|
Hsün-tzu,
Pinyin XUN-ZI, also spelled HSÜNTZE, original name HSÜN K'UANG,
honorary name HSÜN CH'ING (b. c.
300 BC, Chao Kingdom, China--d. c. 230
BC, Lan-ling, Ch'u Kingdom, China), philosopher who was one of the three great
Confucian philosophers of the Classical period in China. He elaborated and
systematized the work undertaken by Confucius and Mencius, giving a
cohesiveness, comprehensiveness, and direction to Confucian thought that was all
the more compelling for the rigour with which he set it forth; and the strength
he thereby gave to that philosophy has been largely responsible for its
continuance as a living tradition for over 2,000 years. Many of his diverse
intellectual achievements came to be obscured as later Confucians
focused on the misanthropic view attributed to him that human nature is
basically ugly or evil, and, beginning about the 12th century AD, his writings
fell into a period of disfavour and neglect from which they have only recently
reemerged.
His original name was Hsün K'uang, but he is commonly referred to
as Hsün-tzu (Master Hsün), tzu
being an honorary suffix attached to the names of many philosophers. The exact
dates of Hsün-tzu's life and career are uncertain. Little is known of his
life save that he was a native of the state of Chao (in modern Shansi Province,
north central China), that he belonged for some years to the Chi-hsia academy of
philosophers maintained in Ch'i by the ruler of that eastern state, and that,
later, because of slander, he moved south to the state of Ch'u, where he became
magistrate of a small district in 255 BC and later died in retirement.
Hsün-tzu's importance in the development of Confucian philosophy
rests on the historical influence of his major work, known today as the Hsün-tzu.
This book comprises 32 chapters, or essays, and is regarded as being in large
part from his own hand, uncorrupted by later emendations or forgeries. The Hsün-tzu essays are a milestone in the development of Chinese
philosophy. The anecdotal and epigrammatic style that had characterized earlier
philosophical literature--i.e., the Analects,
Tao-te Ching, Mencius, Chung-tzu--no longer sufficed to convey fully and
persuasively the complex philosophical disputes of Hsün-tzu's day. Hsün-tzu
was the first great Confucian philosopher to express his ideas not merely by
means of the sayings and conversations recorded by disciples but also in the
form of well-organized essays written by himself. In his book he introduced a
more rigorous writing style that emphasized topical development, sustained
reasoning, detail, and clarity.
Hsün-tzu's most famous dictum is that "the nature of man is
evil; his goodness is only acquired training." What Hsün-tzu preached
was thus essentially a philosophy of culture. Human nature at birth, he
maintained, consists of instinctual drives which, left to themselves, are
selfish, anarchic, and antisocial. Society as a whole, however, exerts a
civilizing influence upon the individual, gradually training and molding him
until he becomes a disciplined and morally conscious human being. Of prime
importance in this process are the li
(ceremonies and ritual practices, rules of social behaviour, traditional mores)
and music (which Hsün-tzu, like Plato, regarded as having a profound moral
significance).
Hsün-tzu's view of human nature was, of course, radically opposed
to that of Mencius, who had
optimistically proclaimed the innate goodness of man. Both thinkers agreed that
all men are potentially capable of becoming sages, but for Mencius this meant
that every man has it within his power to develop further the shoots of goodness
already present at birth, whereas for Hsün-tzu it meant that every man can
learn from society how to overcome his initially antisocial impulses. Thus began
what became one of the major controversies in Confucian thought.
The difference between Mencius and Hsün-tzu is metaphysical as well
as ethical. T'ien (Heaven) for
Mencius, though not an anthropomorphic deity, constituted an all-embracing
ethical power; therefore it is inevitable that man's nature should be good,
since he receives it from Heaven at birth. For Hsün-tzu, on the other hand,
T'ien embodied no ethical principle and was simply the name for the functioning
activities of the universe (somewhat like our word Nature). These activities he
conceived of naturalistically and almost mechanistically. Moral standards,
therefore, have no metaphysical justification but are man-made creations.
One may ask how, if man is born "evil" (by which Hsün-tzu
really meant uncivilized), it is possible for him to create the higher values of
civilization. In the essay "A Discussion of Ritual," Hsün-tzu
attempts to answer this question and in the process elaborates the concept
central to his entire philosophy. Hsün-tzu asserts that man differs from
other creatures in one vital respect: besides his instinctual drives, he also
possesses an intelligence which enables him to form cooperative social
organizations. Hence the sages, realizing that man cannot well survive in a
state of anarchy, used this intelligence to formulate the social distinctions
and rules of social behaviour which would check the encroachments of one
individual upon another and thereby ensure sufficiency for all. Hsün-tzu
thus presents a believable utilitarian explanation for the creation of social
institutions.
The li
constituted the "Way" of Confucianism as interpreted by Hsün-tzu,
being the ritualized norms governing the mores, manners, and morals of the
people. Originally the behavioral expressions of early supernatural beliefs, the
historical li were being abandoned by an increasingly agnostic intelligentsia
during Hsün-tzu's own era, the Warring States period, a time of great
change and instability. Hsün-tzu had a sophisticated appreciation of the
manifold advantages in areas such as trade, social mobility, and technology that
were accompanying the breakdown of the feudal order during the Warring States
period. At the same time, he could see that these societal transformations were
also bringing to the Chinese the demise of their ancient socio-religious
institutions, and he believed that the ritual practices (li) linked with those institutions were too important to be lost
during secularization. For him, those ritual practices were important to the
society because they were a culturally binding force for a people whose
existence depended on cooperative economic efforts, and further, those ritual
practices were important to the individual because they provided an aesthetic
and spiritual dimension to the lives of the practitioners. By his fundamental
insistence on the necessity of cultural continuity for both the physical and
psychological well-being of his fellows, Hsün-tzu placed himself squarely
in the ranks of Confucian philosophers and provided an ethical and aesthetic
philosophical basis for these ritual practices as their religious foundation was
weakening.
The li are the basic stuff out
of which Hsün-tzu builds the ideal society as described in his book, and
the scholar-officials who are to govern that society have as their primary
function the preservation and transmission of these ritual practices. Like all
early Confucians, Hsün-tzu was opposed to hereditary privilege, advocating
literacy and moral worth as the determinants of leadership positions, rather
than birth or wealth; and these determinants were to have as their foundation a
demonstrated knowledge of the high cultural tradition--the li. No less significant politically than socially, the li
were to be employed by scholars to ensure that everyone was in a place, and
officials were to employ the li to
ensure that there was a place for everyone.
Hsün-tzu's primary concern was with social philosophy and ethics,
as evidenced by the content of his essays: 18 of the 32 fall solely within these
areas, and the remainder fall partly so. Even the technical, linguistically
oriented "Rectification of Names" is liberally sprinkled with comments
about the adverse social consequences attending the abuse and misuse of
language. Among his other famous essays, "A Discussion of Music"
became the classic work on the subject in China. Here, too, social issues are
under consideration as Hsün-tzu discusses the importance of music as a
vehicle for expressing human emotions without generating interpersonal conflict.
Another celebrated essay is "A Discussion of Heaven," in which
he attacks superstitious and supernatural beliefs. One of the work's main themes
is that unusual natural phenomena (eclipses, etc.) are no less natural for their
irregularity--hence are not evil omens--and therefore men should not be
concerned at their occurrence. Hsün-tzu's denial of supernaturalism led him
into a sophisticated interpretation of popular religious observances and
superstitions. He asserted that these were merely poetic fictions, useful for
the common people because they provided an orderly outlet for human emotions,
but not to be taken as true by educated men. There Hsün-tzu inaugurated a
rationalistic trend in Confucianism that has been congenial to scientific
thinking.
Hsün-tzu also made important contributions to psychology,
semantics, education, logic, epistemology, and dialectic. Yet his primary
interest in dialectic was as a tool for exposing the "fallacies" of
rival schools, and he bitterly lamented the need for dialectic in the absence of
a centralized political authority that could impose ideological unity from
above. Hsün-tzu, indeed, was an authoritarian who formed a logical link
between Confucianism and the totalitarian Legalists; it is no accident that
among his students were two of the most famous Legalists, the theoretician Han
Fei-tzu (c. 280-233 BC) and the
statesman Li Ssu (c.
280-208 BC). Both of these men earned the enmity of later Confucian historians,
and the opprobrium they have consistently received through the centuries has
also negatively affected the evaluation of their teacher. Hsün-tzu's
writings were no less the recipient of moral disapproval than his teaching,
owing in large measure to the often-quoted essay "Man's Nature Is
Evil." Because Mencius believed that human beings were innately disposed
toward moral behaviour, Hsün-tzu was perceived, as the author of this
essay, to be attacking his illustrious predecessor. The truth is that Hsün-tzu
remained Confucian in his firm rejection of the amoral philosophy and compulsive
techniques of the Legalists, and in his insistence on Confucian morality as the
basis for society. (see also Legalism)
For several centuries after Hsün-tzu's death, his influence
remained greater than that of Mencius. Only with the rise of Neo-Confucianism in
the 10th century AD did his influence begin to wane, and not until the 12th
century was the triumph of Mencius formalized by the inclusion of the Mencius
among the Confucian classics and by Mencius' canonization as the second Sage of
Confucianism. Hsün-tzu was declared heterodox.
Hsün-tzu's model society was never put into practice, and, like
Confucius and Mencius before him, he probably died believing himself to have
been a failure. Yet the rationalism, religious skepticism, concern for man in
society, historical and cultural sensitivity, and fondness for ancient lore and
customs that pervade his writings also pervaded Chinese intellectual life for
more than two millennia. No one dealt with these issues more thoroughly than Hsün-tzu,
and his passionate defense of the Confucian moral vision contributed
substantively to lessening the distance between the philosophical ideal and the
historical reality. He has been correctly described as the molder of ancient
Confucianism. Traditional China, with its extensive lands and huge population,
came to be largely a Confucian state--making Hsün-tzu one of the most
influential philosophers the world has ever known.
|
¼øÀÚ (âðí),
(º´)Xun zi (¿þ)Hsün
tzu. BC 300°æ Áß±¹ Á¶(ðá)³ª¶ó~230°æ Áß±¹
ÃÊ(õ¢)³ª¶ó ¶õ¸µ[Õµ×Õ]. Áß±¹ °í´ëÀÇ 3´ë À¯ÇÐÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥ ÇÑ »ç¶÷.
À̸§Àº ¼øÈ²(âðüÏ). ÀÚ´Â ¼ø°æ(âðÌÏ). °ø¸Í»ç»ó(ÍîØëÞÖßÌ)À»
°¡´Ùµë°í ü°èÈÇßÀ¸¸ç, »ç»óÀûÀÎ ¾ö°Ý¼ºÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ
½±°í ÀÀÁý·Â ÀÖ´Â À¯Çлç»óÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. À¯Çлç»óÀÌ
2,000³â ÀÌ»ó ÀüÅëÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐ¿¡
ÀÖ¾î¼ À¯±³Ã¶ÇÐÀ» À§ÇØ °øÇåÇÑ ¼øÀÚ ¶§¹®À̶ó°í ÇØµµ
°ú¾ðÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÈÄ´ëÀÇ À¯ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼ºÀ»
±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í º¸´Â ±×ÀÇ ¿°¼¼ÁÖÀÇÀû °üÁ¡¸¸À»
ºÎ°¢½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á, ±×°¡ ÀÌ·èÇÑ ¸¹Àº ÁöÀûÀÎ ¾÷ÀûÀÌ Èå·ÁÁ³´Ù.
12¼¼±âÃÊ ¼º¸®ÇÐÀÇ ÃâÇö°ú ÇÔ²² ±×ÀÇ »ç»óÀº ³Ã´ë¸¦ ¹Þ±â
½ÃÀÛÇߴµ¥, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ´Ù½Ã ÁÖ¸ñ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ º»¸íÀº
¼øÈ²ÀÌÁö¸¸ º¸Åë ¼øÀÚ¶ó°í Çϴµ¥, ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â 'ÀÚ'(í)¶ó´Â
±ÛÀÚ¸¦ öÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ À̸§¿¡ Á¸ÄªÀ¸·Î ºÙ¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö¿Í
Ȱµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â Á¤È®È÷ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. Á¶³ª¶ó
Ãâ»ýÀ̶ó´Â °Í, ¸î ³â µ¿¾È µ¿ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¦(ðº)³ª¶óÀÇ Á÷ÇÏ(òÃù»)
ÇÐÆÄ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °Í, ±×ÈÄ Áß»ó¸ð·«À» ¹Þ¾Æ ³²ÂÊÀÇ ÁÖ(ñ²)³ª¶ó·Î
¿Å°å°í BC 255³â ±× ³ª¶óÀÇ Áö¹æ ¼ö·ÉÀ» Áö³»´Ù°¡ °üÁ÷¿¡¼
¹°·¯³ ÈÄ °ð Á×¾ú´Ù´Â °Í µîÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁø »ç½ÇÀÇ ÀüºÎÀÌ´Ù.
À¯°¡Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡¼ ¼øÀÚ°¡ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â Á߿伺Àº ±×ÀÇ
ÁÖ¿äÀúÀÛÀÎ ¡´¼øÀÚ¡µÀÇ
¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ·Â¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Àüü 32ÀåÀÎ ¡´¼øÀÚ¡µ´Â
´ëºÎºÐ ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾´ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀüÇØÁö´Âµ¥, ÈÄ´ë¿¡ ¼öÁ¤µÇ°Å³ª
À§Á¶µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼ ¿øº»ÀÌ ±×´ë·Î º¸Á¸µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¡´¼øÀÚ¡µ´Â
Áß±¹ öÇÐ ¹ßÀüÀÇ È¹±âÀûÀÎ »ç°ÇÀ̾ú´Ù. ¡´³í¾î¡µ¡¤¡´µµ´ö°æ¡µ¡¤¡´¸ÍÀÚ¡µ¡¤¡´ÀåÀÚ¡µ
µî°ú °°Àº Ãʱâ öÇÐ ¼ÀûµéÀº ÀÏÈ¡¤°æ±¸(ÌíÏ£)·Î ä¿öÁø
¼¼ú¾ç½ÄÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î¼ ´ç½ÃÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀû ³íÀǸ¦
´õÀÌ»ó ¼³µæ·Â ÀÖ°Ô Àü´ÞÇØÁÖÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. À̿ʹ ´Þ¸® ¼øÀÚ´Â
À¯°¡ öÇÐÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ½º½ÂÀÇ ¸»¡¤´ëȸ¦ ±â·ÏÇÑ
Á¦ÀÚµéÀÇ ±Û»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀڱⰡ Á÷Á¢ ¾´ ü°èÀûÀÎ ³í¹®À»
ÅëÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç»óÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÃÑ·ÐÀûÀÎ ¼³¸í,
¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ ³íÁõ, ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÎ »ó¼ú, ¸í·á¼º¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À» µÎ´Â
¾ö°ÝÇÑ ¼¼úÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇß´Ù.
¼øÀÚÀÇ °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ ¸»Àº "Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼ºÀº ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù. ¼±ÇÑ
°ÍÀº ¼ö¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù"ÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ç»óÀº
º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¾çöÇÐÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼ºÀ» ±×´ë·Î
µÐ´Ù¸é À̱âÀûÀÌ°í ¹«Áú¼Çϸç, ¹Ý»çȸÀû¡¤º»´ÉÀû Ãæµ¿µé·Î
°¡µæ Âû °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. »çȸ´Â °³ÀÎÀÌ µµ´öÀǽÄÀ» °¡Áø
Àΰ£ÀÌ µÉ ¶§±îÁö Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î À̲ø°í µµ¾ß½ÃÄÑ »çȸ¿¡
±³È½ÃŰ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº
'¿¹'(çߣº¿¹¹ý,
ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ °üÇà, »çȸÀû Çൿ µî¿¡ °üÇÑ ±Ô¹ü, ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ °ü½À)¿Í
'¾Ç'(äÅ£º¼øÀÚ´Â ÇöóÅæÃ³·³ À½¾Ç¿¡ ½É¿ÀÇÑ µµ´öÀû Àǹ̰¡
ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸¾ÒÀ½)ÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£ º»¼º¿¡ °üÇÑ ¼øÀÚÀÇ °ßÇØ´Â
Àΰ£ÀÌ Å¾ ¶§ºÎÅÍ ¼±ÇÏ´Ù´Â ¸ÍÀÚÀÇ
³«°üÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¿Í ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÁ¶¸¦ ÀÌ·é´Ù. ¹°·Ð µÎ »ç¶÷
¸ðµÎ ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÌ ÀáÀçÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ºÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀ»
°¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â µ¥¿¡´Â ÀǰßÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ º¸ÀδÙ. À̰ÍÀÌ
¸ÍÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ¸ðµç Àΰ£Àº ž ¶§ºÎÅÍ ÀÌ¹Ì ¼±(à¼)ÀÇ '4´Ü'(ÞÌÓ®)À»
°¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àΰ£ÀÇ ³»ºÎ¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ßÀü½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
´É·Âµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏÁö¸¸, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¼øÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â
¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÌ »çȸ·ÎºÎÅÍ Àڱ⠳»ºÎ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý»çȸÀûÀÎ
º»´ÉÀ» ±Øº¹ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹è¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. µÎ
»ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ßÇØÂ÷·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯°¡ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä³íÀïÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù.
¸ÍÀÚ¿Í ¼øÀÚÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Â÷ÀÌ´Â µµ´ö·ÐÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÀÏ »Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÀ̱⵵ Çß´Ù. ¸ÍÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÇÏ´Ã[ô¸]Àº
ºñ·Ï ½ÅÀε¿Çü·ÐÀû(ãêìÑÔÒû¡ÖåîÜ) ½Å¼º(ãêàõ)Àº ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ
Æ÷°ýÀûÀÎ µµ´öÀû ÈûÀ» °®´Â´Ù. Àΰ£Àº ¼±ÇÔÀ» Çϴ÷κÎÅÍ
ºÎ¿©¹Þ¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Àΰ£ º»¼ºÀÇ ¼±ÇÔÀº ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¼øÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÇÏ´ÃÀº ¾î¶°ÇÑ µµ´öÀû ¿ø¸®µµ Æ÷ÇÔµÇÁö
¾ÊÀº, ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¿ìÁÖ(¼¾çÀÇ 'ÀÚ¿¬'[nature]°ú ¶æÀÌ ºñ½ÁÇÔ)ÀÇ
±â´ÉÀû ¿îÇàÀ» °¡¸®Å³ µû¸§ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ¿îÇàÀº °ÅÀÇ
±â°èÀûÀ̸ç, µµ´öÀÇ ±âÁØÀº ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀΠõ¸®(ô¸×â)ÀÇ
»ê¹°ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÁ÷ Àΰ£ÀÌ ¸¸µç ¹®È¡¤¹®¸íÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÏ
»ÓÀ̶ó°í ÆÄ¾ÇÇß´Ù.
¸¸ÀÏ Àΰ£ÀÌ ³¯ ¶§ºÎÅÍ '¾Ç'ÇÏ´Ù¸é(¼øÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â '±³ÈµÇÁö
¾ÊÀº »óÅÂ'¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÔ), ¾î¶»°Ô Àΰ£¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ôÀº ¹®¸íÀÇ
âÃâÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹°À½ÀÌ Á¦±âµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
´ë´äÀº ¡´¼øÀÚ¡µÀÇ ¿¹·ÐÆí(çßÖåø¹)¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â
¿¹·Ð¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç öÇÐü°èÀÇ Á߽ɰ³³äÀ» Á¤¸³Çß´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ µ¿¹°°ú 1°¡Áö Á¡¿¡¼ ƯÈ÷ ´Ù¸£´Ù°í
Çߴµ¥, ±× Á¡Àº Àΰ£ÀÌ º»´ÉÀû Ãæµ¿»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
»óÈ£ÇùÁ¶ÀûÀÎ »çȸÁ¶Á÷À» ±¸¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â 'Áö'(ò±)¸¦ °¡Áö°í
ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¼·Î ´ÙÅõ´Â È¥¶õÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ »ì
¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±ú´ÞÀº ¼ºÀÎÀÌ 'Áö'¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©
»ç¶÷µé°£ÀÇ »óÈ£ Ä§ÇØ¸¦ ¸·°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖµµ·Ï »çȸÀû ±¸º°°ú »çȸÇൿÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢À» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
¼³¸íÀº »çȸÁ¦µµÀÇ Çü¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ »ó´çÈ÷ °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ
ÇØ¼®À» ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
'¿¹'´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ µµ´ö¡¤¾ç½Ä¡¤½À¼ÓÀ» ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ
±Ô¹üÀÌ´Ù. ¼øÀÚ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ '¿¹'°¡ ÀÖÀº ÈÄ ºñ·Î¼Ò À¯°¡¿¡¼
¸»ÇÏ´Â 'µµ'(Ô³)°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. '¿¹'´Â ¿ø·¡
¿¹·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ´ë»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æ¹è µîÀ»
Çൿ¾ç½ÄÈÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°¡ »ì¾Ò´ø Àü±¹½Ã´ë´Â ±Øµµ·Î
È¥¶õÇÏ°í ºÒ¾ÈÇÑ »óȲ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÃʰæÇèÀûÀÎ ´ë»óÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â
Áö½ÄÀεéÀÌ Á¡Â÷ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿© ´ë´ë·Î ÀüÇØ³»·Á¿À´ø '¿¹'°¡ Á¡Á¡
ÁöÄÑÁöÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¶§¿¡ ±×´Â ºÀ°ÇÁ¦ÀÇ ¸ô¶ô°ú
ÇÔ²² ³ªÅ¸³ »ó¾÷, »çȸÀû À¯µ¿¼º, ±â¼ú¿¡ À¯¸®ÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ
¸¹´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» Á¤È®È÷ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »çȸÀû ÀüȯÀÌ
ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿¹·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»·Á¿Â »çȸÀû¡¤Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ
Á¦µµ¸¦ ¹ö¸®µµ·Ï ¸¸µç´Ù´Â »ç½Çµµ ÀÌÇØÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Á¦µµ¿Í
¿¬°áµÈ 'ÀÇ·ÊÀÇ ½Çõ'ÀÎ '¿¹'´Â °áÄÚ ¼¼¼ÓÈÇÏ¿© »ç¶óÁ®¹ö¸±
¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. »óÈ£ÇùÁ¶ÀûÀÎ
°æÁ¦È°µ¿¿¡ »ýÁ¸ÀÌ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â '¿¹'°¡ ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ
°á¼Ó·ÂÀ» Á¦°øÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ³ª¾Æ°¡ '¿¹'´Â °³°³ÀÇ
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ Áß¿äÇѵ¥, '¿¹'´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
»ýȰ¿¡ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ½É¹ÌÀû¡¤Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ Â÷¿øÀ» °®°Ô Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀÇ ±Ùº»Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ö°ú ¸¶À½ÀÌ Æí¾ÈÇϱâ
À§Çؼ´Â ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ °è¼Ó¼ºÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº
ÁÖÀåÀ» ÅëÇØ ±×´Â À¯°¡ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥Àû öÇÐÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, Á¾±³Àû
Ãø¸éÀÌ Á¡Â÷ °¨¼ÒÇÏ´ø '¿¹'¿¡ À±¸®Àû¡¤½É¹ÌÀûÀΠöÇбâ¹ÝÀ»
Á¦°øÇß´Ù.
¡´¼øÀÚ¡µ¿¡¼ ¹¦»çµÈ ÀÌ»ó»çȸ¸¦ °Ç¼³Çϱâ À§Çؼ´Â '¿¹'°¡
±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¹ÙÅÁÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ»ó»çȸ¸¦ ´Ù½º·Á¾ß ÇÒ ÇÐÀÚ¡¤°ü¸®ÀÇ
ù¹øÂ° ÀÓ¹«´Â '¿¹'ÀÇ º¸Àü°ú Àü´ÞÀÌ´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ´Ù¸¥
À¯ÇÐÀÚµé°ú °°ÀÌ ¼øÀÚ´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ°¡ µÇ´Â ÀÚ°ÝÀº °¡¹®À̳ª
Àç»êÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±³¾ç°ú µµ´ö¼º¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇßÀ¸¸ç,
ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ ¼¼½ÀÀûÀΠƯ±ÇÀ» ºÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÚ°Ý¿ä°ÇÀÇ
±Ùº»Àº ³ôÀº ¹®ÈÀû ÀüÅë, Áï '¿¹'¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÇÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÌ´Ù. '¿¹'´Â
»çȸÀûÀ¸·Î»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Îµµ Áß¿äÇѵ¥, ÇÐÀÚ´Â
¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¦ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ÀÖµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§Çؼ, °ü¸®´Â ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖÀ» ÀÚ¸®¸¦ º¸ÀåÇØ ÁÖ±â À§Çؼ '¿¹'¸¦
»ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¡´¼øÀÚ¡µÀÇ ±¸¼º¿¡¼ º¸À̵íÀÌ ¼øÀÚÀÇ 1Â÷ÀûÀÎ
°ü½ÉÀº »çȸöÇаú À±¸®¿´´Ù. 32Àå °¡¿îµ¥ 18ÀåÀÌ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦
´Ù·ç¾ú°í ³ª¸ÓÁö Àå¿¡¼µµ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±â¼úÀû¡¤¾ð¾îÇÐÀû
³í¼³ÀÎ Á¤¸íÆí(ïáÙ£ø¹)¿¡¼µµ ¾ð¾îÀÇ ¿À¿ë°ú ³²¿ëÀÌ °¡Á®¿Â
ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ »çȸÀû °á°ú¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ¾ð±ÞÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Ç·Ð(äÅÖå)Àº
Áß±¹À½¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °íÀüÀûÀÎ ³í¼³·Î »çȸÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °í·ÁÇÑ
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â À½¾ÇÀÇ Á߿伺À» À½¾ÇÀÌ »ç¶÷µé°£ÀÇ °¥µîÀ»
ÀÏÀ¸Å°Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ °¨Á¤À» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
¼ö´ÜÀ̶ó´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ã¾Ò´Ù.
¶Ç´Ù¸¥ À¯¸íÇÑ ³í¼³Àº õ·Ð(ô¸Öå)ÀÌ´Ù.
¿©±â¿¡¼ ¼øÀÚ´Â ¹Ì½Å°ú ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À»
³í¹ÚÇß´Ù. õ·ÐÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÁÖÁ¦ °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª´Â, ÀϽġ¤¿ù½Ä µîÀº
µå¹°°Ô ÀϾ´Â ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬Çö»óÀÏ »Ó ºÒ±æÇÑ Â¡Á¶°¡
¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸¶À½¾µ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ
ÈûÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ ±×´Â À̾î ÀÏ¹Ý ¹é¼ºÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Àǽġ¤¹Ì½Å¿¡
´ëÇØ¼µµ ¼¼·ÃµÈ ÇØ¼®À» Çß´Ù. ±â¿ìÁ¦¿Í °°Àº ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÎ
ÀǽÄÀº ´ÜÁö 'Àΰ£ÀÇ °¨Á¤À» ÁÁ°Ô ÇØÁÙ »Ó'À̶ó´Â ÇØ¼®À»
³»¸®°í, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀǽĵéÀº ÀÏ¹Ý »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â Á¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î
°¨Á¤À» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ãⱸ°¡ µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ À¯ÀÍÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸,
Áö½ÄÀÎÀº ±×°ÍÀ» °¨Á¤ÀÇ ²Ù¹Ò Á¤µµ·Î ¿©±æ »Ó ±Í½ÅÀÇ ÀÏ·Î
¹ÏÀ¸¸é ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ±×´Â À¯°¡»ç»ó ¼Ó¿¡¼
°úÇÐÀû »ç°í¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÇ È帧À» óÀ½À¸·Î
¿¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼øÀÚ´Â ½É¸®ÇС¤±³À°¡¤³í¸®ÇС¤ÀνķС¤ º¯Áõ·Ð¡¤¾îÀÇ·Ð(åÞëòÖå)
µî¿¡ °øÇåÀ» Çß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ º¯Áõ·Ð¿¡ 1Â÷ÀûÀÎ °ü½ÉÀ» µÎ¾ú´Âµ¥,
ÀÌ´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ ¿À·ù¸¦ Áõ¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î »ï±â
À§Çؼ¿´´Ù. À§·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ À̳äÀû ÅëÀÏÀ» °¡Á®´ÙÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
Áß¾ÓÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ±ÇÀ§ÀÚÀÎ ¼º±º(á¡ÏÖ)ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡
¸ðµç ¿À·ù°¡ »ý°Ü³´Ù°í º¸¾Ò°í, ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ º¯Áõ·ÐÀÇ Çʿ伺À»
ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. »ç½Ç»ó ±×´Â ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀڷμ, À¯°¡¿Í
ÀüÁ¦ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹ý°¡¸¦ ÀÕ´Â ³í¸®Àû °í¸®¿ªÇÒÀ» Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡
±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ °¡¿îµ¥ °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ 2¸íÀÇ ¹ý°¡°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â
»ç½ÇÀº Å©°Ô ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¹ý°¡ÀÇ À̷а¡ÀÎ ÇѺñÀÚ(ùÛÞªí£ºBC
280°æ~233)¿Í Á¤Ä¡°¡ ÀÌ»ç(ì°ÞÙ£ºBC 280°æ~208)°¡ ±×µé·Î¼
À̵éÀº ÀÌÈÄ À¯±³»ç°¡µéÀÇ Áõ¿À½ÉÀ» »ò´Ù. µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ
¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÞÀº ºñ³Àº ±×µéÀÇ ½º½Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡¿¡µµ
¾Ç¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚÁÖ ÀοëµÇ´Â ¡´¼øÀÚ¡µÀÇ
¼º¾ÇÆí(àõäÂø¹) ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼øÀÚÀÇ ±ÛÀº ´Ù¸¥ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡
¾Õ¼ µµ´öÀû °ÅºÎ°¨À» »ò´Ù. ¸ÍÀÚ°¡ Àΰ£Àº º»¼ºÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±À»
ÇàÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×ÀÇ
¼º¾ÇÆíÀÌ ¸ÍÀÚ¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç½Ç»ó
±×´Â µµ´ö°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Â öÇÐÀ̳ª ¹ý°¡ÀÇ °¾ÐÀû ¹æ¹ýÀº
È®°íÇÏ°Ô ¹Ý´ëÇß°í, »çȸÀÇ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î¼ À¯±³ÀûÀÎ µµ´ö¼ºÀ»
ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.
¼øÀÚ°¡ Á×Àº ÈÄ ¸î ¼¼±â µ¿¾È ±×ÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀº ¸ÍÀÚº¸´Ù
ÄÇ´Ù. 10¼¼±â¿¡ ¼º¸®ÇÐÀÌ ÀϾ¸é¼ ±×ÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ
¾àÇØÁ³Áö¸¸, 12¼¼±â±îÁö´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 12¼¼±â¿¡
¡´¸ÍÀÚ¡µ°¡ À¯±³ÀÇ 4¼(ÞÌßö)¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÇ°í ¸ÍÀÚ°¡ À¯±³ÀÇ 2¹øÂ°
¼ºÀÎÀ¸·Î Ãß¾ÓµÊÀ¸·Î½á ±×´Â ÀÌ´ÜÀ¸·Î ¸ô·È´Ù. ¼øÀÚ°¡
¹Ù¶ó´ø »çȸ´Â °áÄÚ ½ÇÇöµÇÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¼øÀÚ ÀÌÀüÀÇ
À¯°¡»ç»ó°¡ÀÎ °øÀÚ³ª ¸ÍÀÚ¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±× ¶ÇÇÑ ½º½º·Î
½ÇÆÐÀÚ¶ó°í »ý°¢Çϸç Á×¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ±Û ¼Ó¿¡
°¡µæ Â÷ ÀÖ´Â ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ, Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¸ÀÇ, »çȸ ¼ÓÀÇ Àΰ£¿¡
´ëÇÑ °ü½É, Á¤Ä¡Àû¡¤¹®ÈÀû °¨°¢·Â, °í´ëÀÇ ÀüÅë°ú °ü½À¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¼±È£ µîÀº 2,000³â ÀÌ»ó Áß±¹ Áö½ÄÀεéÀÇ »ç°í¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ»
¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ´©±¸µµ ±×¸¸Å öÀúÇÏÁö
¸øÇßÀ¸¸ç, À¯°¡ÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Á¤ÀûÀÎ ¿ËÈ£´Â
öÇÐÀû À̳ä°ú ¿ª»çÀû Çö½Ç »çÀÌÀÇ °Å¸®¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ´Â µ¥
½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¿©Çß´Ù. ±×´Â °í´ë À¯±³ÀÇ Æ²À» Çü¼º½ÃŲ
À§ÀÎÀ̶ó´Â ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Æò°¡¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¿µÅä¿Í °Å´ëÇÑ
Àα¸¸¦ Áö´Ñ Áß±¹Àº ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î À¯±³ ±¹°¡¿´À¸¹Ç·Î ±×´Â
¼¼°è¿¡¼ À¯·Ê°¡ ¾ø´Â, °¡Àå Å« ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ³²±ä öÇÐÀÚ¶ó°í
ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡¡ |