øÂ° û³âÀÌ ´ç±¹µé ¾Õ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù,
±×¸®°í,
»çÀü¿¡
¾à¼ÓÀÌ¶óµµ ÇÑ °Íó·³,
±×µéÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡
±×µéÀº ¼±¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç,
±×µéÀº º¹¹«¸¦ ÇÏÁö
¾Ê°Ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
³ª´Â ù¹øÂ° °æ¿ìÀÇ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÚ¼¼È÷
¼³¸íÇϰڴÙ,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×·± ÀÏÀÌ ÀÚÁÖ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
³ªµµ
¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
¶È°°Àº ´ë¿ì°¡ °¢±â ´Ù¸¥
°æ¿ìµé¿¡µµ ¹Ýº¹µÇ¾ú´Ù.
»ó´çÇÑ ±³À°À» ¹ÞÀº ÇÑ Ã»³âÀÌ
¸ð½ºÅ©¹ÙÀÇ ½Ãû¿¡¼ ¼±¼¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù.
±×°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â
°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹«·± °ü½Éµµ µÎ¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥
³ª¸ÓÁö »ç¶÷µéó·³ ¼±¼ÀÇ ±ÍÀýÀ» º¹Ã¢ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í
¿ä±¸¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
±×´Â ¸Í¼¼°¡ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â º¹À½¼ÀÇ
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ±¸ÀýÀ» ÀοëÇÏ¸é¼ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù.
±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡
¾Æ¹«·± °ü½Éµµ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×´Â ´Ù½Ã ¸í·É¿¡
ÀÀÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸¹Þ´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÀÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×·¯ÀÚ ±×´Â ÀÌ´ÜÀ̸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±âµ¶±³¸¦
¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Àǹ̴ë·Î,
´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé,
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ºÀ±ÞÀ» ¹Þ´Â
¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â Àǹ̴ë·Î ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ±ú´ÝÁö
¸øÇÑ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±× û³âÀº È£À§ÇÏ¿¡
¼ºÁ÷Àڵ鿡°Ô À̲ø°í °¡¼ ±×¸¦ ¼³µæÇØ º¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.
¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀº ±×¸¦ ¼³µæÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ±×°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ Æ÷±âÇϰÔ
¼³µæÇÏ·Á´Â ±×µéÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±×¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«·±
¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù;
±×´Â ±³Á¤ ºÒ°¡´ÉÀ̶ó°í ¼±°í
¹Þ°í¼ ´Ù½Ã ±º´ë·Î º¸³»Áø´Ù.
±×´Â ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ»
°ÍÀ» °íÁýÇϸç,
°ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² º´¿ª Àǹ«µéµµ
ÀÌÇàÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ¹ýµé·Î¼ Á¤ÇØÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº
°æ¿ì¿´´Ù.
´ç±¹µéÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÀÇÒ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ
°ÅºÎ¸¦ ´«°¨¾Æ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì¸¦ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ±ÔÀ²À» À§¹ÝÇÑ °Í°ú
¶È°°ÀÌ µÎ´Â °Íµµ »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. |
|
After deliberation among themselves, the military au¡©thorities decide
to get rid of the troublesome young man, to consider him as a
revolutionist, and they dispatch him under escort to the committee of the
secret police. The police authorities and gendarmes cross-question him,
but nothing that he says can be brought under the head of any of the
misdemeanors which come under their jurisdiction. And there is no
possibility of accusing him either of revo¡©lutionary acts or
revolutionary plotting, since he declares that he does not wish to attack
anything, but, on the con¡©trary, is opposed to any use of force, and, far
from plotting in secret, he seeks every opportunity of saying and doing
all that he says and does in the most open manner. And the gendarmes,
though they are bound by no hard-and-fast rules, still find no ground for
a criminal charge in the young man, and, like the clergy, they send him
back to the army. Again the authorities deliberate together, and decide to
ac¡©cept him though he has not taken the oath, and to enroll him among the
soldiers. They put him into the uniform, enroll him, and send him under
guard to the place where the army is quartered. There the chief officer of
the division which he enters again expects the young man to perform his
military duties, and again he refuses to obey, and in the presence of
other soldiers explains the reason of his refusal, saying that he as a
Christian cannot voluntarily prepare himself to commit murder, which is
forbidden by the law of Moses. |
±×µé ¼·Î °£¿¡ ÇùÀÇÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡,
±º ´ç±¹µéÀº ±×
¸»½é¸¹Àº û³âÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ·Î °áÁ¤Çϰí,
Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚ·Î
¿©±â¸é¼,
±×µéÀº ±×¸¦ È£À§¸¦ ÇÏ¸é¼ ºñ¹Ð °æÂû
À§¿øÈ¸¿¡ º¸³½´Ù.
°æÂû ´ç±¹µé°ú °æ°üµéÀº ±×¸¦ ´ëÁú
½Å¹®ÇÏÁö¸¸,
±×°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¾î´À °Íµµ ±×µéÀÇ °üÇÒ¿¡
¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² ¹üÁËÀÇ Á¶Ç׿¡ ¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×¸¦
Çõ¸í ÇàÀ§µéÀ̳ª Çõ¸í À½¸ð·Î¼ ±â¼ÒÇÒ °¡´É¼ºµµ ¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé,
±×´Â ¹«¾ùµµ °ø°ÝÇÒ ¶æÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
¹Ý´ë·Î
±×´Â Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ºñ¹Ð À½¸ð¸¦
²Ù¹Ì±â´Â Ä¿³ç,
±×°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÇàÇÒ
¸ðµç ±âȸ¸¦ ã°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °¡Àå °ø°³ÀûÀΠŵµ·Î ÇàÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í °æ°üµéÀº,
ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ Á¤ÇØÁø ±ÔÄ¢µé¿¡ ¾ô¸Å¿©
ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸,
¾ÆÁ÷ ±× û³â¿¡°Ô ¹üÁË ÇøÀ¸·Î¼ ¾Æ¹«·±
ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ãÀÌ ¸øÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéó·³,
±×µéÀº ±×¸¦
´Ù½Ã ±º´ë·Î º¸³½´Ù.
´Ù½Ã ´ç±¹µéÀº ÇÔ²² ÇùÀǸ¦ ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ºñ·Ï ¼±¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ±×¸¦
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱â·Î °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×¸¦ º´»çµé »çÀÌ¿¡
µî·ÏÇÑ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±×¿¡°Ô Á¦º¹À» ÀÔÈ÷°í µî·ÏÇÏ¿© ±×¸¦
È£À§ÇÏ¿© ±º´ë°¡ ÁÖµÐÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °÷À¸·Î º¸³½´Ù.
±×°¡
ÀÔ¼ÒÇÑ »ç´ÜÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ Àå±³´Â ´Ù½Ã±Ý ±× û³âÀÌ ±×ÀÇ º´¿ª
Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±â´ëÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã ±×´Â
º¹Á¾À» °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ º´»çµéÀÇ ¸éÀü¿¡¼ ±×°¡
°ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù,
Áï,
±×´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼
ÀÚÁøÇؼ »ìÀÎÇÒ Áغñ¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù,
±×°ÍÀº ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ
À²¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
This incident occurs in a provincial town. The case awakens the
interest, and even the sympathy, not only of outsiders, but even of the
officers. And the chief officers consequently do not decide to punish this
refusal of obedi¡©ence with disciplinary measures. To save appearances,
though, they shut the young man up in prison, and write to the highest
military authorities to inquire what they are to do. To refuse to serve in
the army, in which the Tzar himself serves, and which enjoys the blessing
of the Church, seems insanity from the official point of view.
Consequently they write from Petersburg that, since the young man must be
out of his mind, they must not use any severe treatment with him, but must
send him to a lunatic asylum, that his mental condition may be inquired
into and be scientifically treated. They send him to the asylum in the
hope that he will remain there, like another young man, who refused ten
years ago at Tver to serve in the army, and who was tortured in the asylum
till he submitted. But even this step does not rid the military
authorities of the inconvenient man. The doctors examine him, interest
themselves warmly in his case, and naturally finding in him no symptoms of
mental disease, send him back to the army. There they receive him, and
making believe to have forgot¡©ten his refusal, and his motives for it,
they again request him to go to drill, and again in the presence of the
other soldiers he refuses and explains the reason of his refusal. The
affair continues to attract more and more attention, both among the
soldiers and the inhabitants of the town. Again they write to Petersburg,
and thence comes the decree to transfer the young man to some division of
the army stationed on the frontier, in some place where the army is under
martial law, where he can be shot for refusing to obey, and where the
matter can proceed without attracting observation, seeing that there are
few Russians and Christians in such a distant part, but the majority are
foreigners and Mohammedans. This is accordingly done. They transfer him to
a division stationed on the Zacaspian border, and in company with convicts
send him to a chief officer who is notorious for his harshness and
severity. |
ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº Áö¹æ µµ½Ã¿¡¼ ÀϾÙ.
±× »ç°ÇÀº
¿ÜºÎÀÎµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Àå±³µé ¸¶Àúµµ °ü½É°ú,
½ÉÁö¾î´Â
µ¿Á¤¸¶Àú Àϱú¿î´Ù.
±×¸®°í Ã¥ÀÓ Àå±³µéÀº °á±¹ ÀÌ º¹Á¾
°ÅºÎ¸¦ ¡°è óºÐÀ¸·Î ó¹úÇϱâ·Î °áÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ü¸éÀ» ¼¼¿ì±â À§Çؼ,
±×µéÀº ±× û³âÀ» °¨¿Á¿¡
°¡µÐ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÃÖ°íÀ§ ±º ´ç±¹µé¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô
ÇØ¾ßÇÒÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁúÀÇ ¼½ÅÀ» º¸³½´Ù.
ȲÁ¦µµ º¹¹«Çϰí,
±³È¸ÀÇ ÃູÀ» ´©¸®´Â ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº °øÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º»´Ù¸é Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °Íó·³
º¸ÀδÙ.
°á±¹ ±×µéÀº ÆäÅ×½ººÎ¸£Å©·ÎºÎÅÍ ÆíÁö¸¦ ¾´´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±× Ã»³âÀº ¹ÌÄ£ °ÍÀÌ Æ²¸²¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
±×µéÀº
±×¿¡°Ô ½ÉÇÑ Á¶Ä¡¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×¸¦
Á¤½Åº´ÀÚ ¼ö¿ë¼Ò·Î º¸³»¾ß ÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¡¼ ±×ÀÇ Á¤½Å
»óŸ¦ Á¶»çÇØ¼ °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Ä¡·áµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í
±â·ÏÇÑ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±×¸¦ Á¤½Å º´¿ø¿¡ º¸³½´Ù,
±×¸®°í,
±×µµ °Å±â¼,
½Ê³â Àü¿¡ Æ®º£¸£¿¡¼ ±º º¹¹«¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ¿©
±×°¡ º¹Á¾ÇÒ ¶§°¡Áö °í¹®À» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ û³âó·³,
¸Ó¹°·¯ Àֱ⸦ Èñ¸ÁÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌ·± ÀýÂ÷µµ ±º
´ç±¹µéÀº ±× ºÒÆíÇÑ »ç¶÷À» Á¦°ÅÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÇ»çµéÀÌ
±×¸¦ °Ë»çÇÏ¸ç ±×µéµµ ÀÌ »ç°Ç¿¡ ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô °ü½ÉÀ»
°¡Áø´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´ç¿¬È÷µµ ±×¿¡°Ô¼ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¤½Å Áúº´ÀÇ
Áõ»óµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí´Â,
±×µé ´Ù½Ã ±º´ë·Î º¸³½´Ù.
±×°÷¿¡¼´Â ±×µé ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀδÙ,
±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ °ÅºÎ,
±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ µ¿±âµéÀ» ÀØÀº üÇϸé¼,
±×µéÀº ´Ù½Ã
±×µé ÈÆ·Ã ¹ÞÀ¸¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã ´Ù¸¥ º´»çµé
¾Õ¿¡¼ ±×´Â °ÅºÎÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ °ÅºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦
¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.
±× ¹®Á¦´Â ´õ¿í ´õ ¸¹Àº °ü½ÉµéÀ» ºÒ·¯
ÀÏÀ¸Å°±â¸¦ °è¼ÓÇÑ´Ù,
º´»çµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼³ª ±× µµ½ÃÀÇ
°ÅÁÖÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼.
±×µéÀº ´Ù½Ã ÆäÅ×½ººÎ¸£Å©¿¡
ÆíÁö¸¦ ¾´´Ù,
±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ±× û³âÀ» Àü¹æ¿¡ ÁÖµÐÇϰí
ÀÖ´Â ±º´ëÀÇ ¾î¶² »ç´Ü¿¡ ÀüÃâÇ϶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀÌ ³»·Á ¿Â´Ù.
±×°÷¿¡¼´Â ±º´ë°¡ °è¾ö·ÉÇÏ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
°Å±â¼ ±×´Â
º¹Á¾ °ÅºÎ·Î¼ ÃÑ»ìµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×°÷¿¡¼ ¹®Á¦´Â
°ü½ÉÀ» ²øÁö ¾Ê°í¼ ÁøÇàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×·¯ÇÑ
¸Õ Áö¿ª¿¡¼´Â ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀεéÀ̳ª ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÌ °ÅÀÇ
¾øÀ¸¸ç,
´ëºÎºÐÀº ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀ̸ç ȸ±³ÀεéÀÓÀ» ¾Ë±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº °á±¹ 󸮵Ǿú´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±×¸¦
ÀÚÄ«½ºÇÇ¾È ±¹°æ¿¡ ÁÖµÐÇÑ »ç´Ü¿¡ ÀüÃâ½ÃÄ×´Ù,
±×¸®°í
Á˼öµé°ú ÇÔ²² ±×µé ¹«ÀÚºñÇÏ°í °¡È¤Çϱâ·Î ¾Ç¸í ³ôÀº
Ã¥ÀÓ Àå±³¿¡°Ô·Î º¸³½´Ù. |
|
All this time, through all these changes from place to place, the young
man is roughly treated, kept in cold, hun¡©ger, and filth, and life is
made burdensome to him generally. But all these sufferings do not compel
him to change his resolution. On the Zacaspian border, where he is again
requested to go on guard fully armed, he again declines to obey. He does
not refuse to go and stand near the hay¡©stacks where they place him, but
refuses to take his arms, declaring that he will not use violence in any
case against anyone. All this takes place in the presence of the other
soldiers. To let such a refusal pass unpunished is impossi¡©ble, and the
young man is put on his trial for breach of discipline. The trial takes
place, and he is sentenced to confinement in the military prison for two
years. He is again transferred, in company with convicts, by etape, to
Caucasus, and there he is shut up in prison and falls under the
irresponsible power of the jailer. There he is perse¡©cuted for a year and
a half, but he does not for all that alter his decision not to bear arms,
and he explains why he will not do this to everyone with whom he is
brought in contact. At the end of the second year they set him free,
before the end of his term of imprisonment, reckoning it contrary to law
to keep him in prison after his time of mili¡©tary service was over, and
only too glad to get rid of him as soon as possible. |
ÀÌ ¸ðµç ½Ã°£µé,
À̰÷ Àú°÷À¸·ÎÀÇ ÀÌ ¸ðµç À̵¿À»
ÅëÇÏ¿©,
û³âÀº °ÅÄ¥°Ô ´Ù·ç¾îÁö°í,
̧ˤ,
¹è°íÇÄ,
±×¸®°í ¿À¹°¿¡ °¡µÎ¾î Áø´Ù,
±×¸®°í »îÀº ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Áü½º·¯¿öÁø´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸ðµç °íÅëµéÀÌ
±×·ÎÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×ÀÌ °á½ÉÀ» ¹Ù²Ù°Ô ÇÏÁö´Â ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÚÄ«½ºÇÇ¾È ±¹°æ¿¡¼,
±×´Â ´Ù½Ã ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹«ÀåÀ» ÇÑ Ã¤·Î
º¸ÃÊ¿¡ ³ª¼¶ó°í ¸í·É¹Þ´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ´Ù½Ã º¹Á¾À»
°ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù.
±×´Â ±×µéÀÌ ±×¸¦ ¼¼¿öµÎ´Â °ÇÃÊ´õ¹Ì ±Ùó¿¡
°¡¼ ¼Àֱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê´À´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÌ ¹«±âµéÀ»
µé±â¸¦ °Åº¸ÇÑ´Ù,
±×´Â ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¶óµµ ¾î´À
´©±¸¿¡°Ô¶óµµ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¯ÇÑ °ÅºÎ¸¦ ó¹ú¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í ³õ¾ÆµÎ´Â °ÍÀº
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±× û³âÀº ±ºÀ²À» ¾î±è¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼
ÀçÆÇÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù ÀçÆÇÀº ÁøÇàµÇ°í ±×´Â ±º °¨¿Á¿¡ 2³âµ¿¾È
°¨±ÝÀ» ¼±°í ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
±×´Â ´Ù½Ã ¹üÁËÀÚµé°ú ÇÔ²²
¿ª¸¶Â÷·Î ÄÚÄ«¼½º·Î º¸³»¾îÁø´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡¼
±×´Â °¨¿Á°Ô °¤È÷°í °£¼öÀÇ ¹«Ã¥ÀÓÇÑ ±Ç·Â ¾Õ¿¡
¶³¾îÁø´Ù.
±×°÷¿¡¼ ±×´Â ÀÏ³â ¹Ý µ¿¾ÈÀ» Çдë¹Þ´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±× ¸ðµç °Í¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×´Â ¹«±â¸¦ µéÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ±×ÀÇ °á½ÉÀ» ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×´Â
ÀڱⰡ Á¢ÃËÇÏ´Â ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ À̰ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â
ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.
À̳âÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ ±×µéÀº ±×¸¦ Ç®¾î
ÁØ´Ù,
±×ÀÇ Çü±â°¡ ³¡³ª±âµµ Àü¿¡,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×ÀÇ ±º
º¹¹« ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³ µÚ¿¡ ±×¸¦ Àâ¾Æ µÎ´Â °ÍÀº ¹ý¿¡
¾î±ß³ª±â ¶§¹®À̸ç,
±×¸¦ °¡´ÉÇÑ »¡¸® Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
³Ê¹«³ªµµ Áñ°Ì±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Other men in various parts of Russia behave, as though by agreement,
precisely in the same way as this young man, and in all these cases the
government has adopted the same timorous, undecided, and secretive course
of action. Some of these men are sent to the lunatic asylum, some are
enrolled as clerks and transferred to Siberia, some are sent to work in
the forests, some are sent to prison, some are fined. And at this very
time some men of this kind are in prison, not charged with their real
offense-that is, denying the lawfulness of the action of the government,
but for non-fulfillment of special obligations imposed by government. Thus
an officer of reserve, who did not re¡©port his change of residence, and
justified this on the ground that he would not serve in the army any
longer, was fined thirty rubles for non-compliance with the orders of the
superior authority. This fine he also declined volun¡©tarily to pay. In
the same way some peasants and soldiers who have refused to be drilled and
to bear arms have been placed under arrest on a charge of breach of
discipline and insolence. |
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¿©·¯Áö¿ªµéÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéµµ,
¸¶Ä¡
¾à¼ÓÀ̳ª ÇÑ °Íó·³,
ÀÌ Ã»³â°ú ¶È°°ÀÌ ÇൿÇÑ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼ Á¤ºÎ´Â ¶È°°ÀÌ ¼Ò½ÉÇϸç,
¿ìÀ¯ºÎ´ÜÇϸç,
ºñ¹Ð½º·± ÇàÀ§ °úÁ¤À» äÅÃÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ
»ç¶÷µé ÁßÀÇ ¸î¸íÀº Á¤½Å º´¿ø¿¡ º¸³»Áö°í,
¾î¶²
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¼±â·Î µî·ÏµÇ¾î ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ·Î ÀüÃâµÇ¸ç,
¾î¶²
»ç¶÷µéÀº ½£¼Ó¿¡ ³ë¿ªÇÏ·¯ º¸³»Áö°í,
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº
°¨¿Á¿¡ º¸³»Áö¸ç,
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹ú±ÝÀ» ¹®´Ù.
±×¸®°í
¹Ù·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¼ø°£¿¡ ÀÌ °°Àº ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº °¨¿Á¿¡
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀº ½ÇÁ¦ ¹üÁË-
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ Á¤´ç¼ºÀ»
ºÎÀÎ-¶§¹®¿¡ ±â¼ÒµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ºÎ°úµÈ
Ưº°ÇÑ Àǹ«µéÀ» ºÒÀÌÇàÇÑ ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¸°Ô,
¿¹ºñºÎ´ëÀÇ Àå±³´Â,
±×ÀÇ °ÅÁÖÁö º¯°æÀ» º¸°íÇÏÁö
¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
±×°¡ ÀÌÁ¦ ´õÀÌ»ó ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â
¶§¹®¿¡ À̰ÍÀ» Á¤´çÈ ÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
»óºÎ ´ç±¹ÀÇ ¸í·Éµé¿¡
´ëÇÑ ºÒº¹Á¾À¸·Î 30
·çºíÀÇ ¹ú±Ý¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁ³´Ù.
±×´Â ÀÌ
¹ú±Ý ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÚÁøÇؼ ³³ºÎÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇß´Ù.
¶È°°Àº
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¸î¸íÀÇ ³óºÎµé°ú º´»çµéÀÌ ÈÆ·Ã°ú ¹«±â
È޴븦 °ÅºÎÇßÀ¸¸ç ±ºÀ²°ú º¹Á¾ÀÇ À§¹Ý ÇøÀÇ·Î
üÆ÷µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
|
And cases of refusing to comply with the demands of government when
they are opposed to Christianity, and especially cases of refusing to
serve in the army, are occur¡©ring of late not in Russia only, but
everywhere. Thus I happen to know that in Servia men of the so-called sect
of Nazarenes steadily refuse to serve in the army, and the Austrian
Government has been carrying on a fruitless con¡©test with them for years,
punishing them with imprison¡©ment. In the year 1885 there were 130 such
cases. I know that in Switzerland in the year 1890 there were men in
prison in the castle of Chillon for declining to serve in the army, whose
resolution was not shaken by their punishment. There have been such cases
in Sweden, and the men who refused obedience were sent to prison in
exactly the same way, and the government studiously concealed these cases
from the people. There have been similar cases also in Prussia. I know of
the case of a sub-lieutenant of the Guards, who in 1891 declared to the
authorities in Berlin that he would not, as a Christian, continue to
serve, and in spite of all admonitions, threats, and punishments he stuck
to his resolution. In the south of France a society has arisen of late
bearing the name of the Hinschists (these facts are taken from the Peace
Herald, July, 1891), the members of which refuse to enter military
service on the grounds of their Christian principles. At first they were
enrolled in the ambulance corps, but now, as their numbers increase, they
are subjected to punishment for non-compli¡©ance, but they still refuse to
bear arms just the same. |
±×¸®°í ±âµ¶±³¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÉ ¶§¿¡ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¸í·Éµé¿¡
º¹Á¾Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ °æ¿ìµé,
±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ ±º´ë¿¡
º¹¹«Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµéÀº,
ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼¸¸ÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾îµð¿¡¼³ª ÀϾÙ.
±×·¡¼ ¼¼¸£ºñ¾Æ¿¡¼
¼ÒÀ§ ³ªÀÚ·»´À ÆÄÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ²öÁú±â°Ô ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«ÇÒ
°ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇϸç,
¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ Á¤ºÎ´Â ¼ö³âµ¿¾È ±×µé°úÀÇ
¼Òµæ¾ø´Â ½Î¿òÀ» ¼öÇàÇϰí ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀ» Åõ¿ÁÇÏ´Â
ó¹úÀ» ³»·È´Ù.
±×·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ìµéÀº ½º¿þµ§¿¡µµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù,
±×¸®°í º¹Á¾À» °ÅºÎÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î °¨¿Á¿¡
º¸³»Á³À¸¸ç,
Á¤ºÎ´Â ÀÌ »ç°ÇµéÀ» »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ ¾Ö¸¦
½á¼ ¼û°å´Ù.
ÇÁ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼µµ À¯»çÇÑ °æ¿ìµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
³ª´Â °æºñ´ëÀÇ ÁßÀ§ÀÇ »ç°ÇÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×´Â 1891³â
º£¸¦¸°ÀÇ ´ç±¹µé¿¡°Ô,
±×´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼,
º¹¹«¸¦
°è¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
¸ðµç ±Ç°íµé,
Çù¹Úµé,
±×¸®°í
ó¹úµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×ÀÇ ½Å³äÀ» °í¼öÇß´Ù.
ÇÁ¶û½º
³²ºÎ¿¡¼´Â ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ Èù½Ã½ºÆ® (ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀº
1891³â 7¿ù Çǽº
Çì·²µå¿¡¼ °¡Á®¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù)¶ó´Â À̸§À» °¡Áø ¸ðÀÓÀÌ
»ý°Ü³µÀ¸¸ç,
±× ȸ¿øµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µéÀ»
ÀÌÀ¯·Î º´¿ª Àǹ«¸¦ °ÅºÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
óÀ½¿£ ±×µéÀº ¾ßÀü
Àǹ«´ë¿¡ µî·ÏµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª,
ÀÌÁ¦´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ°¡
´Ã¾î³²¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
±×µéÀº ºÒº¹Á¾¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã³¹ú¿¡
Ã³ÇØÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ±×µéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¶È°°ÀÌ ¹«±â¸¦ µé±â¸¦
°ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The socialists, the communists, the anarchists, with their bombs and
riots and revolutions, are not nearly so much dreaded by governments as
these disconnected indi¡©viduals coming from different parts, and all
justifying their non-compliance on the grounds of the same religion, which
is known to all the world. |
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ
±×µéÀÇ ÆøÅº°ú ¼Ò¿äµé°ú Çõ¸íµéÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Äѵµ,
´Ù¸¥
Áö¹æÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Â ÀÌµé »ó°ü ¾ø´Â °³ÀÎµé ¸¸Å Á¤ºÎ°¡
µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °ÅÀǾø´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¶È°°Àº
Á¾±³¸¦ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±×µéÀÇ ºÒº¹Á¾À» Á¤´çÈÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡ ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Every government knows by what means and in what manner to defend
itself from revolutionists, and has re¡©sources for doing so, and
therefore does not dread these external foes. But what are governments to
do against men who show the uselessness, superfluousness, and
perniciousness of all governments, and who do not contend against them,
but simply do not need them and do without them, and therefore are
unwilling to take any part in them? |
¸ðµç Á¤ºÎ´Â Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇÒ
¼ö´ÜÀ̳ª ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¸°Ô Çϰ¡ À§ÇÑ
ÀÚ¿øµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ
ÀûµéÀ» µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎµéÀ»
¹«ÀÍÇϰí,
ºÒÇÊ¿äÇϸç,
ÇØ·Ó´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí,
±×µé¿¡°Ô
ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏÁö
¾Ê°í ±×µéÀÌ ¾øÀÌ Áö³»¸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µé¿¡°Ô Âü¿©ÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ¸·Á´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾î¶»°Ô ´ëÃ³ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡? |
|
The revolutionists say: The form of government is bad in this respect
and that respect; we must overturn it and substitute this or that form of
government. The Christian says: I know nothing about the form of
government, I don't know whether it is good or bad, and I don't want
to overturn it precisely because I don't know whether it's good or
bad, but for the very same reason I don't want to support it either. And
I not only don't want to, but I can't, because what it demands of me
is against my con¡©science. |
Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
Á¤ºÎ ÇüÅ´ ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡¼
±×¸®°í Àú·± Á¡¿¡¼ ³ª»Ú´Ù;
¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀ» Àüº¹Çؾß
ÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ¶Ç´Â Àú·± ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¤ºÎ·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
³ª´Â Á¤ºÎ ÇüÅ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â
¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù,
³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀºÁö ³ª»ÛÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù
±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Àüº¹ÇÏ°í ½ÍÁö ¾Ê´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
Á¤È®È÷ ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀºÁö ³ª»ÛÁö ¸ð¸£±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ¹Ù·Î ¶È°°Àº ÀÌÀ¯·Î¼ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ°í ½ÍÁö
¾Ê´Ù.
±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¿øÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
±×·² ¼öµµ
¾ø´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ ³»°Ô ¹Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ³ªÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡
¾î±ß³ª±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
All state obligations are against the conscience of a Christian-the
oath of allegiance, taxes, law proceedings, and military service. And the
whole power of the govern¡©ment rests on these very obligations. |
±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸ðµç Àǹ«µéÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ¾î±ß³´Ù-Ãæ¼ºÀÇ
¼±¼,
¼¼±Ý,
¹ý ÀýÂ÷µé,
±×¸®°í º´¿ª Àǹ«.
±×¸®°í
Á¤ºÎÀÇ Àüü ±Ç·ÂÀº À̵é Àǹ«µé À§¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Revolutionary enemies attack the government from without. Christianity
does not attack it at all, but, from within, it destroys all the
foundations on which govern¡©ment rests. |
Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ ÀûµéÀº ¹Ù±ùÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¤ºÎ¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÑ´Ù.
±âµ¶±³´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÀüÇô °ø°ÝÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
±×·¯³ª,
¾ÈÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ,
Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀÇÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ±âÃʵéÀ»
ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù. |
|
Among the Russian people, especially since the age of Peter I., the
protest of Christianity against the govern¡©ment has never ceased, and the
social organization has been such that men emigrate in communes to Turkey,
to China, and to uninhabited lands, and not only feel no need of state
aid, but always regard the state as a useless burden, only to be endured
as a misfortune, whether it happens to be Turkish, Russian, or Chinese.
And so, too, among the Russian people more and more frequent examples have
of late appeared of conscious Christian freedom from subjection to the
state. And these examples are the more alarming for the government from
the fact that these non-compliant persons often belong not to the
so-called lower uneducated classes, but are men of fair or good education;
and also from the fact that they do not in these days justify their
position by any mystic and excep¡©tional views, as in former times, do not
associate them¡©selves with any superstitious or fanatic rites, like the
sects who practice self-immolation by fire, or the wandering pilgrims, but
put their refusal on the very simplest and clearest grounds,
comprehensible to all, and recognized as true by all. |
·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡´Â,
ƯÈ÷ ÇÇÅÍ 1¼¼ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡,
Á¤ºÎ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÀúÇ×Àº °áÄÚ ¸ØÃßÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù,
±×¸®°í »çȸ
Á¶Á÷µéÀº ±×¸®ÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«¸®¸¦ Áö¾î¼
Å;îŰ,
Áß±¹,
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷ÀÌ »ìÁö ¾Ê´Â °÷À¸·Î À̹ÎÀ»
°¬À¸¸ç,
±¹°¡ÀÇ µµ¿òÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Ù°í ´À³¥ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¾ðÁ¦³ª ±¹°¡¸¦ ¹«ÀÍÇÑ ÁüÀ¸·Î ¿©°åÀ¸¹Ç·Î,
Å;îŰÀ̵ç,
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀ̵ç,
¶Ç´Â Áß±¹ÀÎÀ̵ç,
ºÒÇàÀ¸·Î ¾Ë°í Âü¾Ò´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÔÀº ¿ª½Ã,
·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼µµ
ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾¼ÓÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ±âµ¶±³Àû
ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀæÀº ¿¹µéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¿¹µéÀº ÀÌ·±
ºÒº¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼ÒÀ§ ¹è¿ìÁö ¸øÇÑ °è±Þµé¿¡
¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í,
»ó´çÇÑ ¶Ç´Â ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ±³À°À» ¹ÞÀº
»ç¶÷µéÀ̶ó´Â »ç½Ç·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¤ºÎ¿¡°Ô À־ ´õ¿í
³î¶ó¿òÀ» ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù;
±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ¿À´Ã³¯ ±×µéÀº,
¿¾³¯¿¡ ±×·¨´ø °Íó·³ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» ¾î¶² ½ÅºñÁÖÀdzª
¿ÜÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢µé·Î¼ Á¤´çÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç,
ºÒ·Î¼
Àڱ⸦ Èñ»ýÇϰųª µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï´Â ¼ø·Ê¸¦ ÇàÇÏ´Â
Á¾ÆÄµéó·³ ¾î¶² ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀ̰ųª ±¤½ÅÀûÀÎ Àǽĵé°ú
°ü·Ã½ÃŰÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼,
³Ê¹«³ª ´Ü¼øÇÏ¸ç ºÐ¸íÇÑ,
¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³³µæÀÌ °¡´Â,
±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
Áø¸®¶ó°í ÀνĵǴ ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î¼ ±×µéÀÇ °ÅºÎ¸¦ ÇàÇϱâ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
Thus they refuse the voluntary payment of taxes, because taxes are
spent on deeds of violence-on the pay of men of violence-soldiers, on the
construction of prisons, fortresses, and cannons. They as Christians
regard it as sinful and immoral to have any hand in such deeds. |
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº ÀÚÁø ³³¼¼¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
¼¼±ÝµéÀº Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µé-Æø·ÂÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé-º´»çµé,
°¨¿Áµé,
¿ä»õµé,
±×¸®°í ´ëÆ÷µéÀÇ °Ç¼³-¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡
Çù·ÂÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Á˾ÇÀÌ¸ç ºñµµ´öÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù. |
|
Those who refuse to take the oath of allegiance refuse because to
promise obedience to authorities, that is, to men who are given to deeds
of violence, is contrary to the sense of Christ's teaching. They refuse
to take the oath in the law courts, because oaths are directly forbidden
by the Gospel. They refuse to perform police duties, because in the
performance of these duties they must use force against their brothers and
ill treat them, and a Christian cannot do that. They refuse to take part
in trials at law, because they consider every appeal to law is fulfilling
the law of vengeance, which is inconsistent with the Christian law of
forgiveness and love. They refuse to take any part in military
preparations and in the army, because they can¡©not be executioners, and
they are unwilling to prepare themselves to be so. |
Ãæ¼ºÀÇ ¼±¼¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±Ç·Âµé¿¡,
Æø·Â
ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô,
º¹Á¾ÇÔÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ´ëÄ¡µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼ ¼±¼¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¸Í¼¼µéÀº
º¹À½¼¿¡¼ Á÷Á¢ ±ÝÁöµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº °æÂû
Àǹ«µéÀÇ ÀÌÇàÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àǹ«µéÀÇ
ÀÌÇà¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ¹Ýµå½Ã
Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ßÇϸç,
±×µéÀ» Çдë ÇØ¾ß Çϰí,
±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀº ±×·± ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº
¹ýÁ¤ÀÇ ÀçÆÇ¿¡ Âü¿©Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¹ý¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç È£¼Ò´Â º¹¼öÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ½ÇõÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í
¿©±â±â ¶§¹®À̸ç,
±×°ÍÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ ¿ë¼ÀÇ ¹ý°ú
»óÃæµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀº ±º»çÀûÀÎ ´ëºñµé¿¡
Âü¿©Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº óÇüÀÚ µéÀÏ
¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×µéÀº ½º½º·Î°¡ ±×·± Áغñ¸¦ ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The motives in all these cases are so excellent that, how¡©ever
despotic governments may be, they could hardly punish them openly. To
punish men for refusing to act against their conscience the government
must renounce all claim to good sense and benevolence. And they assure
people that they only rule in the name of good sense and benevolence. |
ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç°Çµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿±âµéÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ÈǸ¢Çؼ,
¾Æ¹«¸® µ¶Á¦ÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎµéÀ̶óµµ,
±×µéÀº °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â
°ÅÀÇ ±×µéÀ» ó¹úÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â
ÇàÀ§¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À» ó¹úÇÏ·Á¸é,
Á¤ºÎ´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã
¼±ÀÇ¿Í ¼±Çà¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÀåµéÀ» Æ÷±âÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í
±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µé¸¸ÀÌ ¼±ÀÇ¿Í ¼±ÇàÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î
ÅëÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù°í »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
What are governments to do against such people? |
Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×·± »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ¸Â¼¼ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡? |
|
Governments can of course flog to death or execute or keep in perpetual
imprisonment all enemies who want to overturn them by violence, they can
lavish gold on that section of the people who are ready to destroy their
enemies. But what can they do against men who, without wishing to overturn
or destroy anything, desire simply for their part to do nothing against
the law of Christ, and who, therefore, refuse to perform the commonest
state requirements, which are, therefore, the most indispensable to the
maintenance of the state? |
Á¤ºÎµéÀº ¹°·Ð Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ¸¦ Àüº¹ÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ðµç
ÀûµéÀ» ¸ÅÁúÇÏ¿© Á×À̰ųª »çÇüÇϰųª ¶Ç´Â ¹«±â
¡¿ª¿¡ óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù,
±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÀûµéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ·Á´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹«¸®µé¿¡°Ô ¾Æ³¦¾øÀÌ µ·À» ´ë¾î ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùÀ» Àüº¹Çϰųª ÆÄ±«ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Àǵµ°¡
¾øÀÌ,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼,
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹ý¿¡
¾î±ß³ª´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î,
°¡Àå
Æò¹üÇÑ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀ»,
´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé,
±¹°¡ÀÇ À¯Áö¿¡
ÀÖ¾î¼ °¡Àå ÇʼöÀûÀÎ °ÍµéÀ» ÀÌÇàÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µé¿¡ ¸Â¼¼ ±×µéÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? |
|
If they had been revolutionists, advocating and practic¡©ing violence
and murder, their suppression would have been an easy matter; some of them
could have been bought over, some could have been duped, some could have
been overawed, and these who could not be bought over, duped, or overawed
would have been treated as criminals, enemies of society, would have been
executed or imprisoned, and the crowd would have approved of the action of
the govern¡©ment. If they had been fanatics, professing some peculiar
belief, it might have been possible, in disproving the super¡©stitious
errors mixed in with their religion, to attack also the truth they
advocate. But what is to be done with men who profess no revolutionary
ideas nor any peculiar religious dogmas, but merely because they are
unwilling to do evil to any man, refuse to take the oath, to pay taxes, to
take part in law proceedings, to serve in the army, to fulfill, in fact,
any of the obligations upon which the whole fabric of a state rests? What
is to done with such people? To buy them over with bribes is impossible;
the very risks to which they voluntarily expose themselves show that they
are incorruptible. To dupe them into believing that this is their duty to
God is also impossible, since their refusal is based on the clear,
unmistakable law of God, recognized even by those who are trying to compel
men to act against it. To terrify them by threats is still less possible,
because the deprivations and sufferings to which they are subjected only
strengthen their desire to follow the faith by which they are commanded:
to obey God rather than men, and not to fear those who can destroy the
body, but to fear him who can destroy body and soul. To kill them or keep
them in perpetual imprisonment is also impossible. These men have friends,
and a past; their way of thinking and acting is well known; they are known
by everyone for good, gentle, peaceable people, and they cannot be
regarded as criminals who must be removed for the safety of society. And
to put men to death who are regarded as good men is to provoke others to
champion them and justify their refusal. And it is only necessary to
explain the reasons of their refusal to make clear to everyone that these
reasons have the same force for all other men, and that they all ought to
have done the same long ago. These cases put the ruling powers into a
desperate position. They see that the prophecy of Christianity is coming
to pass, that it is loosening the fetters of those in chains, and setting
free them that are in bondage, and that this must inevitably be the end of
all oppressors. The ruling authorities see this, they know that their
hours are numbered, and they can do nothing. All that they can do to save
themselves is only deferring the hour of their downfall. And this they do,
but their position is none the less desperate. |
¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ Æø·Â°ú »ìÀÎÀ» »çÁÖÇÏ´Â
Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ̶ó¸é,
±×µéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ½¬¿î
¹®Á¦ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù;
±×µé ÁßÀÇ ÀϺδ µ·À¸·Î ¸Å¼öÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ¼ÓÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í,
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº
Çù¹ÚµÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù ±×¸®°í ¸Å¼öÇÒ ¼öµµ,
¼Ó¿©Áú ¼öµµ,
Çù¹ÚµÇ¾îÁú ¼öµµ ¾ø´Â ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹üÁËÀÚ³ª,
»çȸÀÇ
Àûµé·Î ¿©°ÜÁ®¼,
»çÇüµÇ°Å³ª Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾î Áú °ÍÀ̸ç,
±ºÁßµéÀº Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ
¾à°£ ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» ¼±¾ðÇÏ´Â ±¤½ÅÀÚµéÀ̶ó¸é,
±×µéÀÇ
Á¾±³¿¡ ¼¯¿© ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÎ ¿À·ùµéÀ» ¹ÝÁõÇϸé¼,
±×µéÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â Áø¸® ¶ÇÇÑ °ø°ÝÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¹«·± Çõ¸íÀû »ç»óÀ̳ª ±â±«ÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ±³¸®¸¦
¼±¾ðÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷¿¡°Ôµµ ¾ÇÀ»
ÇàÇϱ⠽ȾîÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡,
¼±¼¸¦ ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í,
¼¼±ÝÀ»
³³ºÎÇÏ´Â °Í,
¹ýÀû ÀýÂ÷¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Â °Í,
±º´ë¿¡
º¹¹«ÇÏ´Â °Í,
»ç½Ç,
±¹°¡ÀÇ Àüü ±¸Á¶°¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶²
¸í·Éµéµµ ÀÌÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô
ó¸®ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?
±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ó¸®Çؾß
Çϴ°¡?
±×µéÀ» ³ú¹°·Î¼ »ç´Â °ÍÀ» ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù;
±×µéÀÌ
ÀÚÁøÇؼ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ³ëÃâ½ÃŲ ¹Ù·Î ±× À§ÇèµéÀÌ ±×µéÀº
ºÎÆÐµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
±×µé¿¡°Ô À̰ÍÀÌ Çϳª´Ô¿¡
´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«¶ó°í ¼ÓÀÌ´Â °Íµµ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÇ °ÅºÎ´Â ¸í¹éÇÏ°í Æ²¸²¾ø´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
¹ýÀ¸·Î¼,
½ÉÁö¾î´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×°Í¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§¸¦
°¿äÇÏ´Â Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼µµ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â ¹ý¿¡ ±âÃʵDZâ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀ» Çù¹ÚÀ¸·Î °ÌÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ÈξÀ ´õ
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÌ Ã³ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ¹ÚÅ»µé°ú
°íÅëµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÌ ¸í¹Þ°Ô µÇ´Â ½Å¾ÓÀ» µû¸£°íÀÚ
ÇÏ´Â ¿å±¸¸¦ °È½ÃÄÑÁֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù:
»ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù´Â
Çϳª´Ô²² º¹Á¾Çϸç,
À°½ÅÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ µÎ·Á¿ö
ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
¿ÀÁ÷ À°½Å°ú ¿µÈ¥À» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â ºÐÀ»
µÎ·Á¿öÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×µéÀ» Á×À̰ųª ±×µéÀ» ¿µ¿øÇÑ
°¨±Ý »óÅ¿¡ µÎ´Â °Í ¶ÇÇÑ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº
Ä£±¸µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °ú°Å¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù;
±×µéÀÇ
»ý°¢Çϸç ÇൿÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù;
±×µéÀº
¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¼±Çϰí Á¡ÀÝÀ¸¸ç,
ÆòȽº·¯¿î »ç¶÷µé·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í »çȸÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» À§Çؼ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î¾ß
ÇÒ ¹üÁËÀÚµé·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î
¿©°ÜÁö´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á×À½¿¡ óÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µé·ÎÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÇ °ÅºÎ¸¦
Á¤´çÈÇϵµ·Ï ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ °ÅºÎ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯µéÀ» ¼³¸íÇØ¼,
´©±¸¶óµµ À̵é ÀÌÀ¯µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¶È°°Àº ÈûÀ» °¡Áöµµ·Ï,
´©±¸¿¡°Ô³ª
ÀÌÇØµÇµµ·Ï Çϴ°ÍÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç,
±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â
¶È°°Àº ÀÏÀ» ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ Çß¾î¾ß Çß´Ù.
ÀÌµé °æ¿ìµéÀº
Áö¹è ±Ç·ÂµéÀ» Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡ ³õ´Â´Ù.
±×µéÀº
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀÌ ¼ºÃëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
»ç½½¿¡ ¹ÀÎ ÀÚµéÀÇ
Á·¼â¸¦ ´À½¼ÇÏ°Ô Çϸç,
¹ÀÎ ÀÚµéÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Çϸç,
±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ¸ðµç ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚµéÀÇ Á¾¾ðÀÓÀ»
¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Áö¹è ±Ç·ÂµéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù,
±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ
½Ã°£ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶ ³²Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» ¾È´Ù,
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº
¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
½º½º·Î¸¦ ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
¸ðµç °ÍÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ô¶ôÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ¿¬ÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ À̰ÍÀ» ÇàÇÑ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×·³¿¡µµ
ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×µéÀÇ Ã³Áö´Â Àý¸ÁÀûÀÌ´Ù. |
|
It is like the position of a conqueror who is trying to save a town
which has been been set on fire by its own inhabit¡©ants. Directly he puts
out the conflagration in one place, it is alight in two other places;
directly he gives in to the fire and cuts off what is on fire from a large
building, the building itself is alight at both ends. These separate fires
may be few, but they are burning with a flame which, however small a spark
it starts from, never ceases till it has set the whole ablaze. |
±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ÁÖ¹Îµé ½º½º·Î°¡ ºÒÁú·¯ ¹ö¸° ÇÑ µµ½Ã¸¦
±¸ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â Á¤º¹ÀÚÀÇ ÀÔÀå°ú °°´Ù.
±×°¡ ÇÑ °÷ÀÇ
´ëÈÀ縦 Áø¾ÐÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ,
´Ù¸¥ µÎ°÷¿¡¼ ºÒÀÌ ºÙ¾ú´Ù;
±×°¡ ºÒ¿¡ ¶Ù¾î µé¾î¼ Å« °Ç¹°¿¡ Ÿ°í ÀÖ´Â ºÒÀ»
Â÷´ÜÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ,
±× °Ç¹° ÀÚü°¡ ¾çÂÊ ³¡¿¡¼ ºÒŸ¿À¸¥´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¢°¢ÀÇ ºÒµéÀº ÀûÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀÌ
¾Æ¹«¸® ÀÛÀº ºÒ¶ËÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ,
Àüü¸¦ ºÒÅ¿ì±â Àü¿¡´Â °áÄÚ ¸ØÃßÁö ¾ÊÀ» È¿°À¸·Î
ºÒŸ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Thus it is that the ruling authorities are in such a defenseless
position before men who advocate Christianity, that but little is
necessary to overthrow this sovereign power which seems so powerful, and
has held such an exalted position for so many centuries. And yet social
reformers are busy promulgating the idea that it is not necessary and is
even pernicious and immoral for every man separately to work out his own
freedom. As though, while one set of men have been at work a long while
turning a river into a new channel, and had dug out a complete
water-course and had only to open the floodgates for the water to rush in
and do the rest, another set of men should come along and begin to advise
them that it would be much better, instead of letting the water out, to
construct a machine which would ladle the water up from one side and pour
it over the other side. |
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·ÂµéÀº ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µé ¾Õ¿¡¼ ¹«·ÂÇÑ À§Ä¡¿¡ ¼ÀÖ´Ù,
±×·¯³ª ±×·¸°Ô
¿À·£ ¼¼±â µ¿¾È±×·¸°Ôµµ °·ÂÇØ º¸À̸ç,
±×·¸°Ô ³ôÀº
À§Ä¡¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´ø ÀÌ ÅëÄ¡ ¼¼·ÂÀ» Àüº¹ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
°ÅÀÇ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
±×·¯³ª »çȸ °³Çõ°¡µéÀº Á¦°¢±âÀÇ
»ç¶÷ÀÌ µû·Îµû·Î ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ¼ºÃëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
ÇÊ¿äÄ¡ ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
½ÉÁö¾î´Â ÇØ·Î¿ì¸ç,
ºñµµ´öÀûÀÌ´Ù´Â
»ç»óµéÀ» ÆÛ¶ß¸®±â¿¡ ¹Ù»Ú´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡,
ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿À·§µ¿¾È °À» »õ·Î¿î ¿îÇÏ·Î ¹Ù²Ù´Â ÀÛ¾÷À»
ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
¿ÀÁ÷ ¼ö¹®À» ¿¾î¼ ¹°µéÀÌ µé¾î¿À°Ô Çϰí¼
³ª¸ÓÁö¸¦ ÇàÇÏ¸é µÇ´Â ÇÑÆí,
´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
¿Í¼´Â,
¹°ÀÌ ºüÁ® ³ª°¡°Ô Çϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â,
ÇÑ ÂÊ¿¡¼ ¹°À»
ÆÛ¼ ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊ¿¡ º×´Â ±â°è¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÈξÀ ³´´Ù°í
±×µé¿¡°Ô ±ÇÀ¯Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù. |
|
But the thing has gone too far. Already ruling govern¡©ments feel their
weak and defenseless position, and men of Christian principles are
awakening from their apathy, and already begin to feel their power. |
±×·¯³ª ÀÏÀº ³Ê¹« ±íÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ¹Ì Áö¹èÇÏ´Â
Á¤ºÎ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¾àÇÏ°í ¹«±â·ÂÇÑ Ã³Áö¸¦ ´À³¢°í,
±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ¿ø¸®µéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¹«°¨°¢¿¡¼
±ú¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ÀÌ¹Ì ±×µéÀÌ ÈûÀ» ´À³¢±â
½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. |
|
"I am come to send a fire on the earth," said Christ, "and what
will I, if it be already kindled?" And this fire is beginning to burn. |
¡°³ª´Â Áö»ó¿¡ ºÒÀ» Áö¸£·Á°í ¿Ô´Ù,¡±
±×¸®½ºµµ°¡
¸»Çß´Ù, ¡°±×¸®°í,
¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ¹Ì ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒÀÌ ºÙ¾ú´Ù¸é,
³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?¡±
±×¸®°í ÀÌ ºÒÀº Ÿµé¾î °¡±â
½ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
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