Myth or Mythology
|
½ÅÈ (ãêü¥)
|
|
|
|
myth,
a story, usually of unknown origin and at least partially traditional, that
ostensibly relates actual events to explain some practice, belief,
institution, or natural phenomenon, and that is especially associated with
religious rites and beliefs. The word mythology denotes both the study of
myth and the total corpus of myths in a particular culture or religious
tradition. |
º¸Åë ±× ±â¿øÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â
Àü½Â¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ À̾߱â. ¿Ü°ß»óÀ¸·Î´Â ¾î¶² °üÇࡤ½Å¾Ó¡¤Á¦µµ¡¤ÀÚ¿¬Çö»ó µîÀ»
¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇØ ½ÇÁ¦Àû »ç°ÇµéÀ» À̾߱âÇϸç, ƯÈ÷ Á¾±³ÀǽÄ
¹× ½Å¾Ó°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÅÈÇÐ(mythology)À̶ó´Â
¸»Àº ½ÅÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ƯÁ¤ÀÇ ¹®ÈÀû¡¤Á¾±³Àû
ÀüÅëÀ» Áö´Ñ ½ÅȵéÀÇ Áý´ë¼ºÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The authority of myth is implied
rather than stated. Myths relate the paradigmatic events, conditions, and
deeds of gods or superhuman beings that are outside ordinary human life and
yet basic to it. These extraordinary events are set in a time altogether
different from historical time, often at the beginning of creation or at an
early stage of prehistory. Myths provide models for human behaviour,
institutions, or universal conditions. |
½ÅÈÀÇ Àü°Å´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ Áø¼úµÇ±âº¸´Ù´Â ÇÔÃàÀûÀ¸·Î
Á¦½ÃµÈ´Ù. ½ÅȵéÀº ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ Àΰ£»ýȰ°ú °Å¸®°¡ ¸ÖÁö¸¸ ±×
±â¹ÝÀÌ µÇ´Â ½ÅÀ̳ª ÃÊÀεéÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ »ç°Ç¡¤Á¶°Ç¡¤ÇàÀ§ µéÀ»
¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æ¯¼öÇÑ »ç°ÇµéÀº ¿ª»ç½Ã´ë¿Í´Â ÀüÇô
´Ù¸¥ ½ÃÁ¡ÀÇ »óȲÀ» ´Ù·ç¸ç, ÁÖ·Î ¿ìÁÖâÁ¶³ª ¼±»ç½Ã´ë
Ãʱ⸦ ±× ¹è°æÀ¸·Î »ï´Â´Ù. ½ÅÈ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇൿÀ̳ª Á¦µµ,
¿ìÁÖÀû »óȲ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿øÇüµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇØÁØ´Ù. |
|
Features of myth are shared by other
kinds of literature. Etiological
tales explain the origins or causes of various aspects of nature or
human society and life. Fairy
tales deal with extraordinary beings and events but lack the
authority of myth. Sagas
and epics claim authority
and truth but reflect specific historical settings. |
½ÅÈÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀº
´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹®Çп¡¼µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ¿øÀηÐÀûÀÎ À̾߱â´Â
ÀÚ¿¬¡¤Àΰ£¡¤»çȸ¡¤»î¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿©·¯ Ãø¸éÀÇ ±â¿ø°ú ¿øÀεéÀ»
¼³¸íÇØÁØ´Ù. ¿¾³¯À̾߱â´Â ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ Á¸À硤»ç°Ç µéÀ»
´Ù·çÁö¸¸ ½ÅÈ¿¡¼¿Í °°Àº ±ÇÀ§´Â ¾ø´Ù. Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¹«¿ë´ã°ú
¼»ç½Ã´Â ±ÇÀ§¿Í »ç½Ç¼ºÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϱâ´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ
¿ª»çÀû »óȲÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇϰí ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. |
|
The modern study of myth arose with
the Romantic movement of the early 19th century, but interpretations of myth
were offered much earlier. The influence of philosophy in ancient Greece led
to allegorical views of myth or to the historical reductionism of Euhemerus
(fl. 300 BC), who believed that the gods of myth were originally simply
great people. The development of comparative
philology in the 19th century, together with ethnological discoveries
in the 20th, established the main contours of mythology, the science of
myth. Since the Romantics, all study of myth has been comparative. Wilhelm
Mannhardt, Sir James
Frazer, and Stith Thompson
employed the comparative approach to collect and classify the themes of
folklore and mythology. Bronislaw
Malinowski emphasized the ways myth fulfills common social functions.
Claude Lévi-Strauss
and other structuralists
have compared the formal relations and patterns in myths throughout the
world. (see also Greek
mythology) |
½ÅÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çö´ëÀû ¿¬±¸´Â 19¼¼±âÃÊ ³¶¸¸ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿°ú
ÇÔ²² ÀϾÀ¸³ª, ½ÅÈÀÇ ÇØ¼®ÀÛ¾÷Àº À̺¸´Ù ÀÏÂï
½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. °í´ë ±×¸®½º ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â öÇÐÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ
½Åȸ¦ dzÀÚÀûÀÎ À̾߱â·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´°í, ¿¡¿ìÇì¸Þ·Î½º(BC 300°æ
Ȱµ¿)¿Í °°Àº ¿ª»ç°¡´Â ½ÅÈ¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ½ÅµéÀÌ ¿ø·¡´Â
´Ü¼øÇÑ ¿µ¿õÀ̾ú´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. 19¼¼±â¿¡ ºñ±³¾ð¾îÇÐÀÌ
¹ß´ÞÇϰí 20¼¼±â¿¡ ¹Î¼ÓÇÐÀû ¹ß°ßÀÌ ´õÇØÁ® ½ÅÈÇÐ, Áï
½ÅÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çй®ÀÇ ±âº» À±°ûÀÌ °®Ãß¾îÁ³´Ù. ³¶¸¸ÁÖÀÇ ½Ã´ë
ÀÌ·¡·Î ¸ðµç ½ÅÈ¿¬±¸´Â ºñ±³¿¬±¸¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇß´Ù.
ºôÇ︧ ¸¸Çϸ£Æ®, Á¦ÀÓ½º ÇÁ·¹ÀÌÀú °æ, ±×¸®°í
½ºÆ¼½º
ÅèÇÁ½¼ µîÀº ¹Î´ã°ú ½ÅÈÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦µéÀ» ¼öÁýÇÏ°í ºÐ·ùÇÏ´Â µ¥
ÀÖ¾î ºñ±³¿¬±¸ÀÇ Á¢±Ù¹æ¹ýÀ» ½è´Ù. ºê·Î´Ï¼ö¾ÆÇÁ
¸»¸®³ëÇÁ½ºÅ°´Â ½ÅȰ¡ ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ »çȸÀû ±â´ÉµéÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´Â
Ãø¸éÀ» °Á¶Çß´Ù. Ŭ·Îµå ·¹ºñ½ºÆ®·Î½º¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ
±¸Á¶ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Àü¼¼°è¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Â ½ÅȵéÀÇ Çü½ÄÀûÀÎ
°ü°è¿Í À¯ÇüÀ» ºñ±³Çß´Ù. |
|
Sigmund
Freud put forward the idea that symbolic
communication does not depend on cultural history alone but also on the
workings of the psyche. Thus Freud introduced a transhistorical and
biological conception of man and a view of myth as an expression of
repressed ideas. Carl Jung
extended the transhistorical, psychological approach with his theory of the
"collective unconscious" and the archetypes, often encoded in
myth, that arise out of it. |
ÁöÅ©¹®Æ® ÇÁ·ÎÀÌÆ®´Â
»ó¡Àû ÀÇ»ç¼ÒÅëÀ̶õ ¹®ÈÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼¸¸ °áÁ¤µÇ´Â
°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½É¸®ÀÛ¿ë¿¡µµ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù.
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÃÊ¿ª»çÀûÀÌ°í »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀÎ Àΰ£°ü°ú ÇÔ²² ½Åȸ¦
¾ï¾ÐµÈ °ü³äÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ßÇØ¸¦ Á¦±âÇß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ä«¸¦
À¶Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
ÃÊ¿ª»çÀû¡¤½É¸®ÇÐÀû Á¢±ÙÀ» º¸´Ù È®Àå½ÃÄÑ 'Áý´Ü¹«ÀǽÄ'(collective
unconscious) ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÁÖÀåÇß°í ½ÅÈ¿¡ ¾Ï½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â
Áý´Ü¹«Àǽİú ¿øÇüµéÀ» ¿¬±¸Çß´Ù. |
|
Some scholars, like the German
theologian Rudolf Otto and
Mircea Eliade, a historian
of religion, hold that myth is to be understood solely as a religious
phenomenon, irreducible to nonreligious categories. Scholars of the
so-called Myth and Ritual School
contend that any myth functions, or at one time functioned, as the
"explanation" of a corresponding ritual.
That connections between myths and rituals often exist is undeniable, but
which came first is far from certain. And although there are probably no
rituals without accompanying myths, there are myths without apparent
complementary rituals. |
µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ ·çµ¹ÇÁ
¿ÀÅä¿Í Á¾±³»ç°¡ÀÎ ¹Ì¸£ÄɾÆ
¿¤¸®¾Æµ¥¿Í °°Àº ÇÐÀÚµéÀº Á¾±³´Â Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀ¸·Î¸¸
ÀÌÇØÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ºñÁ¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹üÁַΠȯ¿øÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í
ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¼ÒÀ§ '½ÅÈ ¹× ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ) ÇÐÆÄ'(Myth
and Ritual School) ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¸ðµç ½ÅȰ¡ ±×¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ´Â ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)¿¡
´ëÇÑ 'ÇØ¸í'À¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϰųª ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÛ¿ëÇß´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.
½ÅÈ¿Í ÀÇ½Ä »çÀÌ¿¡ ÈçÈ÷ ¾î¶² ¿¬°üÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº
ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »ç½ÇÀ̳ª, ±× Áß ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ¿ì¼±À̾ú´ÂÁö´Â
°áÄÚ ´Ü¾ðÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ½Åȸ¦ ¼ö¹ÝÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀǽÄÀº ÀÖÀ» ¼ö
¾øÁö¸¸, ¿ÜÇüÀûÀ¸·Î µå·¯³ª´Â ºÎÂ÷ÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÁ¶Â÷ ¾ø´Â
½ÅÈ´Â ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
Because they are thought to be the repository of truth
and knowledge, myths are supposed to help control the universe or to make
man's activities in it efficacious. Cosmogonic
myths in particular, which relate the origins of the cosmos, are
recited in many cultures in conjunction with the enthronement of kings or
other events on which depend the well-being of the world. Closely connected
to accounts of the origin of the cosmos are myths relating the origin of man
or the institutions of society. Eschatological
myths deal with the end of the world, while other myths explain the relation
between eternity and mundane time. Myths sometimes revolve around cultural
heroes, who made the earth habitable for mankind, or around great beings who
made salvation from earthly existence possible. Myths explain how evil and
death were introduced into life, or they may tell how fundamental knowledge
was "forgotten" and "remembered." (see also cosmology )
|
½ÅÈ´Â Áø¸®¿Í Áö½ÄÀÇ º¸°í(ÜÄÍ·)·Î ¿©°ÜÁö¹Ç·Î ¿ìÁÖ¸¦
Áö¹èÇϰí Àΰ£ÀÇ È°µ¿À» À¯È¿ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¿ìÁÖâÁ¶¿¡ °üÇÑ
½ÅÈ´Â ¿©·¯
¹®È±Ç¿¡¼ ¿ÕÀÇ Á¤Å뼺 ¶Ç´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ ¾È³çÀÌ º¸ÀåµÇ´Â
»ç°Çµé°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© À̾߱âµÈ´Ù. ¿ìÁÖ ±â¿øÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â
½ÅÈ¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô °ü·ÃµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î Àΰ£°ú »çȸÁ¦µµÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡
°üÇÑ ½ÅȰ¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Á¾¸»·ÐÀûÀÎ ½ÅÈ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ½ÅȵéÀÌ ¿µ¿ø°ú
Áö»ó¿¡¼ÀÇ ½Ã°£°ü°è¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¹ÝÇØ ¼¼°èÀÇ Á¾¸»À»
´Ù·é´Ù. ½ÅÈ´Â ¶§·Î ÀÌ ¶¥¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÌ »ì ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁØ
¹®ÈÀû ¿µ¿õµéÀ̳ª Áö»óÀû »îÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ±¸¿øÀ» °¡´ÉÇϰÔ
ÇØÁØ À§´ëÇÑ Á¸Àç¿¡ °üÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾Ç°ú Á×À½ÀÌ
¾î¶»°Ô Àΰ£»ç¿¡ µé¾î¿À°Ô µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϰí, ±Ù¿øÀûÀÎ
Áö½ÄÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô 'ÀØÇôÁö°í' ´Ù½Ã '±â¾ïµÇ´Â'Áö¸¦ ¸»ÇØÁØ´Ù.
½ÅÈÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò´Â Çö´ëÀÇ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ¿ª»çÀû
º¯Áõ¹ýÀÌ ±× ±Ã±Ø¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¶§ÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼Ò¸ê ¹× ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ
»ýȰ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÀÇ ¿¹¾ðÀº Á¾Á¾ Á¾¸»·ÐÀû ½ÅÈÀÇ
¿¹·Î ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Çö´ë ¹°¸®ÇС¤»ý¹°ÇС¤ÀÇÇаú ±âŸ
Çй®µéÀÇ ÆÐ·¯´ÙÀÓ°ú ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼µµ ½ÅÈ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ»
¿³º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
| ¡¡ |
¡¡ |