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Introduction |
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| Jonah, Book of,
also spelled JONAS, the fifth of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of
the Minor Prophets, embraced in a single book, The Twelve, in the Jewish canon.
Unlike other Old Testament prophetic books, Jonah is not a collection of
the prophet's oracles but primarily a narrative about the man. |
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| Jonah is portrayed as a recalcitrant prophet who
flees from God's summons to prophesy against the wickedness of the city of Nineveh.
According to the opening verse, Jonah is the son of Amittai. This lineage
identifies him with the Jonah mentioned in II Kings 14:25 who prophesied during
the reign of Jeroboam II, about 785 BC. It is possible that some of the
traditional materials taken over by the book were associated with Jonah at an
early date, but the book in its present form reflects a much later composition.
It was written after the Babylonian Exile (6th century BC), probably in the 5th
or 4th century and certainly no later than the 3rd, since Jonah is listed among
the Minor Prophets in the apocryphal book of Ecclesiasticus, composed about 190.
Like the Book of Ruth, which was written at about the same period, it opposes
the narrow Jewish nationalism characteristic of the period following the reforms
of Ezra and Nehemiah with their emphasis on Jewish exclusivity. Thus the prophet
Jonah, like the Jews of the day, abhors even the idea of salvation for the
Gentiles. God chastises him for his attitude, and the book affirms that God's
mercy extends even to the inhabitants of a hated foreign city. The incident of
the great fish, recalling Leviathan, the monster of the deep used elsewhere in
the Old Testament as the embodiment of evil, symbolizes the nation's exile and
return. |
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| As the story is related in the Book of Jonah,
the prophet Jonah is called by God to go to Nineveh (a great Assyrian city) and
prophesy disaster because of the city's excessive wickedness. Jonah, in the
story, feels about Nineveh as does the author of the Book of Nahum--that the
city must inevitably fall because of God's judgment against it. Thus Jonah does
not want to prophesy, because Nineveh might repent and thereby be saved. So he
rushes down to Joppa and takes passage in a ship that will carry him in the
opposite direction, thinking to escape God. A storm of unprecedented severity
strikes the ship, and in spite of all that the master and crew can do, it shows
signs of breaking up and foundering. Lots are cast, and Jonah confesses that it
is his presence on board that is causing the storm. At his request, he is thrown
overboard, and the storm subsides. |
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| A "great fish," appointed by God,
swallows Jonah, and he stays within the fish's maw for three days and nights. He
prays for deliverance and is "vomited out" on dry land (ch. 2). Again
the command is heard, "Arise, go to Nineveh." Jonah goes to Nineveh
and prophesies against the city, causing the King and all the inhabitants to
repent. |
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|
Jonah then becomes angry. Hoping for disaster,
he sits outside the city to await its destruction. A plant springs up overnight,
providing him welcome shelter from the heat, but it is destroyed by a great
worm. Jonah is bitter at the destruction of the plant, but God speaks and
thrusts home the final point of the story: "You pity the plant, for which
you did not labor, nor did you make it grow, which came into being in a night,
and perished in a night. And should not I pity Nineveh, that great city, in
which there are more than a hundred and twenty thousand persons who do not know
their right hand from their left, and also much cattle?" (ch. 4).
|
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| Jonah has been the subject of works by such
artists as John Bernard Flannagan and Albert Pinkham Ryder. Chapter nine of
Herman Melville's Moby Dick is a sermon and hymn about Jonah. |
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ÇÉÄ· ¶óÀÌ´õ °°Àº ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀÇ ÀÛǰÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦°¡ µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. H.
¸áºôÀÇ [¸ðºñ µñ Moby Dick]ÀÇ
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Âù¼ÛÀÌ´Ù. |
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| Outline |
°³¿ä |
Jonah's
call and disobedience
1.1-17 |
¿ä³ªÀÇ ºÎ¸§°ú ºÒ¼øÁ¾ |
Jonah's
repentance and deliverance
2.1-10 |
¿ä³ªÀÇ È¸°³¿Í ±¸¿ø |
Jonah's message against
Nineveh
3.1-10 |
´Ï´À¿þ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ä³ªÀÇ ¿¹¾ð |
God's
mercy on Nineveh
4.1-11 |
´Ï´À¿þ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚºñ |
|
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