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Transcendentalism,
19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were
loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on
a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and
the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the
deepest truths. |
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German transcendentalism (especially as it was refracted by
Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Thomas Carlyle), Platonism and
Neoplatonism, the
Indian and Chinese scriptures, and the writings of such mystics as Emanuel
Swedenborg and Jakob Böhme were sources to which the New England
Transcendentalists turned in their search for a liberating philosophy. Eclectic
and cosmopolitan in its sources and part of the Romantic movement, New England
Transcendentalism originated in the area around Concord, Mass., and from 1830 to
1855 represented a battle between the younger and older generations and the
emergence of a new national culture based on native materials. It attracted such
diverse and highly individualistic figures as Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret
Fuller, Orestes Brownson, Elizabeth Palmer
Peabody, and James
Freeman Clarke, as well as George Ripley, Bronson
Alcott, the younger W.E.
Channing, and W.H. Channing. In 1840 Emerson and Margaret Fuller founded The
Dial (1840-44), the prototypal "little magazine" wherein
some of the best writings by minor Transcendentalists appeared. The writings of
the Transcendentalists and those of contemporaries such as Walt
Whitman, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel
Hawthorne, for whom they prepared the ground, represent
the first flowering of the American artistic genius and introduced the American
Renaissance in literature. |
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In their religious quest, the
Transcendentalists rejected the conventions of 18th-century thought; and what
began in a dissatisfaction with Unitarianism developed into a repudiation of the
whole established order. They were leaders in such contemporary reform movements
as anarchistic, socialistic, and communistic schemes for living (Thoreau; Alcott
at Fruitlands; Ripley at Brook
Farm);
suffrage for women; better conditions for workers; temperance for all;
modifications of dress and diet; the rise of free religion; educational
innovation; and other humanitarian causes. |
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Heavily indebted to the
Transcendentalists' organic philosophy, aesthetics, and democratic aspirations
have been the pragmatism of William James and John
Dewey, the environmental
planning of Benton MacKaye and Lewis Mumford, the architecture (and writings) of
Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, and the American "modernism" in
the arts promoted by Alfred Stieglitz. |
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