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Puritanism

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Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries which sought to "purify" the Church of England from remnants of Roman Catholic "popery" that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Puritans became noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determined their whole way of life, and they sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. Their efforts to transform the nation led to civil war in England and to the founding of colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life. û±³µµÁÖÀÇ (ôèÎçÓùñ«ëù, Puritanism). 16¼¼±â¸»°ú 17¼¼±â¿¡ ÀϾ Á¾±³°³Çõ¿îµ¿. û±³µµµéÀº ¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½º 1¼¼ ÅëÄ¡ Ãʱ⿡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø Á¾±³ÇùÁ¤ ÀÌÈÄ Á¸¼ÓµÇ¾î¿Â ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ±¸½ÀÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸¸¦ 'Á¤È­'ÇϰíÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ¸ðµç »ýȰ¿¡¼­ µµ´öÀû¡¤Á¾±³Àû ÁøÁö¼ºÀ» º¸ÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇÑ Ã»±³µµµéÀº ±³È¸°³ÇõÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀڽŵéÀÇ »ýȰ¹æ½ÄÀ» Àü±¹¹ÎÀÇ »î¿¡ È®»ê½ÃŰ·Á°í Çß´Ù. ±¹°¡¸¦ º¯Çõ½ÃŰ·Á´Â ±×µéÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº ³»¶õÀ¸·Î À̾îÁ³°í, û±³µµÀû »ýȰ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ½Ç¿ë¸ðÇüÀ¸·Î ¹Ì±¹ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
King Henry VIII separated the Church of England from Rome in 1534, and the cause of Protestantism advanced rapidly under Edward VI (reigned 1547-53). During the reign of Queen Mary (1553-58), however, England returned to Roman Catholicism, and many Protestants were martyred or forced into exile. Many of the exiles found their way to Geneva, where John Calvin's church provided a working model of a disciplined church. Out of this experience also came the two most popular books in Elizabethan England--the Geneva Bible and John Foxe's Book of Martyrs--which provided a view of England as an elect nation chosen by God to complete the work of the Reformation. Thus, Elizabeth's accession was enthusiastically welcomed by these Protestants in 1558, but her settlement disappointed those who sought extensive reform, and they were unable to achieve their objectives in the Convocation, the primary governing body of the church. 1534³â Ç 8¼¼´Â ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸¸¦ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®½ÃÄ×°í, ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼Áò ¿îµ¿Àº ¿¡µå¿öµå 6¼¼(1547~53 ÀçÀ§) ¶§ ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ½ÅÀåÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸Þ¸® ¿©¿ÕÀÇ ÀçÀ§±â°£¿¡ ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯À¸·Î º¹±ÍÇÏÀÚ ¸¹Àº ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®µéÀÌ ¼ø±³Çϰųª Ãß¹æ´çÇß´Ù. Ãß¹æÀÚ Áß ´Ù¼ö´Â Á¦³×¹Ù·Î °¬´Âµ¥, ±×°÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Àå Ä®¹ðÀÇ ±³È¸´Â ÈÆ·ÃµÈ ±³È¸ÀÇ ½Ç¿ë¸ðÇüÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. ÀÌ °æÇèÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½º ½Ã´ëÀÇ À×±Û·£µå¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ÀαⰡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø Ã¥ÀÎ ¡´Á¦³×¹Ù ¼º¼­¡µ(2±Ç)¿Í J. Æø½ºÀÇ ¡´¼ø±³¿­Àü Book of Martyrs¡µÀÌ ³ª¿Ô´Ù. Æø½ºÀÇ Ã¥Àº À×±Û·£µå°¡ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÇ °ú¾÷À» ¿Ï¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ¹é¼ºÀ̶ó°í ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù. 1558³â ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®µéÀº ¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½ºÀÇ ÁïÀ§¸¦ ¿­·ÄÈ÷ ȯ¿µÇßÀ¸³ª ¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½ºÀÇ Å¸ÇùÁ¤Ã¥À¸·Î ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ °³ÇõÀ» ¹Ù¶ó´ø »ç¶÷µéÀº ½ÇÀÇ¿¡ ºüÁ³°í, ±³È¸ÀÇ ÃÖ°í Á¤Ä¡±â±¸ÀÎ ÁÖ±³È¸ÀǸ¦ ÅëÇØ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Many of these Puritans--as they came to be known during a controversy over vestments in the 1560s--sought parliamentary support for an effort to institute a presbyterian form of polity for the Church of England. Other Puritans, concerned with the long delay in reform, decided upon a "reformation without tarrying for any." These "Separatists" repudiated the state church and formed voluntary congregations based on a covenant with God and among themselves. Both groups, but especially the Separatists, were repressed by the establishment. Denied the opportunity to reform the established church, English Puritanism turned to preaching, pamphlets, and a variety of experiments in religious expression and in social behaviour and organization. Its successful growth also owed much to patrons among the nobility and in Parliament and its control of colleges and professorships at Oxford and Cambridge. û±³µµ¶ó´Â ¸»Àº 1560³â´ëÀÇ Á¦ÀÇ(ð®ëý) ³íÀï °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ »ý°Ü³µ´Âµ¥, û±³µµµé Áß ´Ù¼ö´Â ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÇüŸ¦ Àå·Î Áß½ÉÁ¦·Î ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ ÀÇȸÀÇ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾òÀ¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß°í, °³ÇõÀÌ ÁöüµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì·ÁÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ û±³µµµéÀº 'Áöü ¾ø´Â °³Çõ'À» °áÀÇÇß´Ù. ÀÌ 'ºÐ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé'Àº ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸¸¦ ºñÆÇÇϰí ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ °è¾à¿¡ ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÐ ÀÚ¹ßÀû ȸÁßÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù. µÎ Áý´Ü ¸ðµÎ ±âÁ¸Ã¼Á¦·ÎºÎÅÍ Åº¾ÐÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸, ƯÈ÷ ºÐ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¹ÞÀº ź¾ÐÀº ´õ ½ÉÇß´Ù. ±âÁ¸ ±³È¸¸¦ °³ÇõÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ °ÅºÎ´çÇÑ Ã»±³µµµéÀº ¼³±³¿Í ¼ÒÃ¥ÀÚ ¹ß°£À¸·Î °ü½ÉÀ» µ¹·È°í, Á¾±³Àû Ç¥Çö, »çȸÀû Çൿ°ú Á¶Á÷À» ÅëÇØ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ½ÇÇèÀ» Çß´Ù. û±³µµÁÖÀǰ¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ºÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±ÍÁ·°ú ÀÇȸÀÇ ÈÄ¿ø»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿Á½ºÆÛµå¡¤ÄÉÀӺ긮ÁöÀÇ ¿©·¯ ´ëÇаú ±³¼ö´ÜÀ» Àå¾ÇÇ߱⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.
Puritan hopes were again raised when the Calvinist James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth as James I of England in 1603. But at the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 he dismissed the Puritans' grievances with the phrase "no bishop, no king." Puritans remained under pressure. Some were deprived of their positions; others got by with minimal conformity; and still others, who could not accept compromise, fled England. The pressure for conformity increased under Charles I (1625-49) and his archbishop, William Laud. Nevertheless, the Puritan spirit continued to spread, and when civil war broke out between Parliament and Charles in the 1640s, Puritans seized the opportunity to urge Parliament and the nation to renew its covenant with God. Parliament called together a body of clergy to advise it on the government of the church, but this body--the Westminster Assembly--was so badly divided that it failed to achieve reform of church government and discipline. Meanwhile, the New Model Army, which had defeated the royalist forces, feared that the Assembly and Parliament would reach a compromise with King Charles that would destroy their gains for Puritanism, so it seized power and turned it over to its hero, Oliver Cromwell. The religious settlement under Cromwell's Commonwealth allowed for a limited pluralism that favoured the Puritans. A number of radical Puritan groups appeared, including the Levellers, the Diggers, the Fifth Monarchy Men, and the Quakers (the only one of lasting significance). ¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½ºÀÇ µÚ¸¦ À̾î 1603³â Ä®¹ðÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÎ ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µåÀÇ Á¦ÀÓ½º 6¼¼°¡ Á¦ÀÓ½º 1¼¼·Î À×±Û·£µå ¿ÕÀ§¿¡ ¿À¸£ÀÚ Ã»±³µµµéÀº ´Ù½Ã Èñ¸ÁÀ» °¡Á³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 1604³â ÇÜÇÁÅÏ ÄÚÆ® ȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ Á¦ÀÓ½º 1¼¼´Â 'ÁÖ±³ ¾øÀÌ´Â ¿Õµµ ¾ø´Ù'´Â ¹®±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã»±³µµµéÀÇ ºÒ¸¸À» ¹¬»ìÇß´Ù. û±³µµµéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ź¾ÐÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀϺδ Á÷À§¸¦ ¹ÚÅ»´çÇß°í, ÀϺδ ±¹±³¿¡ ÃÖ¼ÒÇѵµ·Î ¼øÀÀÇϸ鼭 °ï°æÀ» ÇÇÇßÀ¸¸ç, ŸÇùÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷Àº À×±Û·£µå¸¦ ¶°³µ´Ù. Âû½º 1¼¼(1625~49 ÀçÀ§)¿Í ´ëÁÖ±³ W. ·ÎµåÀÇ ÀçÀ§±â°£¿¡ ±¹±³¿¡ ¼øÀÀÇ϶ó´Â ¾Ð·ÂÀÌ °¡ÁߵǾúÁö¸¸ û±³µµ Á¤½ÅÀº °è¼Ó È®»êµÇ¾ú°í, 1640³â´ë¿¡ ÀÇȸÆÄ¿Í ¿Õ´çÆÄ »çÀÌ¿¡ ³»ÀüÀÌ ÀϾÀÚ Ã»±³µµµéÀº ±× ±âȸ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÇȸ¿Í Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ÇâÇØ ÇÏ´À´Ô°úÀÇ °è¾à°ü°è¸¦ »õ·Ó°Ô Çϵµ·Ï Ã˱¸Çß´Ù. ÀÇȸ´Â ±³È¸Á¤Ä¡¿¡ °üÇØ Á¶¾ðÇØÁÙ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ´ÜÀ» ¼ÒÁýÇßÀ¸³ª, ¿þ½ºÆ®¹Î½ºÅÍ È¸ÀÇ´Â ÀǰßÀÌ ³Ê¹« ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ºÐ¿­µÈ ³ª¸ÓÁö ±³È¸Á¤Ä¡¿Í ±ÔÀ²À» °³ÇõÇÏ´Â µ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇß´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¿Õ´çÆÄ ±º´ë¸¦ ¹«Â ½ÅÇü±º(ãæúþÏÚ)Àº ¿þ½ºÆ®¹Î½ºÅÍ È¸ÀÇ¿Í ÀÇȸ°¡ Âû½º 1¼¼¿Í ŸÇùÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÌ Ã»±³µµÁÖÀǸ¦ À§ÇØ ¾òÀº °ÍÀ» Çê¼ö°í·Î ¸¸µé °ÍÀ» ¿ì·ÁÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö ±Ç·ÂÀ» »©¾Ñ¾Æ ½ÅÇü±ºÀÇ ¿µ¿õ Å©·ÒÀ£¿¡°Ô ¸Ã°å´Ù. Å©·ÒÀ£ÀÇ °øÈ­Á¤ ¾Æ·¡ Á¾±³Á¤Ã¥Àº Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ̳ª¸¶ ´Ù¿øÁÖÀǸ¦ Çã¿ëÇϸ鼭 û±³µµ¿¡°Ô ƯÇý¸¦ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. À̰Ͱú ÇÔ²² ¼öÆòÆÄ¡¤µð°ÅÆÄ¡¤Á¦5¿Õ±¹ÆÄ¡¤ÄùÀÌÄ¿ÆÄ(¿À´Ã³¯ ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ Á¾ÆÄ)¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸¹Àº ±ÞÁøÀû û±³µµ Áý´ÜÀÌ ÃâÇöÇß´Ù.
After Cromwell's death in 1658, conservative Puritans supported the restoration of King Charles II and a modified episcopal polity. However, they were outmaneuvered by those who reinstituted Laud's strict episcopal pattern. Thus, English Puritanism entered a period known as the Great Persecution. English Puritans made a final unsuccessful attempt to secure their ideal of a comprehensive church during the Glorious Revolution, but England's religious solution was defined in 1689 by the Act of Toleration, which continued the established church as episcopal but also tolerated dissenting groups. (see also Toleration Act)

1658³â Å©·ÒÀ£ÀÌ Á×Àº µÚ º¸¼öÀûÀΠû±³µµµéÀº Âû½º 2¼¼ÀÇ º¹À§¿Í ¼öÁ¤µÈ ÁÖ±³ Áß½ÉÁ¦¸¦ ÁöÁöÇßÀ¸³ª ·ÎµåÀÇ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ÁÖ±³ Áß½ÉÁ¦¸¦ ÀçÈ®¸³ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾Ðµµ´çÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ û±³µµÁÖÀÇ´Â ´ë¹ÚÇØ ½Ã´ë¸¦ ¸Â°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. û±³µµµéÀº ¸í¿¹Çõ¸í ±â°£¿¡ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î Æ÷°ýÀûÀÎ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» ½ÇÇöÇϰíÀÚ ÇßÀ¸³ª ½ÇÆÐÇß°í, ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Á¾±³¹®Á¦´Â 1689³â ±âÁ¸±³È¸¸¦ ÁÖ±³ Áß½ÉÁ¦·Î ÇÏ°í ±¹±³¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â Áý´ÜµéÀ» °ü¿ëÇϱâ·Î ÇÑ °ü¿ë·É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ 󸮵Ǿú´Ù.

The Puritan ideal of realizing the Holy Commonwealth by the establishment of a covenanted community was carried to the American colony of Virginia by Thomas Dale, but the greatest opportunity came in New England. The original pattern of church organization in the Massachusetts Bay colony was a "middle way" between presbyterianism and Separatism, yet in 1648 four New England Puritan colonies jointly adopted the Cambridge Platform, establishing a congregational form of church government. °è¾à°øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ¼ö¸³ÇÏ¿© °Å·èÇÑ °øÈ­±¹À» ½ÇÇöÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ Ã»±³µµµéÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀº Åä¸Ó½º µ¥ÀÏ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ¹öÁö´Ï¾Æ ½Ä¹ÎÁö·Î À̽ĵǾúÀ¸³ª °¡Àå Å« ±âȸ´Â ´ºÀ×±Û·£µå¿¡ ã¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷º£ÀÌ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁø ±³È¸Á¶Á÷ÀÇ º»·¡ ÇüÅ´ Àå·Î±³¿Í ºÐ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÇ 'Áß°£ ÇüÅÂ'¿´À¸³ª, 1648³â ´ºÀ×±Û·£µåÀÇ 4°÷ÀÇ Ã»±³µµ ½Ä¹ÎÁö´Â ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö ¼±¾ðÀ» °øµ¿ äÅÃÇÏ¿© ȸÁß±³È¸ÀûÀÎ ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇß´Ù.
The New England Puritans fashioned the civil commonwealth according to the framework of the church. Only the elect could vote and rule. When this raised problems for second-generation residents, they adopted the Half-Way Covenant, which permitted baptized, moral, and orthodox persons to share the privileges of church membership. Other variations of the Puritan experiment were established in Rhode Island by Roger Williams, who was banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony, and in Pennsylvania by the Quaker William Penn.  ´ºÀ×±Û·£µå û±³µµµéÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ Æ²¿¡ µû¶ó ¼¼¼Ó »çȸ¿¡¼­µµ °øÈ­Á¤À» ½Ç½ÃÇß°í ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¼±¹Î¸¸ÀÌ ÅõÇ¥¸¦ ÇÏ°í ´Ù½º¸± ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌ Á¦2¼¼´ë °ÅÁÖÀڵ鿡°Ô ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÀÚ ºÒ¿ÏÀü ¼­¾àÀ» äÅÃÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹Þ°í µµ´öÀûÀ̰í Á¤Åë ½Å¾ÓÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷Àº ±³µµÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀ» ´©¸± ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¹Û¿¡µµ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷º£ÀÌ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡¼­ ÂѰܳ­ ·ÎÀú Àª¸®¾ö½º´Â ·Îµå ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿¡¼­, ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµ Àª¸®¾ö ÆæÀº Ææ½Çº£À̴Ͼƿ¡¼­ °¢°¢ û±³µµÀû ½ÇÇèÀ» Çß´Ù.

Puritanism may be defined primarily by the intensity of the religious experience that it fostered. Puritans believed that conversion was necessary to redeem one from one's sinful condition, that God had chosen to reveal salvation through preaching, and that the Holy Spirit rather than reason was the energizing instrument of salvation. This naturally led to the rejection of much that was characteristic of contemporary Anglican preaching and ritual. In its place the Puritans emphasized plain preaching that drew on images from scripture and from everyday experience. Still, because of the importance of preaching, the Puritans placed a premium on a learned ministry. The conversion experience that was characteristic of Puritans combined with the doctrine of predestination inherited from Calvinism to produce a sense of themselves as elect spirits chosen by God to revolutionize history.

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û±³µµÁÖÀÇÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀº ÀÏÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î °­µµ ³ôÀº Á¾±³ °æÇèÀ» °­Á¶ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. û±³µµµéÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁËÀÇ »óÅ·κÎÅÍ ±¸¿ø¹Þ±â À§Çؼ­´Â ȸ½ÉÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϰí, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº ¼³±³¸¦ ÅëÇØ ±¸¿øÀ» °è½ÃÇϸç À̼ºº¸´Ù´Â ¼º·ÉÀÌ Èû ÀÖ´Â ±¸¿øÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½Àº ÀÚ¿¬È÷ ´ç½Ã ¿µ±¹±¹±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³¿Í ÀǽÄÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×´ë½Å û±³µµµéÀº ¼º¼­¿Í ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀÇ À̹ÌÁöµé¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ´Â Æò¹üÇÑ ¼³±³¸¦ °­Á¶Çß´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¼³±³¸¦ Áß½ÃÇÑ Ã»±³µµµéÀº ÇÐ½Ä ÀÖ´Â ¸ñȸ¸¦ ±ÇÀåÇß´Ù. û±³µµ¿¡°Ô¼­ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ȸ½É°æÇèÀº Ä®¹ðÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ ¿¹Á¤·Ð°ú °áÇյǾî ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¿ª»ç¸¦ Çõ¸íÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È­½Ã۶ó°í ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ¼±¹ÎµéÀ̶ó´Â ÀǽÄÀ» °®°Ô Çß´Ù.

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  • Âü°í¹®Çå (û±³µµÁÖÀÇ)
    • û±³µµÁ¤½Å : ¾Ë·» Ä«µç, ¹Ú¿µÈ£ ¿ª, ±âµ¶±³¹®¼­¼±±³È¸, 1993
    • û±³µµ ½Å¾Ó : ¸¶Æ¾ ·ÎÀ̵å Á¸½º, ¼­¹®°­ ¿ª, »ý¸íÀÇ ¸»¾¸»ç, 1990
    • û±³µµ½ÅÇÐ : ¿¡µå¿öµå Èù½¼, ¹Ú¿µÈ£ ¿ª, ±âµ¶±³¹®¼­¼±±³È¸, 1989
    • Á¾±³Àû ±ÞÁø»ç»ó : ¸²Èñ¿Ï, Áý¹®´ç, 1985
    • The Puritan Experiment£ºNew England and Society from Bradford to Edwards : Francis J. Bremer, 1976
    • The Elizabethan Puritan Movement : Patrick Collinson, 1967
    • Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England : Christopher Hill, 1964 (reissued 1986)
    • The Intellectual Life of Colonial New England, 2nd ed. : Samuel Eliot Morison, 1956 (reprinted 1980)
    • The Rise of Puritanism£ºor, The Way to the New Jerusalem as Set Forth in Pulpit and Press from Thomas Cartwright to John Liburne and John Milton, 1570-1643 : William Haller, 1938(reissued 1984)

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