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Leo
Tolstoy on the Law of Love
·¹¿À
Å罺ÅäÀÌ - »ç¶ûÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©
by
Sanderson Beck
from
THE
WAY TO PEACE
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"A Christian does not quarrel with
any one,
does not attack any one, nor use violence against one;
on the contrary, he himself without murmuring bears violence;
but by this very relation to violence he not only frees himself,
but also the world from external power. "
Leo Tolstoy
¡¡ |
"±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº ¾î¶² »ç¶÷°úµµ ´ÙÅõÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µµ °ø°ÝÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷¿¡°Ôµµ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù;
¹Ý´ë·Î, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀº ¹¬¹¬È÷ Æø·ÂÀ» Âü´Â´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Æø·Â°úÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×´Â Àڽлӏ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¼¼»óÀ» ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÑ´Ù."
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ
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" War is so unjust and ugly that all who wage it
must try to stifle the voice of conscience within
themselves."
Leo Tolstoy
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"ÀüÀïÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ÀÇ·ÓÁö ¸øÇϸç ÃßÇÏ¿©¼ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¼Ò¸®¸¦
¸·À¸·Á ³ë·ÂÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù"
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ |
"The evil committed by man not only weakens his soul
and deprives him of true happiness,
but more often than not
falls back on the one who commits it."
Leo Tolstoy
¡¡ |
"»ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀúÁö¸£´Â ¾ÇÀº ±×ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ¾àÇÏ°Ô Çϸç
±×¿¡°Ô¼ ÂüµÈ ÇູÀ» ¾Ñ¾Æ°¥ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
´ë°³,
±×°ÍÀ» ¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô µ¹¾Æ ¿Â´Ù."
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ |
"Eventually institutional violence will disappear,
not as a result of external action,
but thanks only to the calls of conscience of men
who have awakened to the truth."
Leo Tolstoy
¡¡ |
"°á±¹ Á¦µµÀû Æø·ÂÀº »ç¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
ÀÌ´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Áø¸®¿¡ ´«À» ¶á
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ºÎ¸§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ÀÌ´Ù."
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ |
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"Every man, in refusing to take part in military service
or to pay taxes to a government
which uses them for military purposes, is,
by this refusal, rendering a great service to God and man,
for he is thereby making use of the most efficacious means
of furthering the progressive movement of mankind
toward that better social order which it is striving after
and must eventually attain."
Leo Tolstoy
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"°¢ÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷Àº, º´¿ª¿¡ Âü°¡
¶Ç´Â ±º»çÀû ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â
Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ¼¼±ÝÀÇ ³³ºÎ¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÒ ¶§¿¡,
±×ÀÇ °ÅºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼, Çϳª´Ô°ú »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Ä¿´Ù¶õ ºÀ»ç¸¦ ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ±×·³À¸·Î½á
Àηù°¡ Ãß±¸Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Á¾±¹¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Þ¼ºÇØ¾ß ÇÒ
´õ ³ªÀº »çȸÁú¼¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ÀηùÀÇ Áøº¸Àû ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ»
ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â °¡Àå È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù."
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ
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Leo Tolstoy, the son of Count Nicholas Tolstoy, was born on August
28, 1828 (September 9, 1828 in our Gregorian calendar) at the
family estate Yasnaya Polyana where he spent most of his life
about 100 miles south of Moscow. His mother died before he was two
years old, and when he was about nine, his father and grandmother
died. Leo was raised by aunts and tutors, and he followed his
older brothers to the University of Kazan; wanting to become a
diplomat he studied in the Department of Oriental Languages and
strove to become a sophisticated gentleman of the world. In 1847
he began to manage his estate at Yasnaya Polyana while also
pursuing the social life in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In his
diary he formulated rules for living which he had great difficulty
following. At age 23 he followed his older brother Nicholas into
the army life in the Caucasus, and he fought in the Crimean War
until 1856. During this period he struggled with a penchant for
gambling, "fits of lust" and "criminal sloth."
He criticized the army for lacking loyalty, courage, and dignity,
and complained about the corporal punishment inflicted on the
soldiers and about the incompetence of the generals. He was only
24 when he wrote in his diary that because war is unjust those who
are involved in it must stifle their consciences. He began writing
sketches on Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth, short
stories, and described the suffering of a civilized man amid the
spontaneous lives of the natives in The Cossacks. He
studied educational methods and started an experimental school for
the local peasants. He formulated his progressive educational
theories under the influence of Rousseau's writings and his
travels in western Europe. When Leo was 34 he married Sonya who
bore him thirteen children and assisted him in his literary career
which in the next fifteen years produced two of the greatest
novels ever written, War and Peace and Anna
Karenina. |
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̸ç, 1828³â 8¿ù
28ÀÏ(¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±×·¹°í¸®·ÂÀ¸·Î´Â 1828³â 9¿ù 9ÀÏ) °¡Á·ÀÇ »çÀ¯ÁöÀÎ ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ª¿¡¼ Ãâ»ýÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±×´Â ±×°÷¿¡¼
±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù ³²ºÎÀÇ ¾à 100¸¶ÀÏ ±Ù¹æ¿¡¼ º¸³Â´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ±×°¡ µÎ »ìÀÌ µÇ±â Àü¿¡ Á×¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ÇÒ¸Ó´Ï´Â ±×°¡ ¾à 9»ìÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ Á×¾ú´Ù. ·¹¿À´Â ¼÷¸ðµé°ú °¡Á¤±³»çµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¾çÀ°µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,
±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ÇüµéÀ» µû¶ó¼ Ä«ÀÜ ´ëÇп¡ µé¾î°¬´Ù; ¿Ü±³°üÀÌ µÇ°í ½Í¾î¼ ±×´Â µ¿¾ç ¾îÇкο¡¼ °øºÎÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¼¼»óÀÇ ¼¼·ÃµÈ
½Å»ç°¡ µÇ·Á°í ºÐÅõÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1847³â ±×´Â ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ª¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ »çÀ¯Áö¸¦ ¿î¿µÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÑÆíÀº
¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù¿Í ÆäÅ×½ººÎ¸£Å©¿¡¼ »çȸ »ýȰÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Àϱ⿡¼ ±×´Â ÀÌÇàÇϱ⿡ ¹«Ã´ Èûµé¾ú´ø »ýȰÀÇ ¿øÄ¢µéÀ»
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¹× À§¾öÀ» °á¿©Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ºñ³ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, º´»çµé¿¡°Ô °¡ÇØÁö´Â ü¹ú ±×¸®°í À屺µéÀÇ ¹«´ÉÇÔ µéÀ» ºÒÆòÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
Àϱ⿡¼ ÀüÀïÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ·ÓÁö ¸øÇϹǷΠ±×°Í¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ¾ï´·¯¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ±â·ÏÇÑ °ÍÀº °Ü¿ì
24¼¼¿´´Ù. ±×´Â, À¯³â½ÃÀý, ¼Ò³â½ÃÀý ¹× û³â½ÃÀý ±×¸®°í ´ÜÆíµé µîÀÇ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒǰÀ» ¾²±â
½ÃÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÄÚ»çÅ© »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼ ¿øÁֹΠµéÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬½º·± »îµé °¡¿îµ¥ ÀÖ´Â ¹®¸íÀÎÀÇ °íÅëÀ» ¹¦»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â
±³À°¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç Áö¿ª ³óºÎµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ½ÇÇè Çб³¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Áøº¸Àû ±³À° À̷еéÀ» ·ç¼ÒÀÇ
ÀÛǰµé ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¼ºÎ À¯·´ÀÇ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¼ Çü¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù. ·¹¿À°¡ 34¼¼ÀÏ ¶§ ¼Ò³Ä¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ¿© 13¸íÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ³º¾ÒÀ¸¸ç
ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö ¾²¿©Áø °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼Ò¼³µéÁßÀÇ µÎ°¡ÁöÀÎ, ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ ±×¸®°í ¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î³½
´ÙÀ½ 15³â°£ ±×ÀÇ ¹®ÇÐÀû ÀÛ¾÷¿¡¼ ±×¸¦ µµ¿Ô´Ù. |
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The epic War and Peace describes the lives of five
aristocratic families during the Napoleonic Wars between Russia
and France. His subtle psychological insights and realistic
details create an entire world from various points of view.
Tolstoy's own future views are foreshadowed by the esoteric
philosophy of the Freemasons who initiate Pierre into their
mysteries. He is exhorted to an active life of virtue, and
although they endeavor to reform society, they renounce the use of
violence. "Every violent reform deserves censure, for it
quite fails to remedy evil while men remain what they are, and
also because wisdom needs no violence." The answer lies in
personal transformation which Pierre undergoes during the course
of events. The moral evil of the war is summarized by Tolstoy in
these words: |
¿õÀåÇÑ ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í ÇÁ¶û½º »çÀÌÀÇ ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë
ÀüÀïµé µ¿¾È ´Ù¼¸ ±ÍÁ· °¡¹®µéÀÇ »îµéÀ» ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¼¶¼¼ÇÑ ½É¸®Àû ÅëÂûµé ¹× »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇÀû ¼¼¼¼ÇÑ ¹¦»çµéÀº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö
°üÁ¡µé·ÎºÎÅÍ Àüü ¼¼»óÀ» âÁ¶ÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹Ì·¡°üµéÀº ÇÇ¿¡¸£¸¦ ±×µéÀÇ ½Åºñ ÀÇ½Äµé ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ÀÔȸ½ÃŰ´Â
ÇÁ¸®¸ÞÀ̽¼µéÀÇ Àº¹ÐÇÑ Ã¶Çп¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿¹°ßµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ¼±À» ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â Àû±ØÀûÀÎ »îÀ» ±Ç°í ¹Þ´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ
»çȸ¸¦ °³ÇõÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾²Áö¸¸, ±×µéÀº Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» Æ÷±âÇÑ´Ù. "¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ °³ÇõÀº ºñ³À» ¹Þ¾Æ ¸¶¶¥ÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×´ë·Î ¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÖ´Â ÇÑÆí, ±×°ÍÀº ÀüÇô ¾ÇÀ» ¾ø¾Ù ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®À̸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ÁöÇý´Â ¾î¶² Æø·Âµµ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏÁö
¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù." ´ë´äÀº »ç°ÇµéÀÇ ÁøÇà µ¿¾È ÇÇ¿¡¸£°¡ °Þ´Â °³ÀÎÀû º¯È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀüÀïÀÇ µµ´öÀû ¾ÇÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¸»µé·Î ¿ä¾àµÈ´Ù: |
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An event took place opposed to human reason and to human nature.
Millions of men perpetrated against one another such innumerable
crimes, frauds, treacheries, thefts, forgeries, issues of false
money, burglaries, incendiarisms, and murders as in whole
centuries are not recorded in the annals of all the law courts
of the world, but which those who committed them did not at the
time regard as being crimes.
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ÇÑ »ç°ÇÀÌ
Àΰ£ÀÇ À̼º°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼·Î¿¡°Ô, ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ýÁ¤µéÀÇ ¿¬´ë±â¿¡ Àüü ±â°£
µ¿¾È ±â·ÏµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¸¸ÅÀ̳ª ¹«¼öÇÑ ¹üÁ˵é, »ç±âµé, ±â¸¸µé, µµµÏÁúµé, ³¯Á¶µé, À§Á¶ ÈÆó ¹®Á¦µé, °µµÁúµé,
¹æÈµé, ±×¸®°í »ìÀεéÀ» ÀúÁú·¶´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀúÁö¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹üÁ˵é·Î ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
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Tolstoy does not lay the blame on the leaders and "great
men" whom he believes are merely puppets of history, a
history that is shaped by the millions of choices made by the
countless individuals participating. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±×°¡ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿ª»çÀÇ, Áï, ¹«¼öÇÑ °³ÀεéÀÇ
Âü¿©·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ ¼±Åõé·Î ¸ð¾çÀ» °®Ãß´Â ¿ª»çÀÇ, ²ÀµÎ°¢½ÃÀÎ ÁöµµÀÚµé ±×¸®°í "À§´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷µé"À» ºñ³ÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
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Each man lives for himself, using his freedom to
attain his personal aims, and feels with his whole being that he
can do or abstain from doing this or that action; but as soon as
he has done it, that action performed at a certain moment in
time becomes irrevocable and belongs to history, in which it has
not a free but a predestined significance.
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»ç¶÷Àº
Á¦°¢±â, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ¸ñÀûµéÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé¼, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§Çؼ »ì¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àüü
Á¸Àç·Î¼ ÀÌ·± ¶Ç´Â Àú·± ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÇàÇϰųª »ï°¥ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¼ø°£¿¡ ¼öÇàµÈ ±×
ÇàÀ§´Â µÇµ¹¸± ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¸ç ¿ª»ç¿¡ ¼ÓÇØ¹ö¸°´Ù,±×¸®°í ¿ª»ç ¾È¿¡¼ ÀÚÀ¯·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¿¹Á¤µÈ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.
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Thus, although man lives consciously for himself, the social
unconscious of collective humanity exerts a greater influence
depending on how high the man stands on the social ladder which in
turn determines his power over others. This diagnosis was to lead
to Tolstoy's twofold solution to the problem of a violent
society-that is, the social solution of dismantling the political
institutions which by their nature force their power on the
people, and the individual solution of refusing to participate in
institutions of violence from a sense of inner conscience. In Anna
Karenina the Tolstoyan hero Levin declares, "The good of
society is dependent upon scrupulous obedience of the moral law
engraved in every human heart," and he also believes that
"no one, therefore, should desire or advocate war, whatever
generous aim it purports to serve." |
±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ºñ·Ï »ç¶÷Àº ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »ìÁö¸¸, ÁýÇÕÀû
ÀηùÀÇ »çȸÀû ¹«ÀǽÄÀº ±× »ç¶÷ÀÌ »çȸÀû °èÃþ¿¡¼ ¾ó¸¶³ª ³ôÀÌ Àִ°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ´õ¿í Å« ¿µÇâÀ» °¡Çϰí ÀÌ °èÃþÀº ´Ù½Ã
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Áø´ÜÀº Æø·ÂÀû »çȸ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö ÇØ°á·Î À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù
- Áï, º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ±× ±Ç·ÂÀ» »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °Á¦ÇÏ´Â Á¤Ä¡ üÁ¦µéÀ» ÇØÃ¼ÇÏ´Â »çȸÀû ÇØ°á, ±×¸®°í ³»ÀûÀÎ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ
Áö°¢À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Æø·ÂÀû üÁ¦µé¿¡ Âü¿©Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¿¡¼, Å罺ÅäÀÌÀûÀÎ
¿µ¿õ ·¹ºóÀº ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù, "»çȸÀÇ ¼±Àº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ °¡½¿¿¡ °¢ÀÎµÈ µµ´öÀû À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅÁßÇÑ º¹Á¾¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù," ±×¸®°í
¶ÇÇÑ ±×´Â "¾î´À ´©±¸µµ, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¾Æ¹«¸® °ü´ëÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Á®¿Ã °ÍÀ̶ó ÀǹÌÇÏ¿©µµ, ÀüÀïÀ» ¿øÇϰųª ¿ËÈ£ÇØ¼´Â ¾È
µÈ´Ù"°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. |
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In his Confession Tolstoy describes the spiritual crisis he
had in 1879 when he contemplated suicide. He explains how literary
minds fall away from traditional religion only to get lost in an
aesthetic nihilism. Neither science nor theology satisfied his
quest for meaning in life, but living a simple and good life to
benefit others awakened in him a feeling of faith in God that
reasoning could not find. He returned to religion, but after a
while he left the dogma and ritual of the church behind to explore
for himself the original teachings of Christ especially as
presented in the Sermon on the Mount. He made his own translation,
harmony, and summary of the gospels and expounded their precepts
in his writings for the rest of his life. He was particularly
moved by the command not to resist him that is evil but to love
your enemies. With this foundation he criticized the hypocrisy of
Christian societies which practiced violence in warfare and
criminal executions. He felt that the three causes of war in his
time were the unequal distribution of property, the military
establishment, and false and deceptive religion. In What I
Believe he contrasted the teachings of Jesus to the dogma and
practices of the Orthodox Church. In What Shall We Do Then? Tolstoy
presented his observations of the slums in Moscow and analyzed the
causes of poverty. In deciding what to do he suggests three
things: |
±×ÀÇ "³ªÀÇ °í¹é"¿¡¼ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÚ»ìÀ» °èȹÇÏ´ø
1879³â¿¡ ±×°¡ °Þ¾ú´ø ¿µÀûÀÎ À§±â¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ¹®ÇÐÀû »ý°¢µéÀÌ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ Á¾±³¿¡¼ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª°¡¼ °á±¹
¹ÌÀûÀÎ Ç㹫ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ºüÁ®µå´ÂÁö ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. °úÇеµ ½ÅÇеµ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å½±¸¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑÁÖÁö ¸øÇßÀ¸³ª, ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µéÀ» À¯ÀÍÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÏ¸ç ¼±ÇÑ »îÀ» »ç´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¾È¿¡¼ Ãß·ÐÀÌ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ °¨Á¤À»
Àϱú¿ö ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â Á¾±³·Î µ¹¾Æ ¿Ô´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¾ó¸¶ µÚ¿¡ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¿Í ÀǷʵéÀ» µÚ·ÎÇÏ°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¿ø·¡, ƯÈ÷ »ê»ó
¼³±³¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃµÈ ´ë·ÎÀÇ, °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ½º½º·Î ޱ¸Çϱâ À§Çؼ ¶°³µ´Ù. ±×´Â º¹À½¼µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ø¿ª,
Á¶È ¹× ¿ä¾àÀ» ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ ¿©»ý µ¿¾È ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛǰµé ¾È¿¡ ±× °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â Ưº°È÷ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦
ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¸ç ³ÊÈñ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó´Â °è¸í¿¡ °¨¸í ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Åä´ë¸¦ °¡Áö°í ±×´Â ÀüÀï ±×¸®°í ¹üÁËÀÚÀÇ
óÇüµé¿¡¼ Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »çȸµéÀÇ À§¼±À» ÁúŸÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÇ ¼¼°¡Áö ¿øÀεéÀÌ Àç»êÀÇ
ºÒÆòµîÇÑ ºÐ¹è, ±º»ç Á¦µµ, ±×¸®°í °ÅÁþµÇ¸ç ±â¸¸ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³¶ó°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡¿¡¼ ±×´Â
¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» Á¤Åë ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸® ¹× °üÇàµé°ú ´ëºñÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? ¿¡¼
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¸ð½ºÅ©¹ÙÀÇ ºó¹Î°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ °üÂûµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ºó°ïÀÇ ¿øÀεéÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦
°áÁ¤ÇÔ¿¡¼ ±×´Â ¼¼°¡Áö¸¦ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù: |
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1) not to lie to oneself or be afraid of the truth,
2) to renounce one's sense of righteousness, prerogatives, and
privileges, and
3) to labor with one's whole being to support oneself and
others.
¡¡ |
1) ½º½º·Î¸¦
¼ÓÀÌÁö ¸»¶ó ¶Ç´Â Áø¸®¸¦ µÎ·Á¿ö Ç϶ó,
2) ÀǷοò, ƯÀüµé, Ư±Çµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀνÄÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó, ±×¸®°í
3) ÀÚ±â ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÎ¾çÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿Â¸öÀ» ´ÙÇÏ¿© ³ëµ¿Ç϶ó. |
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In 1891 a severe famine occurred in Russia, and visiting a
friend in Ryazan Province, Tolstoy was moved to work in relief
efforts, although his pleas for help were attacked by government
officials. In 1897 he published What is Art? propounding
that in good art the soul of the artist infects his audience by
means of sympathetic feelings, and he hailed religious art which
flows from the love of God and man as the highest art. True art
encourages peaceful co-existence of people not by the external
means of courts, police, and institutions, but "through the
free and joyous activity of men. Art should remove violence."
Art can teach people how to feel for other people and recognize
the universal brotherhood of humanity so that the kingdom of love
may be established. |
1891³â Áöµ¶ÇÑ ±â±ÙÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸®¾ÆÀÜ Áö¹æÀÇ
ÇÑ Ä£±¸¸¦ ¹æ¹®Çϸé¼, ºñ·Ï µµ¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ È£¼Ò´Â Á¤ºÎ °ü¸®µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ø°Ý ¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±¸È£ Ȱµ¿µé¿¡
ÀÏÇÏ¸é¼ °¨¸í ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 1897³â ±×´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¸¦ ÃâÆÇÇϰí¼, ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú¿¡´Â ¿¹¼ú°¡ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÌ
¿¬¹ÎÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ Ã»ÁßÀ» °¨È½ÃÅ´À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Çϳª´Ô°ú »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Èê·¯ ³ª¿À´Â Á¾±³ ¿¹¼úÀ»
Áö°íÀÇ ¿¹¼ú·Î ȯȣÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀº, ¹ýÁ¤µé, °æÂû ±×¸®°í Á¦µµµé °°Àº ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¼ö´Üµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, "»ç¶÷µéÀÇ
ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ±â»Ý¿¡ Âù ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿©" »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÆòÈ·Î¿î °øÁ¸À» Àå·ÁÇÑ´Ù. "¿¹¼úÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Æø·ÂÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù." ¿¹¼úÀº
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î¶»°Ô ´À³¥ °ÍÀΰ¡ ±×¸®°í ÀηùÀÇ º¸ÆíÀû ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀνÄÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °¡¸£Ä¥ ¼ö
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© »ç¶ûÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ¼¼¿öÁú ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Near the close of the century about 12,000 Dukhobors were being
persecuted in Russia because they refused to serve in the army
since it is against Christian teachings. The persecutions had
depleted their resources so that they did not have the funds to
migrate to America. Tolstoy rapidly completed his novel Resurrection
and turned the considerable sum of money he received from it
over to the Dukhobors and along with other donations, particularly
from English and American Quakers, they were able to move to
Canada. |
¼¼±â¸» ¹«·Æ¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÊÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«ÇÒ
°ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¾à 12,000¸íÀÇ µÎÈ£º¸¸£ÀÎ µéÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¹ÚÇØ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¹ÚÇØ°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ¿øµéÀ»
°í°¥½ÃÄ×À¸¹Ç·Î ¹Ì´ë·úÀ¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÒ ÀÚ±ÝÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ ºÎȰÀ» ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ¿©
±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÞÀº »ó´çÇÑ ±Ý¾×À», ´Ù¸¥, ƯÈ÷ ¿µ±¹°ú ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÄùÀÌÄ¿ µé·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±âÁõǰµé°ú ÇÔ²² µÎÈ£º¸¸£¿¡°Ô
Àü´ÞÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ij³ª´Ù·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
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Tolstoy had adopted a new life-style after his conversion, giving
all his property to his wife and living almost like a peasant. He
gave up smoking and drinking and became a vegetarian. He worked in
the fields, cleaned his own room and made his own boots. Because
of his radical ideas he was excommunicated by the church. Finally
after conflicts between his wife and the leading Tolstoyan
disciple Chertkov the old man left his home at the age of 82 and
died shortly after starting on this pilgrimage as a religious
hermit. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â °³Á¾ ÈÄ¿¡ »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» äÅÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç
Àç»êÀ» ¾Æ³»¿¡°Ô ¹°·ÁÁØ µÚ¿¡ °ÅÀÇ ³óºÎó·³ »ì¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â Èí¿¬ ¹× À½ÁÖ¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ä½ÄÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â
µéÆÇ¿¡¼ ÀÏÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æÀ» û¼ÒÇϰí ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÎÃ÷¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ±ÞÁøÀû »ç»óµé ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×´Â ±³È¸¿¡¼
ÆÄ¹® ´çÇß´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³», ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿Í Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÇÙ½É Á¦ÀÚÀΠüȣÇÁÀÇ ´ÙÅù µÚ¿¡ 82¼¼ ³ªÀÌÀÇ ³ëÀÎÀ¸·Î ÁýÀ» ¶°³µÀ¸¸ç
Á¾±³Àû ÀºµÐÀڷμ ÀÌ °°Àº ¼ø·Ê¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ Á÷ÈÄ¿¡ »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
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¡¡ |
¡¡ |
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Tolstoy's major book on
nonviolence and the way to
peace is The
Kingdom of God is Within You which was completed in 1893. He
begins by surveying the non-resistants in America such as the Quakers,
William Lloyd Garrison, and
Adin Ballou who dedicated
their lives to these principles. He recounts how some people in
Russia refused to do military service because of religious
convictions. Tolstoy explains how not resisting evil with evil is
the way to eliminate evil altogether. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ºñÆø·Â ¹× ÆòÈÀÇ ±æ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁÖ¿ä ¼ÀûÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
³ª¶ó´Â ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ Àִٷμ 1893³â ¿Ï¼ºµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.±×´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀ» ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶µé¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÑ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµµé,
Àª¸®¾ö ·ÎÀÌµå °Ô¸®½¼ ¹× ¾Æµò ¹ß·ç¿Í °°Àº ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹«ÀúÇ×µéÀ» °íÂûÇÏ¸é¼ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ÀϺΠ·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô
Á¾±³Àû ½Å³äµéÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î º´¿ªÀ» ÀÌÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´´ÂÁö ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¾ÇÀ¸·Î¼ ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ
¾î¶»°Ô ¾ÇÀ» ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÎÁö ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. |
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It alone makes it possible to tear the evil out by
the root, both out of one's own heart and out of the neighbor's
heart. This doctrine forbids doing that by which evil is
perpetuated and multiplied. He who attacks another and insults
him, engenders in another the sentiment of hatred, the root of
all evil. To offend another, because he offended us, for the
specious reason of removing an evil, means to repeat an evil
deed, both against him and against ourselves.
|
¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°Í¸¸ÀÌ, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¶À½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ
¸¶À½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ¾ÇÀ» »Ñ¸® ä »Ì¾Æ ³»´Â °ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù. ÀÌ ±³¸®´Â ¾ÇÀÌ ¿µ¼ÓÈµÇ¸ç ¹è°¡µÇ´Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù.
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» °ø°ÝÇÏ¸ç ¸ð¿åÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ ¾È¿¡, ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀÇ »Ñ¸®ÀÎ, Áõ¿ÀÀÇ °¨Á¤À» ½ÏÆ®°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°¡ ¿ì¸®¸¦
ºÐ³ëÄÉ Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¾ÇÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù´Â Çã¿ï ÁÁÀº ÀÌÀ¯·Î ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» ºÐ³ëÄÉ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ±×¸¦ ÇâÇØ¼³ª ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ»
ÇâÇØ¼³ª ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§¸¦ µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. |
Tolstoy responds to five typical criticisms of non-resistance.
First, some assert that violence does not contradict Christ's
teachings, believing that government is not bound by the
admonitions toward humility, forgiveness, and love of enemies;
they simply quote Biblical passages to their liking and ignore the
essence of the teachings. Second, people feel that turning the
other cheek and giving up one's shirt is too high a moral demand
for this world, and that if force were not used to stop evildoers
they would destroy all the good people; however, this argument
destroys the Christian teachings because true Christians do not
wish to judge evil-doers, nor do they consider themselves capable
of judging accurately, nor would they be willing to execute
punishment. The third argument is that although one ought not to
defend oneself he ought to defend his neighbors; this still
contradicts Christ's teaching because Jesus did not allow his
disciples to defend him and because the violence used to defend
against threatened violence may be even worse since we never know
what will result beforehand. Fourth, theologians and defenders of
the church and state consider violations of non resistance as
accidental and even justifiable under certain circumstances such
as wars and executions; yet they do not try to justify the
breaking of other commandments such as against fornication, and
one reason why people ignore non-resistance is because church
preachers do not recognize it. The fifth device is merely to
ignore the question and criticize non-resistants for being
one-sided or extremists; these people are the hardest to reach,
because they are not willing to discuss the issue and assume they
are right without any logical justification whatsoever, being
under a kind of "hypnotic suggestion."
¡¡ |
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¹«ÀúÇ׿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¼¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ºñÆÇµé¿¡ ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù.
ù ¹øÂ°·Î, ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀº, Á¤ºÎ°¡ °â¼Õ, ¿ë¼, ¹× ¿ø¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ» À§ÇÑ Ãæ°íµé¿¡ ±¸¼ÓµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¿©±â¸é¼,
Æø·ÂÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé¿¡ ¸ð¼øµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù; ±×µéÀº ±×Àú ±×µéÀÇ ±âºÐ´ë·Î ¼º°æ ±¸ÀýÀ» ÀοëÇÏ¸é¼ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÇ
º»ÁúÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÑ´Ù. µÎ ¹øÂ°·Î, »ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »´À» ³»¹Ð°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿ÊÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ¸·Î¼´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ³ôÀº µµ´öÀû
¿ä±¸À̸ç, ¸¸ÀÏ Çà¾ÇÀÚµéÀ» ¸ØÃß±â À§ÇØ ÈûÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ±×µéÀº ¸ðµç ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÆÄ¸ê½Ãų °ÍÀ̶ó°í
»ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÂüµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀº Çà¾ÇÀÚµéÀ» ½ÉÆÇÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶óÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ±×µéÀº ½º½º·Î°¡ Á¤È®È÷ ½ÉÆÇÇÒ ´É·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ Ã³¹úÀ» °¡ÇÒ Àǻ簡 ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̱â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼ ¹øÂ°ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹æ¾îÇØ¼´Â ¾ÈµÇÁö¸¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; À̰ÍÀº
¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¸ð¼øµÈ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé À§ÇùÇÏ´Â Æø·Â¿¡ ¸Â¼¼ ¹æ¾îÇϰíÀÚ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Æø·ÂÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ »çÀü¿¡ ¾î¶²
°á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö °áÄÚ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ½ÉÁö¾î ´õ ¾ÇÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ³× ¹øÂ°´Â, ½ÅÇÐÀÚµé°ú ±³È¸ ¹× ±¹°¡ÀÇ
¼öÈ£ÀÚµéÀº ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ À§¹ÝµéÀ» ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ½ÉÁö¾î ÀüÀïµéÀ̳ª »çÇüÁýÇàµé°ú °°Àº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »óȲµé¿¡¼ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº °£À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Í°ú °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ °è¸íµéÀÇ À§¹ÝÀ» Á¤´çÈÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹«ÀúÇ×À»
¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¼¸ ¹øÂ° ÀåÄ¡´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù ±×¸®°í ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÚµéÀÌ ÆíÆÄÀûÀ̰ųª ±Ø´ÜÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ̶ó°í ºñ³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå Á¢±ÙÇÏ±â ¾î·Æ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
±×µéÀº ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ ³íÀÇÇϱ⸦ ²¨¸®¸ç µµ´ëü ¾Æ¹«·± ³í¸®Àû Á¤´çȵµ ¾øÀÌ, ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ "ÃÖ¸é ¾Ï½Ã" ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ±×µéÀÌ
¿Ç´Ù°í °¡Á¤Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù |
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Tolstoy delineates the following five ideals and commandments of
Christ expressed in the Sermon on the Mount: |
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ »ê»ó ¼³±³¿¡¼ Ç¥¸íÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö
ÀÌ»óµé°ú °è¸íµéÀ» ¿ä¾àÇÏ¿´´Ù: |
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1) have no ill-will against anyone, but love all;
don't even offend with a word;
2) complete chastity, even in thought;
3) live only in the present and don't worry about the future;
don't swear and don't promise;
4) never use violence nor repay evil with evil, but suffer
insult and give up possessions; and
5) love our enemies and those who hate us by treating them as
ourselves.
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1)
¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ ÀûÀǸ¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¸»¶ó, ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµÎ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó; ½ÉÁö¾î ¸»·Î¼ ±âºÐÀ» »óÇϰԵµ ¸»¶ó;
2) ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¼ø°á, ½ÉÁö¾î »ý°¢Á¶Â÷µµ;
3) ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇöÀç¿¡ »ì °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿°·ÁÄ¡ ¸»¶ó; ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; ±×¸®°í ¾à¼ÓÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó;
4) °áÄÚ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ±×¸®°í ¾ÇÀ» ¾ÇÀ¸·Î °±Áö ¸»¶ó; ±×·¯³ª ¸ð¿åÀ» ÂüÀ¸¶ó ±×¸®°í Àç»êÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó; ±×¸®°í
5) ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àû°ú ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ì¸® Àڽŵéó·³ ´ë¿ìÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ç¶ûÇ϶ó. |
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For Tolstoy these commandments are to be practiced now, and
they will be followed by higher ones on the path to perfection.
These teachings transcend the social conception of life which may
be limited by exclusive love of one's family, tribe, nation, race,
or even humanity. These and socialistic brotherhoods are based on
the love of personality, but the Christian love ever expands
because it is based on the love of God. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÌµé °è¸íµéÀº ¹Ù·Î Áö±Ý ½ÇÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿Ï¼ºÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ±æ¿¡¼ ´õ¿í ³ôÀº °Íµé·Î ÀÌÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡Á·,
Á¾Á·, ±¹°¡, ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹èŸÀûÀÎ »ç¶û¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Á¦ÇÑµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ´Ù. À̰͵é°ú
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀû ÇüÁ¦¾ÖµéÀº °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶û¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµÀû »ç¶ûÀº ¿µ¿øÈ÷ È®ÀåµÈ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
»ç¶û¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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Tolstoy points out the contradiction of the military in a society
which professes itself to be Christian - believing in the
brotherhood of men and being prepared for hostility and murder -
"of being at the same time a Christian and a gladiator."
Tolstoy finds three prevalent attitudes to war. Those who consider
it accidental and propose diplomatic and international solutions.
Others deplore the horrors of war but believe that it is
inevitable; these are the pessimistic writers who describe how
terrible life is but offer no real solution. The third group has
lost its conscience and justifies wars as part of natural
evolution and the survival of the fittest. For Tolstoy even the
first group which organizes societies and diplomatic methods to
resolve conflicts is rather like trying to catch a bird by putting
salt on his tail; the salt can only be used if the bird is as good
as caught anyway. Thus international agreements will only be
effective when men have decided to renounce the use of weapons.
Therefore the critical step is to refuse to participate in or
support military forces. Tolstoy compares the advantages and
disadvantages for a person to submit or not to submit to military
service and summarizes the advantages in these words: |
½º½º·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÓÀ» °í¹éÇÏ´Â »çȸ¿¡¼ ±º´ëÀÇ -- »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¸¦ ¹ÏÀ¸¸é¼ µ¿½Ã¿¡ Àû´ë ÇàÀ§¿Í »ìÀÎÀÇ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â -- ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ °ËÅõ»çÀÎ" ¸ð¼øÀ» ÁöÀûÇØ ³½´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ¼¼°¡Áö ŵµµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù. ÀüÀïÀ» ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ¶ó ¿©±â¸ç ¿Ü±³Àû ¹× ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áµéÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µé. ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀüÀïÀÇ °øÆ÷¸¦ À¯°¨À¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù; ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº »îÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª
²ûÁ÷ÇÑÁö¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â ºñ°üÀûÀÎ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ¸ç ¾Æ¹«·± Çö½ÇÀû ÇØ´äÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¼¼ ¹øÂ° ±×·ìÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ÀÒ¾î
¹ö¸®°í¼ ÀüÀïµéÀ» ÀÚ¿¬Àû ÁøÈ ¹× ÀûÀÚ»ýÁ¸ÀÇ ÀϺημ Á¤´çÈÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡°Ô´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ºÐÀïµéÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ ´Üüµé°ú
¿Ü±³Àû ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» Á¶Á÷Çϴ ù ¹øÂ° ±×·ì¸¶Àúµµ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¹¯È÷°í¼ »õ¸¦ ÀâÀ¸·Á ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº
°ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¼Ò±ÝÀº ¾î·µç »õ°¡ ÀâÈú Á¤µµ¶ó¸é ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÇùÁ¤µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
¹«±âµéÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» Æ÷±âÇÑ´Ù°í °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¶§¿¡ È¿°úÀûÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ´Ü°è´Â ±º´ë¿¡ Âü¿©Çϰųª ÁöÁöÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ º´¿ª¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϰųª º¹Á¾ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÌÀÍµé ¹× ºÒÀÌÀ͵éÀ» ºñ±³Çϸç ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº
¸»µé·Î ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» ¿ä¾àÇÑ´Ù: |
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For him who has not refused, the advantages will
consist in this, that, having submitted to all the humiliations
and having executed all the cruelties demanded of him, he may,
if he is not killed, receive red, golden, tin-foil decorations
over his fool's garments, and he may at best command hundreds of
thousands of just such bestialized men as himself, and be called
a field-marshall, and receive a lot of money. |
°ÅºÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº
»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼, ÀÌÀ͵éÀº ÀÌ¿Í °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, Áï, ¸ðµç ±¼¿åµé¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ°í ±×¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ¸ðµç ÀÜÇÐ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇϰí
³ª¸é, ±×´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ, ±×°¡ »ìÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ±×ÀÇ ¹Ùº¸ °°Àº Á¦º¹µé À§¿¡ ºÓ°í, ±Ý»öÀÇ, Àº¹ÚÁö¸¦ ¾º¿î ÈÆÀåµéÀ» ¹ÞÀ»
°ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ±â²¯ÇØ¾ß ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ½Åó·³ Áü½Âó·³ º¯ÇÑ ¼ö½Ê¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» È£·ÉÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, À°±º ¿ø¼ö¶ó ºÒ¸± °ÍÀ̸ç,
¸¹Àº µ·À» ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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But the advantages of him who refuses will consist in this, that
he will retain his human dignity, will earn the respect of good
men, and, above all else, will know without fail that he is
doing God's work, and so an incontestable good to men.
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±×·¯³ª
°ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ͵éÀº ÀÌ¿Í °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, Áï, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àΰ£À¸·Î¼ÀÇ Á¸¾öÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¼±·®ÇÑ
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¸°æÀ» ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¸ÕÀú, Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×°¡, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ¼±ÇÑ, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ
ÀÏÀ» Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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How, then, does society make soldiers of its men? by
intimidation, bribery, hypnotization, and segregation from
civilian society. Observing the stirrings of revolutionary
movements Tolstoy correctly predicts that the communists and
socialists will put even the economic sphere under the control of
the government. The Christian solution of nonviolence must be used
if men are ever to free themselves from enslavement to violent
institutions. Those who follow a merely social concept of life do
not refuse to submit, and many fight and kill in the name of
liberty, equality, and fraternity. However, the true Christian is
liberated from social powers because he lives "the divine law
of love, which is implanted in the soul of every man and is
brought into consciousness by Christ." Although he may suffer
external violence or physical imprisonment, the Christian is free
(not a slave of sin) and therefore is not compelled by external
threats. Freedom is not found in external things but in the inward
liberation of choosing what is loving. Tolstoy cites cases where
conscientious Christians refused to submit to military service and
to swear such an oath or refused to pay taxes; he observes that
they are more effective with peaceful disobedience than are the
socialists, communists, and anarchists with their bombs, riots,
and revolutions, for governments know how to handle external
threats. Force can fight force, but love and peace have a subtle
power all their own. He concludes, "The governments feel
their indefensibleness and weakness, and the men of the Christian
consciousness are awakening from their lethargy and are beginning
to feel their strength. |
±×·¸´Ù¸é, »çȸ´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ±×µéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» º´»çµé·Î ¸¸µå´Â°¡? Çù¹Ú,
³ú¹°, ÃÖ¸é ±×¸®°í ¹Î°£ »çȸ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ °Ý¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼. Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓµéÀÇ ºÐÁÖÇÔÀ» °üÂûÇÏ°í¼ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ½ÉÁö¾î °æÁ¦Àû ¹üÁÖµé ¸¶Àú Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÅëÁ¦¾Æ·¡ µÑ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¿¹°ßÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¤¸»·Î Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ
üÁ¦µé¿¡ ¿¹¼ÓµÊÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ö Áö°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ºñÆø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÃ¥ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ü¼øÈ÷
»çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» µû¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº º¹Á¾ÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚÀ¯, Æòµî, ±×¸®°í ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î
½Î¿ì°í Á×ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª, ÂüµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº »çȸÀû ±Ç·Âµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æµÈ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â "½Å¼ºÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ À²¹ýÀ¸·Î »ì¸ç,
±×°ÍÀº Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ½É¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿À±â" ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Æø·ÂÀ̳ª
½ÅüÀû °¨±ÝÀ» °ÞÀ» Áö¶óµµ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ì¸ç (ÁËÀÇ ³ë¿¹°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç) ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Çù¹Úµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °Á¦µÇÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶ûÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¼±ÅÃÇÔ¿¡ °üÇÑ ³»ÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ
±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀÌ º´¿ª¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °Í ¶Ç´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´°Å³ª ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³³ºÎÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ ¿¹µéÀ»
ÀοëÇÏ´Ù; ±×´Â ÆòÈÀûÀÎ ºÒº¹Á¾À» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ÆøÅºµé, Æøµ¿µé, ±×¸®°í Çõ¸íµéÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé,
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, ±×¸®°í ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé º¸´Ù, ´õ¿í È¿°úÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº Æø·Â¿¡ ¸Â¼³ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, »ç¶û°ú ÆòÈ´Â
¸ðµÎ ±× ÀÚü·Î¼ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÈûÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸°´Ù: "Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¹æ¾îÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½°ú ³ª¾àÇÔÀ»
´À³¤´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¹«±â·Â¿¡¼ ±ú¾î³ª°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ÈûÀ» ´À³¢±â ½ÃÀÛÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù." |
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Those who try to rule with violence are obviously breaking the
golden rule and are morally inferior to those who prefer suffering
violence to doing violence. The state tries to justify its
violence with the assumption that it prevents violence, but
Tolstoy holds that if the government stopped all its violence then
the total amount of violence would decrease. Since it is the bad
or morally inferior who do violence, the government has placed
itself among the bad. Violence will never cease due to the threat
of violence but only when people become good and refrain from it
altogether. Thus society improves as more and more people renounce
the cruelty of violence. Violence distorts public opinion as to
what is right and obscures people's recognition of the true
spiritual forces of humanity. When public opinion condemns
violence, then using violence in government becomes less desirable
and those holding positions tend to use less violence. Inevitably
people will eventually see the uselessness, silliness, and
indecency of violence, and weapons will no longer be employed. The
kingdom of God will come as we live by the light within us. |
Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ´Ù½º¸®°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ Ȳ±Ý·ü(Golden
Rule)À» ±úÆ®¸®´Â °ÍÀ̸ç
Æø·ÂÀ» ÇàÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â Æø·ÂÀ» ÂüÀ½À» ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ù µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µîÇÏ´Ù. ±¹°¡´Â ±×µéÀÌ Æø·ÂÀ» ¹æÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀüÁ¦·Î¼
±×µéÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» Á¤´çÈÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¸¸ÀÏ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀ» Áß´ÜÇÑ´Ù¸é Æø·ÂÀÇ Àüü ¾çÀº ÁÙ¾îµé
°ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÇÇϰųª µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µîÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ̹ǷÎ, Á¤ºÎ´Â ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚµé °¡¿îµ¥
µÎ¾ú´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº °áÄÚ Æø·ÂÀÇ À§Çù ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸ØÃßÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼±ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¶§¿¡ ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ»
ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î »ï°¥ ¶§¿¡ ¸ØÃâ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© »çȸ´Â ´õ¿í ´õ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Æø·Â°ú °°Àº ÀÜÇÐ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Æ÷±âÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó
°³¼±µÈ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©·ÐÀ» ¿Ö°îÇϸç ÀηùÀÇ ÂüµÈ ¿µÀûÀÎ Èûµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀ» È帮°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
¿©·ÐÀÌ Æø·ÂÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÒ ¶§, Á¤ºÎ¿¡¼ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÔÀÌ ´ú ¹Ù¶÷Á÷½º·¯¿öÁö°í, ÁöÀ§µéÀ» °¡Áø ÀÚµéÀÌ Æø·ÂÀ» ´ú »ç¿ëÇϰÔ
µÈ´Ù. ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀº °á±¹ Æø·ÂÀÇ ¹«¿ëÇÔ, ¾î¸®¼®À½ ±×¸®°í ²Ã»ç³ª¿òÀ» º¼ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹«±âµéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ»
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºû¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© »ì¾Æ°¨¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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In the last fifteen years of his life Tolstoy wrote numerous
articles and letters promoting the philosophy of nonviolence and
the technique of civil disobedience. He expressed his gratitude to
several American writers who especially influenced him, namely, Garrison, Parker,
Emerson, Ballou, and Thoreau. He repeated the
basic principle that murder is wrong and that killing one's fellow
human beings in any circumstances is murder. Thus the simple truth
is that war and executions are murder, even though people try to
justify them. The essential solution to war is for people to
realize what it really is and call it by its right name. "It
should be understood that an army is an instrument of murder, that
the recruiting and drilling of armies which Kings, Emperors, and
Presidents carry on with so much self-assurance are preparations
for murder." Therefore a Christian cannot be a soldier, that
is, a murderer, and a man with any sense will not enslave himself
to a master whose business is killing. The way to end war, then,
is for those who recognize that it is wrong to refrain from
fighting and even to cease supporting warlike governments by
refusing to pay their taxes. Those who are not hypnotized into the
wrongdoing must refuse; those who do follow reason, conscience,
and God will always attain the best results for themselves and for
the world. They say something like this: |
±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· 15³â¿¡, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ºñÆø·ÂÀÇ Ã¶Çаú ½Ã¹Î
ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ ±â¼úÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ³í¹®µé°ú ¼ÇѵéÀ» ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô Ưº°È÷ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿©·¯ ÀÛ°¡µé -
Áï, °Ô¸®½¼, ÆÄÄ¿, ¿¡¸Ó½¼, ¹ß·ç, ±×¸®°í ¼Ò·Î - ¿¡°Ô °¨»ç¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù. ±×´Â »ìÀÎÀº ¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼µç
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿·á Àΰ£µéÀ» Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀº »ìÀÎÀ̶ó´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¿øÄ¢µéÀ» ¹Ýº¹Çß´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ´Ü¼øÇÑ Áø¸®´Â ÀüÀï°ú »çÇüµéÀº, ºñ·Ï
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» Á¤´çÈÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÒ Áö¶óµµ, »ìÀÎÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÃ¥Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ
ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×°ÍÀÇ Á¤´çÇÑ À̸§À¸·Î ºÎ¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. "±º´ë´Â »ìÀÎ µµ±¸ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í, ¿Õµé,
ȲÁ¦µé, ±×¸®°í ´ëÅë·ÉµéÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï ¸¹Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀ» °¡Áö°í °è¼ÓÇÏ´Â ±º´ëµéÀÇ Ãæ¿ø ¹× ÈÆ·ÃÀº »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ÁغñµéÀÓÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù." ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº ±ºÀÎÀÌ, Áï »ìÀÎÀÚ°¡, µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ±×¸®°í Àϸ»ÀÇ °¨Á¤ÀÌ¶óµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº »ìÀÎÀÌ
»ç¾÷ÀÎ ÁÖÀο¡°Ô ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¿¹¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ÀüÀïÀ» ³¡³»´Â ±æÀº ÀüÀïÀÌ ³ª»Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
½Î¿ì±â¸¦ ¸ØÃß°í, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼¼±Ý ³³ºÎ¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á È£ÀüÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎµéÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃß´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Çà¾ÇÇÔÀ¸·Î ÃÖ¸éµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã °ÅºÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; À̼º, ¾ç½É, ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ µû¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª
ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ±×¸®°í ¼¼»óÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÃÖ»óÀÇ °á°úµéÀ» ¾òÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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What you tell us about the danger threatening us, and
about your anxiety to guard us against it, is a fraud. All the
states are assuring us that they desire peace, and yet at the
same time all are arming themselves against the others.
Moreover, according to that law, which you yourselves recognize,
all men are brothers, and it makes no difference whether one
belongs to this state or to that; therefore the idea of our
being attacked by other nations, with which you try to frighten
us, has no terror for us; we regard it as a matter of no
importance. The essential thing, however, is that the law given
to us by God and recognized even by you who are requiring us to
participate in killing, distinctly forbids, not killing only,
but also every kind of violence. Therefore we cannot, and will
not, take part in your preparations for murder, we will give no
money for the purpose, and we will not attend the meetings
arranged by you with the object of perverting men's minds and
consciences, and transforming them into instruments of violence,
obedient to any bad man who may choose to make use of them.
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¿ì¸®¸¦ À§ÇùÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ±× À§Çè¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ ¸Â¼¼
¿ì¸®¸¦ ÁöÄÑÁÖ·Á´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¿°·Á¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ç±â´Ù. ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ Æòȸ¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù°í
¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¼Ò¸®Ä£´Ù, ±×·¯³ª µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé¿¡ ¸Â¼¼ ½º½º·Î ¹«ÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ ¹ý·ü¿¡ µû¸£¸é,
±×°ÍÀ» ´ç½Åµé ½º½º·Î°¡ ÀÎÁ¤ Çϰí ÀÖµíÀÌ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ÇüÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ÀÌ ±¹°¡¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏµç ¾Æ´Ï¸é Àú ±¹°¡¿¡
¼ÓÇÏµç ¾Æ¹«·± Â÷À̰¡ ¾ø´Ù; ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °ø°Ý ´çÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç»óÀº, ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ³î¶ó°Ô
ÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô´Â ¾Æ¹«·± µÎ·Á¿òÀ» ÁÖÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. º»ÁúÀûÀÎ
°ÍÀº, ±×·¯³ª, Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ì¸®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý »ìÀÎÇÒ °Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ´ç½Åµé¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀÎÁ¤µÈ ±× À²¹ýÀº, »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ
´ç½ÅµéÀÇ Áغñµé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§Çؼ´Â ¾î¶² µ·µµ ³³ºÎÇÏÁö ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ»
°ÍÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ý°¢µé°ú ¾ç½ÉµéÀ» ¿Ö°î½ÃŰ·Á´Â, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» Æø·ÂÀÇ µµ±¸µé·Î º¯Çü½ÃÄѼ, ±×µéÀ»
ÀÌ¿ëÇϰíÀÚ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ¾î´À ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ôµµ ¼øÁ¾Åä·Ï ÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ·Î ´ç½Åµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °èȹµÈ ¸ðÀӵ鿡 Âü¼®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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Now the real struggle is between
those who use violence and those who refuse to be violent. Thus
Tolstoy urges both officers and soldiers to resign. He exposes the
cruel punishments the army uses to turn men into less than
animals, into machines, which perform deeds most repulsive to
human nature. He exhorts men to obey God rather than the shameful
commands of men. |
ÀÌÁ¦ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÅõÀïÀº Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú Æø·ÂÀûÀ̱⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â Àå±³µé°ú
º´»çµé¿¡°Ô ¹°·¯³¯ °ÍÀ» Ã˱¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ±º´ë°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀ» µ¿¹°µé ¸ð´Ù ¸øÇÑ »óÅ·Î, À̵éÀ» Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ °¡Àå Çø¿À½º·±
´À³¢´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ±â°è·Î, º¯Çü½Ã۴µ¥ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÜȤÇÑ Ã³¹úµéÀ» Æø·ÎÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼öÄ¡½º·± ¸í·Éµé¿¡
º¹Á¾ÇÏ´À´Ï Çϳª´Ô¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÒ °ÍÀ» °±ÇÇÑ´Ù. |
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We must learn to see through the
perverted rationalizations that governments use to justify war.
Tolstoy particularly warns against the dangerous sentiment of
patriotism which he defines as "the preference for one's own
country or nation above the country or nation of any one else" and
finds it aptly illustrated in the German patriotic song,
Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles. This sentiment he regards
as immoral because it violates the golden rule by trying to
benefit oneself at the expense of others. In patriotism Tolstoy
sees "a means of obtaining for the rulers their ambitions and
covetous desires, and for the ruled the abdication of human
dignity, reason, and conscience, and a slavish enthrallment to
those in power." Patriotism must inevitably yield to universal
brotherhood. Tolstoy proposes that the most important changes in
the life of humanity are not brought about by armies nor machines
nor exhibitions nor labor unions nor revolutions nor inventions
but by a change in public opinion. We need only to stop lying to
ourselves and realize that "strength is not in force but in
truth." Oppressive governments fear the clear expression of
thought more than anything else; spiritual force is free and
always accessible in the depths of human consciousness. We must
learn to use the consciousness of truth by expressing what we know
is right. By expressing the truth the new public opinion will
become enlightened. This truth is found in our consciences and is
given to us by God. Christ gave us his peace, but it is up to us
to bring it into realization. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀüÀïÀ» Á¤´çÈÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿Ö°îµÈ ÇÕ¸®ÈµéÀ» ²ç¶Õ¾î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â
"ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¹°¡ ¶Ç´Â ¹ÎÁ·À» ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±¹°¡³ª ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ìÀ§¿¡ µÎ´Â" °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇϸç, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ
¾Ö±¹°¡ÀÎ,
Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles¿¡ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ¿¹½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â,
¾Ö±¹½ÉÀ̶ó´Â À§Ç轺·± Á¤¼¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ °æ°íÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Á¤¼¸¦ ±×´Â ºñµµ´öÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â¸ç, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀÌ·Ó°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Ȳ±Ý·üÀ» À§¹ÝÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Ö±¹½É¿¡¼ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â
"Áö¹èÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ß¸Áµé°ú Ž¿å½º·± ¿å¸ÁµéÀ», ±×¸®°í ÇÇÁö¹èÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾ö, À̼º ±×¸®°í ¾ç½ÉÀÇ
Æ÷±â, ±×¸®°í ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áå Àڵ鿡°Ô ³ë¿¹¿Í °°Àº ¿¹¼ÓÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ» ²ç¶Õ¾î º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Ö±¹½ÉÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö·Î ¹°·¯¼¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀηùÀÇ »î¿¡¼ ÀϾ´Â °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ º¯È´Â ±º´ëµé, ±â°èµé,
Àü½ÃÀûÀÎ °Íµé, ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕµé, Çõ¸íµé, ±×¸®°í ¹ß¸íµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼µµ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿©·ÐÀÇ º¯È¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼¶ó°í Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷
¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ» ¼ÓÀ̱⸦ ¸ØÃß°í "Èû"Àº Æø·ÂÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Áø¸®¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù"´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ï¾ÐÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎµéÀº
»ç»óÀÇ ¸í·áÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÑ´Ù; ¿µÀûÀÎ ÈûÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ¾ðÁ¦³ª Àΰ£ ÀǽÄÀÇ ±íÀº °÷¿¡¼ ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿Ç´Ù°í ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Áø¸®ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. Áø¸®¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »õ·Î¿î
¿©·ÐÀº °è¸ùµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Áø¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸ç Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â
¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ Æòȸ¦ ÁÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. |
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The heroes in this struggle for peace are the martyrs who have
died for refusing to do violence or who have been locked up in
prisons. Many were little known; yet the spiritual power of their
actions can influence consciences of countless people. Tolstoy
prophesies that war must disappear, and he sees many signs of its
demise. "These signs are such as the helpless position of
governments, which more and more increase their armaments; the
multiplication of taxation and the discontent of the nations; the
extreme degree of efficiency with which deadly weapons are
constructed; the activity of congresses and societies of peace;
but above all, the refusals of individuals to take military
service." All of these indicators are much more pronounced
now than they were in the last century. Just as slavery was
recognized as wrong in the nineteenth century and was eventually
eradicated, so too war is now being considered a useless, wicked,
harmful madness which must also be eliminated. Those who are
persecuted for the sake of peace and justice gradually awaken the
consciences of their persecutors, not by coercive force but by
love and persuasion. By renouncing violence the non-resistance
principle recognizes the freedom of every individual to make his
own decisions. By love and rational persuasion humanity can truly
progress toward a better way of life. Tolstoy elucidates three
ways we can know how to act. First, the collective wisdom of
mankind advises us to act toward others as we would have them act
toward us. Second, we can use our reason to see that if people
acted in this way it would be best for everyone. Third, by
listening to our hearts we know by intuition that the loving
action leads to happiness. |
ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Æòȸ¦ À§ÇÑ ÅõÀï¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿µ¿õµéÀº Æø·ÂÀ» ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á×Àº ¶Ç´Â °¨¿Á¿¡ °¤ÇôÀÖ´Â ¼ø±³ÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹Àº
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ ¿µÀûÀÎ ÈûÀº ¹«¼öÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ç½Éµé¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀüÀïÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¶óÁ®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿¹¾ðÇϸç, ±×´Â ÀüÀïÀÇ ¼Ò¸êÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¡ÈĵéÀ» º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. "À̵é ¡Á¶µéÀº
Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ ¹«±â·ÂÇÑ »óÅÂ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ ±×µéÀÇ ±ººñ¸¦ Áõ°Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù; ¼¼±ÝÀÇ ¹è°¡ ±×¸®°í ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ
ºÒ¸¸; Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ¹«±âµéÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î Áö´Â ±ØµµÀÇ È¿À²¼º; ÀÇȸµé ¹× ÆòÈ ´ÜüµéÀÇ È°µ¿; ±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, °³ÀεéÀÇ º´¿ª
¼öÇàÀÇ °ÅºÎµéÀÌ´Ù." À̵é Ç¥½Ãµé ¸ðµÎ´Â Áö³ ¼¼±â¿¡ ÇàÇØÁ³´ø °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ¸¹ÀÌ ¼±¾ðµÇ¾ú´Ù. 19¼¼±â¿¡ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ°¡ ³ª»Û
°ÍÀ¸·Î ÀνĵǾúÀ¸¸ç °á±¹ ±ÙÀýµÇ¾úµíÀÌ, ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÀüÀïµµ ÀÌÁ¦ ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹«ÀÍÇϰí, »ç¾ÇÇϸç, ÇØ·Î¿î
Á¤½ÅÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÆòÈ¿Í Á¤ÀǸ¦ À§ÇÔ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ÚÇØ ¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ¹ÚÇØÀÚ µéÀÇ
¾ç½ÉµéÀ», °¾ÐÀûÀÎ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶û°ú ¼³µæÀ¸·Î¼, ±ú¿ìÃÄÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀ» Æ÷±âÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®´Â
Á¦°¢±â °³ÀÎÀÌ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °áÁ¤µéÀ» ³»¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶û ±×¸®°í À̼ºÀû ¼³µæ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Àηù´Â ´õ ³ªÀº
»îÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î Áø½ÇµÇ°Ô ÀüÁøÇØ ³ª°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇൿÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼¼°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµéÀ»
¹àÇôÁØ´Ù. ù°·Î, ÀηùÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀû ÁöÇý´Â '¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¹Ù¶ó´Â °Íó·³, ¿ì¸®µµ ±×µé¿¡°Ô
ÇàÇÒ °Í'À» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Ãæ°íÇØ ÁØ´Ù. µÑ°·Î, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô
°¡Àå ÁÁÀº °ÍÀÓÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À̼ºÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼Â°·Î, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¡½¿µé¿¡ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÓÀ¸·Î½á, ¿ì¸®´Â
Á÷°ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§°¡ ÇູÀ¸·Î À̲ö´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù. |
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Tolstoy's last book was The Law of Love and the Law of Violence.
He begins the preface, "The only reason why I am writing this
is because, knowing the one means of salvation for Christian
humanity, from its physical suffering as well as from the moral
corruption in which it is sunk, I, who am on the edge of the
grave, cannot be silent." He could see the increasing
conflicts between revolutionaries and governments, between
oppressed nations and their oppressors, state against state and
West against East, but few are aware of the remedies to these
problems. Tolstoy observes that animalistic man is unhappy and
that evil weakens the soul and usually rebounds. Force does not
keep people social, and cruelty and lies must eventually be
replaced by Christ's law of love. "It is this law of love and
its recognition as a rule of conduct in all our relations with
friends, enemies and offenders which must inevitably bring about
the complete transformation of the existing order of things, not
only among Christian nations, but among all the peoples of the
globe." This obviously rules out violence. Although reason is
often used to justify sin, the horrors of wars are much worse than
the motives and justifications for them ever consider. Governments
really use violence so that a minority may continue to exploit a
majority by maintaining the established "order." The
majority allows themselves to be exploited, because they are
deceived and because they have no faith in God but are manipulated
by considerations of self-interest. Tolstoy reiterates the need to
refuse military service and describes the joy experienced by some
of those he saw in prison. Although conditions in the world seem
to be reaching a point where there seems to be no solution, the
supreme law of love is still the way to salvation. Conscience has
been the moving impulse behind the gradual evolution and
recognition of human rights. The type of political or social
system, whether to preserve a monarchy or a republic or replace it
with a socialist or communist regime, if the method is violent,
they cannot but fail until the supreme law of love is universally
practiced, for love transcends all the social systems. We are free
and happy according to how closely we follow the supreme law of
life which is love; when everyone observes the law of love, union
will be realized without effort. These ideas Tolstoy wanted to
convey before he died, that by perfecting our love toward our
fellow man we free ourselves from illusions. |
Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· Ã¥Àº »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ý ±×¸®°í Æø·ÂÀÇ ¹ýÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¼¹®À» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù, "³»°¡
À̰ÍÀ» ¾²´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â, À°Ã¼Àû °íÅë »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °¡¶ó ¾É°í ÀÖ´Â µµ´öÀû Ÿ¶ôÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀû ÀηùÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ
±¸¿øÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ» ¾Ë°í Àֱ⿡, ³ª´Â, ¹«´ýÀÇ ¸ðÅüÀÌ¿¡ ¾É¾Æ¼µµ ħ¹¬ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù." ±×´Â Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú Á¤ºÎµé
»çÀÌÀÇ, ¾ï¾Ð ¹Þ´Â ±¹°¡µé°ú ±×µéÀÇ ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚµé »çÀÌÀÇ, ±¹°¡¿Í ±¹°¡°£ÀÇ ´ëÄ¡ ±×¸®°í ¼¾ç°ú µ¿¾ç »çÀÌÀÇ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °¥µîµéÀ»
º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹«µµ ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÃ¥µéÀ» °ÅÀÇ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â µ¿¹°Àû »ç¶÷Àº
ºÒÇàÇÏ¸ç ¾ÇÇÔÀÌ ¿µÈ¥À» ¾àȽÃ۸ç ÈçÈ÷ µÇµ¹¾Æ ¿ÈÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» Ä£ÀýÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µéÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÀÜȤÇÔ°ú
°ÅÁþµéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ±Ã±Ø¿¡´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀ¸·Î ´ëüµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. "±×¸®½ºµµ ±¹°¡µé ¾È¿¡¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Áö±¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¼¼»ó Áú¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ º¯È¸¦ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀ̸ç,
Ä£±¸µé, ¿ø¼öµé ±×¸®°í À§¹ÝÀÚµé°úÀÇ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç °ü°èµé¿¡¼ÀÇ ÇàÀ§ ¿øÄ¢À¸·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù." À̰ÍÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷
Æø·ÂÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. ºñ·Ï Á˸¦ Á¤´çÈÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© À̼ºÀÌ °¡²û »ç¿ëµÇÁö¸¸, ÀüÀïÀÇ ÀüÀ²Àº ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿±âµé°ú Á¤´çȵéÀÌ
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At the end of his life Tolstoy corresponded with
Mohandas Gandhi concerning the way of love and non-resistance. Two months before
his death he wrote to Gandhi, "Socialism, communism,
anarchism, the Salvation Army, the growth of crime, unemployment
among the population, the growth of the insane luxury of the rich
and the destitution of the poor, the terrible growth in the number
of suicides-all these things are signs of this internal
contradiction which ought to and must be solved - and, of course,
solved in the sense of recognizing the law of love and renouncing
all violence." He praised Gandhi's work in South Africa and
reported about refusals to do military service in Russia.
"However insignificant may be the number of your people who
practice non-resistance and of our people in Russia who refuse
military service, both can boldly say that God is with them. And
God is more powerful than men." Thus the baton of peace and
nonviolence passed to a humble Indian thousands of miles away
whose use of the peace philosophy and nonviolent technique on a
mass scale was to astound the world.
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Àü¿¡ ±×´Â °£µð¿¡°Ô ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½è´Ù, "»çȸÁÖÀÇ, °ø»êÁÖÀÇ, ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ, ±¸¼¼±º, ¹üÁËÀÇ Áõ°¡, ½Ç¾÷ Àα¸, ºÎÀÚÀÇ
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ÇØ°áµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â - ±×¸®°í, ¹°·Ð, »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ±ú´Ý°í ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀ» Æ÷±âÇÔÀÇ Àǹ̿¡¼ ÇØ°áµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â - °°Àº ³»ÀûÀÎ
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"¹«ÀúÇ×À» ½ÇõÇÏ´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ±×¸®°í ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ º´¿ªÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® »ç¼ÒÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¾çÀÚ´Â
Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±×µé°ú ÇÔ²² ÇÑ´Ù°í ´ë´ãÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀº »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ù °·ÂÇÕ´Ï´Ù." ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÆòÈ¿Í
ºñÆø·ÂÀÇ ¿¬°á ¸·´ë´Â ¼öõ ¸¶ÀÏ ¸Ö¸® ÀÖ´Â °â¼ÕÇÑ ÀεµÀο¡°Ô ³Ñ°ÜÁ³À¸¸ç ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´ë±Ô¸ðÀûÀÎ ÆòÈÀÇ Ã¶Çаú ºñÆø·Â
±â¹ýÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº ¼¼»óÀ» ³î¶ó°Ô Çß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
[ Intro by Aylmer Maude ] [ Intro by Flowers ] [ by Sanderson Beck ] [ by E.T. Simmons ] [ by Gary Saul Morson ] [ Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¿¬º¸ ]
[ Home ] [ About Tolstoy ] [ Works Before 1876 ] [ Works After 1876 ] [ A Confession ] [ What I Believe ] [ Gospel In Brief ] [ Kingdom of God ] [ What Is Art? ] [ Tolstoy and His Message ] [ Tolstoy As a Schoolmaster ] [ Introduction to Tolstoy's Writings ] [ Non-Violence / Non-Resistant ] [ Tolstoy Links ] [ Patriotism and Government ] [ Thou Shall Not Kill ] [ To the Tsar and His Assistants ] [ A Letter to Russian Liberals ] [ A Letter to a Hindu ] [ Letter to Gandhi ] [ To The Working People ] [ On Non-Resistance ] [ Last Message to Mankind ]
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