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Religion

Á¾±³ ޹æ

Myth or Mythology

½ÅÈ­ (ãêü¥)

myth, a story, usually of unknown origin and at least partially traditional, that ostensibly relates actual events to explain some practice, belief, institution, or natural phenomenon, and that is especially associated with religious rites and beliefs. The word mythology denotes both the study of myth and the total corpus of myths in a particular culture or religious tradition. º¸Åë ±× ±â¿øÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Àü½Â¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ À̾߱â. ¿Ü°ß»óÀ¸·Î´Â ¾î¶² °üÇࡤ½Å¾Ó¡¤Á¦µµ¡¤ÀÚ¿¬Çö»ó µîÀ» ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇØ ½ÇÁ¦Àû »ç°ÇµéÀ» À̾߱âÇϸç, ƯÈ÷ Á¾±³ÀÇ½Ä ¹× ½Å¾Ó°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÅÈ­ÇÐ(mythology)À̶ó´Â ¸»Àº ½ÅÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ƯÁ¤ÀÇ ¹®È­Àû¡¤Á¾±³Àû ÀüÅëÀ» Áö´Ñ ½ÅÈ­µéÀÇ Áý´ë¼ºÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
The authority of myth is implied rather than stated. Myths relate the paradigmatic events, conditions, and deeds of gods or superhuman beings that are outside ordinary human life and yet basic to it. These extraordinary events are set in a time altogether different from historical time, often at the beginning of creation or at an early stage of prehistory. Myths provide models for human behaviour, institutions, or universal conditions. ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ Àü°Å´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ Áø¼úµÇ±âº¸´Ù´Â ÇÔÃàÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃµÈ´Ù. ½ÅÈ­µéÀº ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ Àΰ£»ýȰ°ú °Å¸®°¡ ¸ÖÁö¸¸ ±× ±â¹ÝÀÌ µÇ´Â ½ÅÀ̳ª ÃÊÀεéÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ »ç°Ç¡¤Á¶°Ç¡¤ÇàÀ§ µéÀ» ¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æ¯¼öÇÑ »ç°ÇµéÀº ¿ª»ç½Ã´ë¿Í´Â ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ ½ÃÁ¡ÀÇ »óȲÀ» ´Ù·ç¸ç, ÁÖ·Î ¿ìÁÖâÁ¶³ª ¼±»ç½Ã´ë Ãʱ⸦ ±× ¹è°æÀ¸·Î »ï´Â´Ù. ½ÅÈ­´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇൿÀ̳ª Á¦µµ, ¿ìÁÖÀû »óȲ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿øÇüµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇØÁØ´Ù.
Features of myth are shared by other kinds of literature. Etiological tales explain the origins or causes of various aspects of nature or human society and life. Fairy tales deal with extraordinary beings and events but lack the authority of myth. Sagas and epics claim authority and truth but reflect specific historical settings.  ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀº ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹®Çп¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ¿øÀηÐÀûÀÎ À̾߱â´Â ÀÚ¿¬¡¤Àΰ£¡¤»çȸ¡¤»î¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿©·¯ Ãø¸éÀÇ ±â¿ø°ú ¿øÀεéÀ» ¼³¸íÇØÁØ´Ù. ¿¾³¯À̾߱â´Â ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ Á¸À硤»ç°Ç µéÀ» ´Ù·çÁö¸¸ ½ÅÈ­¿¡¼­¿Í °°Àº ±ÇÀ§´Â ¾ø´Ù. Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¹«¿ë´ã°ú ¼­»ç½Ã´Â ±ÇÀ§¿Í »ç½Ç¼ºÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϱâ´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû »óȲÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇϰí ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
The modern study of myth arose with the Romantic movement of the early 19th century, but interpretations of myth were offered much earlier. The influence of philosophy in ancient Greece led to allegorical views of myth or to the historical reductionism of Euhemerus (fl. 300 BC), who believed that the gods of myth were originally simply great people. The development of comparative philology in the 19th century, together with ethnological discoveries in the 20th, established the main contours of mythology, the science of myth. Since the Romantics, all study of myth has been comparative. Wilhelm Mannhardt, Sir James Frazer, and Stith Thompson employed the comparative approach to collect and classify the themes of folklore and mythology. Bronislaw Malinowski emphasized the ways myth fulfills common social functions. Claude Lévi-Strauss and other structuralists have compared the formal relations and patterns in myths throughout the world. (see also Greek mythology) ½ÅÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çö´ëÀû ¿¬±¸´Â 19¼¼±âÃÊ ³¶¸¸ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿°ú ÇÔ²² ÀϾÀ¸³ª, ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ ÇØ¼®ÀÛ¾÷Àº À̺¸´Ù ÀÏÂï ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. °í´ë ±×¸®½º ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â öÇÐÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ½ÅÈ­¸¦ dzÀÚÀûÀÎ À̾߱â·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´°í, ¿¡¿ìÇì¸Þ·Î½º(BC 300°æ Ȱµ¿)¿Í °°Àº ¿ª»ç°¡´Â ½ÅÈ­¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ½ÅµéÀÌ ¿ø·¡´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¿µ¿õÀ̾ú´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. 19¼¼±â¿¡ ºñ±³¾ð¾îÇÐÀÌ ¹ß´ÞÇϰí 20¼¼±â¿¡ ¹Î¼ÓÇÐÀû ¹ß°ßÀÌ ´õÇØÁ® ½ÅÈ­ÇÐ, Áï ½ÅÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çй®ÀÇ ±âº» À±°ûÀÌ °®Ãß¾îÁ³´Ù. ³¶¸¸ÁÖÀÇ ½Ã´ë ÀÌ·¡·Î ¸ðµç ½ÅÈ­¿¬±¸´Â ºñ±³¿¬±¸¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇß´Ù. ºôÇ︧ ¸¸Çϸ£Æ®, Á¦ÀÓ½º ÇÁ·¹ÀÌÀú °æ, ±×¸®°í ½ºÆ¼½º ÅèÇÁ½¼ µîÀº ¹Î´ã°ú ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦µéÀ» ¼öÁýÇÏ°í ºÐ·ùÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ºñ±³¿¬±¸ÀÇ Á¢±Ù¹æ¹ýÀ» ½è´Ù. ºê·Î´Ï¼ö¾ÆÇÁ ¸»¸®³ëÇÁ½ºÅ°´Â ½ÅÈ­°¡ ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ »çȸÀû ±â´ÉµéÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´Â Ãø¸éÀ» °­Á¶Çß´Ù. Ŭ·Îµå ·¹ºñ½ºÆ®·Î½º¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ±¸Á¶ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Àü¼¼°è¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Â ½ÅÈ­µéÀÇ Çü½ÄÀûÀÎ °ü°è¿Í À¯ÇüÀ» ºñ±³Çß´Ù.
Sigmund Freud put forward the idea that symbolic communication does not depend on cultural history alone but also on the workings of the psyche. Thus Freud introduced a transhistorical and biological conception of man and a view of myth as an expression of repressed ideas. Carl Jung extended the transhistorical, psychological approach with his theory of the "collective unconscious" and the archetypes, often encoded in myth, that arise out of it. ÁöÅ©¹®Æ® ÇÁ·ÎÀÌÆ®´Â »ó¡Àû ÀÇ»ç¼ÒÅëÀ̶õ ¹®È­ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¸¸ °áÁ¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½É¸®ÀÛ¿ë¿¡µµ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÃÊ¿ª»çÀûÀÌ°í »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀÎ Àΰ£°ü°ú ÇÔ²² ½ÅÈ­¸¦ ¾ï¾ÐµÈ °ü³äÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ßÇØ¸¦ Á¦±âÇß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ä«¸¦ À¶Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃÊ¿ª»çÀû¡¤½É¸®ÇÐÀû Á¢±ÙÀ» º¸´Ù È®Àå½ÃÄÑ 'Áý´Ü¹«ÀǽÄ'(collective unconscious) ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÁÖÀåÇß°í ½ÅÈ­¿¡ ¾Ï½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Áý´Ü¹«Àǽİú ¿øÇüµéÀ» ¿¬±¸Çß´Ù.
Some scholars, like the German theologian Rudolf Otto and Mircea Eliade, a historian of religion, hold that myth is to be understood solely as a religious phenomenon, irreducible to nonreligious categories. Scholars of the so-called Myth and Ritual School contend that any myth functions, or at one time functioned, as the "explanation" of a corresponding ritual. That connections between myths and rituals often exist is undeniable, but which came first is far from certain. And although there are probably no rituals without accompanying myths, there are myths without apparent complementary rituals. µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ ·çµ¹ÇÁ ¿ÀÅä¿Í Á¾±³»ç°¡ÀÎ ¹Ì¸£ÄÉ¾Æ ¿¤¸®¾Æµ¥¿Í °°Àº ÇÐÀÚµéÀº Á¾±³´Â Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀ¸·Î¸¸ ÀÌÇØÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ºñÁ¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹üÁַΠȯ¿øÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¼ÒÀ§ '½ÅÈ­ ¹× ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ) ÇÐÆÄ'(Myth and Ritual School) ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¸ðµç ½ÅÈ­°¡ ±×¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ´Â ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 'ÇØ¸í'À¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϰųª ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÛ¿ëÇß´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ½ÅÈ­¿Í ÀÇ½Ä »çÀÌ¿¡ ÈçÈ÷ ¾î¶² ¿¬°üÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »ç½ÇÀ̳ª, ±× Áß ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ¿ì¼±À̾ú´ÂÁö´Â °áÄÚ ´Ü¾ðÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ½ÅÈ­¸¦ ¼ö¹ÝÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀǽÄÀº ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸, ¿ÜÇüÀûÀ¸·Î µå·¯³ª´Â ºÎÂ÷ÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÁ¶Â÷ ¾ø´Â ½ÅÈ­´Â ÀÖ´Ù.
Because they are thought to be the repository of truth and knowledge, myths are supposed to help control the universe or to make man's activities in it efficacious. Cosmogonic myths in particular, which relate the origins of the cosmos, are recited in many cultures in conjunction with the enthronement of kings or other events on which depend the well-being of the world. Closely connected to accounts of the origin of the cosmos are myths relating the origin of man or the institutions of society. Eschatological myths deal with the end of the world, while other myths explain the relation between eternity and mundane time. Myths sometimes revolve around cultural heroes, who made the earth habitable for mankind, or around great beings who made salvation from earthly existence possible. Myths explain how evil and death were introduced into life, or they may tell how fundamental knowledge was "forgotten" and "remembered." (see also  cosmology ) ½ÅÈ­´Â Áø¸®¿Í Áö½ÄÀÇ º¸°í(ÜÄÍ·)·Î ¿©°ÜÁö¹Ç·Î ¿ìÁÖ¸¦ Áö¹èÇϰí Àΰ£ÀÇ È°µ¿À» À¯È¿ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¿ìÁÖâÁ¶¿¡ °üÇÑ ½ÅÈ­´Â ¿©·¯ ¹®È­±Ç¿¡¼­ ¿ÕÀÇ Á¤Å뼺 ¶Ç´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ ¾È³çÀÌ º¸ÀåµÇ´Â »ç°Çµé°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© À̾߱âµÈ´Ù. ¿ìÁÖ ±â¿øÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ½ÅÈ­¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô °ü·ÃµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î Àΰ£°ú »çȸÁ¦µµÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡ °üÇÑ ½ÅÈ­°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Á¾¸»·ÐÀûÀÎ ½ÅÈ­´Â ´Ù¸¥ ½ÅÈ­µéÀÌ ¿µ¿ø°ú Áö»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ½Ã°£°ü°è¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¹ÝÇØ ¼¼°èÀÇ Á¾¸»À» ´Ù·é´Ù. ½ÅÈ­´Â ¶§·Î ÀÌ ¶¥¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ »ì ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁØ ¹®È­Àû ¿µ¿õµéÀ̳ª Áö»óÀû »îÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ±¸¿øÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁØ À§´ëÇÑ Á¸Àç¿¡ °üÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾Ç°ú Á×À½ÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô Àΰ£»ç¿¡ µé¾î¿À°Ô µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϰí, ±Ù¿øÀûÀÎ Áö½ÄÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô 'ÀØÇôÁö°í' ´Ù½Ã '±â¾ïµÇ´Â'Áö¸¦ ¸»ÇØÁØ´Ù. ½ÅÈ­ÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò´Â Çö´ëÀÇ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ¿ª»çÀû º¯Áõ¹ýÀÌ ±× ±Ã±Ø¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¶§ÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼Ò¸ê ¹× ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ »ýȰ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀº Á¾Á¾ Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ½ÅÈ­ÀÇ ¿¹·Î ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Çö´ë ¹°¸®ÇС¤»ý¹°ÇС¤ÀÇÇаú ±âŸ Çй®µéÀÇ ÆÐ·¯´ÙÀÓ°ú ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼­µµ ½ÅÈ­¿Í À¯»çÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» ¿³º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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