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Leo Tolstoy on the Law of Love

·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ - »ç¶ûÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©


by Sanderson Beck

from THE WAY TO PEACE

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"A Christian does not quarrel with any one,
does not attack any one, nor use violence against one;
on the contrary, he himself without murmuring bears violence;
but by this very relation to violence he not only frees himself,
but also the world from external power. "
Leo Tolstoy
¡¡

"±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº ¾î¶² »ç¶÷°úµµ ´ÙÅõÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç,
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µµ °ø°ÝÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷¿¡°Ôµµ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù;
¹Ý´ë·Î, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀº ¹¬¹¬È÷ Æø·ÂÀ» Âü´Â´Ù;
±×·¯³ª ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Æø·Â°úÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×´Â Àڽлӏ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¼¼»óÀ» ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÑ´Ù."
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ 
" War is so unjust and ugly that all who wage it
must try to stifle the voice of conscience within themselves."
Leo Tolstoy
¡¡
"ÀüÀïÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ÀÇ·ÓÁö ¸øÇϸç ÃßÇÏ¿©¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ¸·À¸·Á ³ë·ÂÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù"
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ
"The evil committed by man not only weakens his soul
and deprives him of true happiness,
but more often than not
falls back on the one who commits it."
Leo Tolstoy
¡¡
"»ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀúÁö¸£´Â ¾ÇÀº ±×ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ¾àÇÏ°Ô Çϸç
±×¿¡°Ô¼­ ÂüµÈ ÇູÀ» ¾Ñ¾Æ°¥ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
´ë°³,
±×°ÍÀ» ¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô µ¹¾Æ ¿Â´Ù."
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ
"Eventually institutional violence will disappear,
not as a result of external action,
but thanks only to the calls of conscience of men
who have awakened to the truth."
Leo Tolstoy
¡¡
"°á±¹ Á¦µµÀû Æø·ÂÀº »ç¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
ÀÌ´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§ÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
Áø¸®¿¡ ´«À» ¶á
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ºÎ¸§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ÀÌ´Ù."
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ

"Every man, in refusing to take part in military service
or to pay taxes to a government
which uses them for military purposes, is,
by this refusal, rendering a great service to God and man,
for he is thereby making use of the most efficacious means
of furthering the progressive movement of mankind
toward that better social order which it is striving after
and must eventually attain."
Leo Tolstoy

"°¢ÀÚÀÇ »ç¶÷Àº, º´¿ª¿¡ Âü°¡
¶Ç´Â ±º»çÀû ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â
Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ¼¼±ÝÀÇ ³³ºÎ¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÒ ¶§¿¡,
±×ÀÇ °ÅºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, Çϳª´Ô°ú »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Ä¿´Ù¶õ ºÀ»ç¸¦ ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù,
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ±×·³À¸·Î½á 
Àηù°¡ Ãß±¸Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Á¾±¹¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Þ¼ºÇØ¾ß ÇÒ
´õ ³ªÀº »çȸÁú¼­¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ÀηùÀÇ Áøº¸Àû ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ»
ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â °¡Àå È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù."
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ 
¡¡
Leo Tolstoy, the son of Count Nicholas Tolstoy, was born on August 28, 1828 (September 9, 1828 in our Gregorian calendar) at the family estate Yasnaya Polyana where he spent most of his life about 100 miles south of Moscow. His mother died before he was two years old, and when he was about nine, his father and grandmother died. Leo was raised by aunts and tutors, and he followed his older brothers to the University of Kazan; wanting to become a diplomat he studied in the Department of Oriental Languages and strove to become a sophisticated gentleman of the world. In 1847 he began to manage his estate at Yasnaya Polyana while also pursuing the social life in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In his diary he formulated rules for living which he had great difficulty following. At age 23 he followed his older brother Nicholas into the army life in the Caucasus, and he fought in the Crimean War until 1856. During this period he struggled with a penchant for gambling, "fits of lust" and "criminal sloth." He criticized the army for lacking loyalty, courage, and dignity, and complained about the corporal punishment inflicted on the soldiers and about the incompetence of the generals. He was only 24 when he wrote in his diary that because war is unjust those who are involved in it must stifle their consciences. He began writing sketches on Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth, short stories, and described the suffering of a civilized man amid the spontaneous lives of the natives in The Cossacks. He studied educational methods and started an experimental school for the local peasants. He formulated his progressive educational theories under the influence of Rousseau's writings and his travels in western Europe. When Leo was 34 he married Sonya who bore him thirteen children and assisted him in his literary career which in the next fifteen years produced two of the greatest novels ever written, War and Peace and Anna Karenina. ·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â, ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀ̸ç, 1828³â 8¿ù 28ÀÏ(¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±×·¹°í¸®·ÂÀ¸·Î´Â 1828³â 9¿ù 9ÀÏ) °¡Á·ÀÇ »çÀ¯ÁöÀÎ ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ª¿¡¼­ Ãâ»ýÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±×´Â ±×°÷¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù ³²ºÎÀÇ ¾à 100¸¶ÀÏ ±Ù¹æ¿¡¼­ º¸³Â´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ±×°¡ µÎ »ìÀÌ µÇ±â Àü¿¡ Á×¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ÇÒ¸Ó´Ï´Â ±×°¡ ¾à 9»ìÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ Á×¾ú´Ù. ·¹¿À´Â ¼÷¸ðµé°ú °¡Á¤±³»çµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾çÀ°µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ÇüµéÀ» µû¶ó¼­ Ä«ÀÜ ´ëÇп¡ µé¾î°¬´Ù; ¿Ü±³°üÀÌ µÇ°í ½Í¾î¼­ ±×´Â µ¿¾ç ¾îÇкο¡¼­ °øºÎÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¼¼»óÀÇ ¼¼·ÃµÈ ½Å»ç°¡ µÇ·Á°í ºÐÅõÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1847³â ±×´Â ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ª¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ »çÀ¯Áö¸¦ ¿î¿µÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÑÆíÀº ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù¿Í ÆäÅ×½ººÎ¸£Å©¿¡¼­ »çȸ »ýȰÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Àϱ⿡¼­ ±×´Â ÀÌÇàÇϱ⿡ ¹«Ã´ Èûµé¾ú´ø »ýȰÀÇ ¿øÄ¢µéÀ» ±ÔÁ¤Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. 23¼¼¿¡ ±×´Â ÇüÀÎ ´ÏÄݶ󽺸¦ µû¶ó¼­ ÄÚÄ«¼­½º¿¡¼­ ±º »ýȰ¿¡ µé¾î°¬À¸¸ç,1856³â±îÁö Å©¸®¹Ì¾Æ ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ½Î¿ü´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ±×´Â µµ¹Ú, "¹æÅÁÇÔ" ¹× "¹üÁËÀû ³ªÅÂÇÔ"¿¡ Ãë¹Ì¿Í ½Î¿ü´Ù. ±×´Â ±º´ë°¡ Ãæ¼º, ¿ë±â ¹× À§¾öÀ» °á¿©Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ºñ³­ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, º´»çµé¿¡°Ô °¡ÇØÁö´Â ü¹ú ±×¸®°í À屺µéÀÇ ¹«´ÉÇÔ µéÀ» ºÒÆòÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àϱ⿡¼­ ÀüÀïÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ·ÓÁö ¸øÇϹǷΠ±×°Í¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ¾ï´­·¯¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ±â·ÏÇÑ °ÍÀº °Ü¿ì 24¼¼¿´´Ù. ±×´Â,  À¯³â½ÃÀý, ¼Ò³â½ÃÀý ¹× û³â½ÃÀý ±×¸®°í ´ÜÆíµé µîÀÇ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒǰÀ» ¾²±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÄÚ»çÅ© »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼­ ¿øÁֹΠµéÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬½º·± »îµé °¡¿îµ¥ ÀÖ´Â ¹®¸íÀÎÀÇ °íÅëÀ» ¹¦»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±³À°¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç Áö¿ª ³óºÎµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ½ÇÇè Çб³¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Áøº¸Àû ±³À° À̷еéÀ» ·ç¼ÒÀÇ ÀÛǰµé ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¼­ºÎ À¯·´ÀÇ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¼­ Çü¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù. ·¹¿À°¡ 34¼¼ÀÏ ¶§ ¼Ò³Ä¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ¿© 13¸íÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ³º¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ÀÌÁ¦±îÁö ¾²¿©Áø °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼Ò¼³µéÁßÀÇ µÎ°¡ÁöÀÎ, ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­ ±×¸®°í ¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î³½ ´ÙÀ½ 15³â°£ ±×ÀÇ ¹®ÇÐÀû ÀÛ¾÷¿¡¼­ ±×¸¦ µµ¿Ô´Ù.
The epic War and Peace describes the lives of five aristocratic families during the Napoleonic Wars between Russia and France. His subtle psychological insights and realistic details create an entire world from various points of view. Tolstoy's own future views are foreshadowed by the esoteric philosophy of the Freemasons who initiate Pierre into their mysteries. He is exhorted to an active life of virtue, and although they endeavor to reform society, they renounce the use of violence. "Every violent reform deserves censure, for it quite fails to remedy evil while men remain what they are, and also because wisdom needs no violence." The answer lies in personal transformation which Pierre undergoes during the course of events. The moral evil of the war is summarized by Tolstoy in these words: ¿õÀåÇÑ ÀüÀï°ú ÆòÈ­´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í ÇÁ¶û½º »çÀÌÀÇ ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë ÀüÀïµé µ¿¾È ´Ù¼¸ ±ÍÁ· °¡¹®µéÀÇ »îµéÀ» ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¼¶¼¼ÇÑ ½É¸®Àû ÅëÂûµé ¹× »ç½ÇÁÖÀÇÀû ¼¼¼¼ÇÑ ¹¦»çµéÀº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö °üÁ¡µé·ÎºÎÅÍ Àüü ¼¼»óÀ» âÁ¶ÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹Ì·¡°üµéÀº ÇÇ¿¡¸£¸¦ ±×µéÀÇ ½Åºñ ÀÇ½Äµé ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ÀÔȸ½ÃŰ´Â ÇÁ¸®¸ÞÀ̽¼µéÀÇ Àº¹ÐÇÑ Ã¶Çп¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿¹°ßµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ¼±À» ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â Àû±ØÀûÀÎ »îÀ» ±Ç°í ¹Þ´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ »çȸ¸¦ °³ÇõÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾²Áö¸¸, ±×µéÀº Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» Æ÷±âÇÑ´Ù. "¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ °³ÇõÀº ºñ³­À» ¹Þ¾Æ ¸¶¶¥ÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×´ë·Î ¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÖ´Â ÇÑÆí, ±×°ÍÀº ÀüÇô ¾ÇÀ» ¾ø¾Ù ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®À̸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ÁöÇý´Â ¾î¶² Æø·Âµµ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù." ´ë´äÀº »ç°ÇµéÀÇ ÁøÇà µ¿¾È ÇÇ¿¡¸£°¡ °Þ´Â °³ÀÎÀû º¯È­¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀüÀïÀÇ µµ´öÀû ¾ÇÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¸»µé·Î ¿ä¾àµÈ´Ù: 

An event took place opposed to human reason and to human nature. Millions of men perpetrated against one another such innumerable crimes, frauds, treacheries, thefts, forgeries, issues of false money, burglaries, incendiarisms, and murders as in whole centuries are not recorded in the annals of all the law courts of the world, but which those who committed them did not at the time regard as being crimes.

ÇÑ »ç°ÇÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ À̼º°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô, ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ýÁ¤µéÀÇ ¿¬´ë±â¿¡ Àüü ±â°£ µ¿¾È ±â·ÏµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¸¸Å­À̳ª ¹«¼öÇÑ ¹üÁ˵é, »ç±âµé, ±â¸¸µé, µµµÏÁúµé, ³¯Á¶µé, À§Á¶ È­Æó ¹®Á¦µé, °­µµÁúµé, ¹æÈ­µé, ±×¸®°í »ìÀεéÀ» ÀúÁú·¶´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀúÁö¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹üÁ˵é·Î ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

Tolstoy does not lay the blame on the leaders and "great men" whom he believes are merely puppets of history, a history that is shaped by the millions of choices made by the countless individuals participating. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±×°¡ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿ª»çÀÇ, Áï, ¹«¼öÇÑ °³ÀεéÀÇ Âü¿©·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ ¼±Åõé·Î ¸ð¾çÀ» °®Ãß´Â ¿ª»çÀÇ, ²ÀµÎ°¢½ÃÀÎ ÁöµµÀÚµé ±×¸®°í "À§´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷µé"À» ºñ³­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

Each man lives for himself, using his freedom to attain his personal aims, and feels with his whole being that he can do or abstain from doing this or that action; but as soon as he has done it, that action performed at a certain moment in time becomes irrevocable and belongs to history, in which it has not a free but a predestined significance.

»ç¶÷Àº Á¦°¢±â, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ¸ñÀûµéÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸ鼭, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§Çؼ­ »ì¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àüü Á¸Àç·Î¼­ ÀÌ·± ¶Ç´Â Àú·± ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÇàÇϰųª »ï°¥ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¼ø°£¿¡ ¼öÇàµÈ ±× ÇàÀ§´Â µÇµ¹¸± ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¸ç ¿ª»ç¿¡ ¼ÓÇØ¹ö¸°´Ù,±×¸®°í ¿ª»ç ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÚÀ¯·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¿¹Á¤µÈ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. 

Thus, although man lives consciously for himself, the social unconscious of collective humanity exerts a greater influence depending on how high the man stands on the social ladder which in turn determines his power over others. This diagnosis was to lead to Tolstoy's twofold solution to the problem of a violent society-that is, the social solution of dismantling the political institutions which by their nature force their power on the people, and the individual solution of refusing to participate in institutions of violence from a sense of inner conscience. In Anna Karenina the Tolstoyan hero Levin declares, "The good of society is dependent upon scrupulous obedience of the moral law engraved in every human heart," and he also believes that "no one, therefore, should desire or advocate war, whatever generous aim it purports to serve." ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ºñ·Ï »ç¶÷Àº ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »ìÁö¸¸, ÁýÇÕÀû ÀηùÀÇ »çȸÀû ¹«ÀǽÄÀº ±× »ç¶÷ÀÌ »çȸÀû °èÃþ¿¡¼­ ¾ó¸¶³ª ³ôÀÌ Àִ°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ´õ¿í Å« ¿µÇâÀ» °¡Çϰí ÀÌ °èÃþÀº ´Ù½Ã ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Áø´ÜÀº Æø·ÂÀû »çȸ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö ÇØ°á·Î À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù - Áï, º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ±× ±Ç·ÂÀ» »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °­Á¦ÇÏ´Â Á¤Ä¡ üÁ¦µéÀ» ÇØÃ¼ÇÏ´Â »çȸÀû ÇØ°á, ±×¸®°í ³»ÀûÀÎ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ Áö°¢À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Æø·ÂÀû üÁ¦µé¿¡ Âü¿©Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª¿¡¼­, Å罺ÅäÀÌÀûÀÎ ¿µ¿õ ·¹ºóÀº ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù, "»çȸÀÇ ¼±Àº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ °¡½¿¿¡ °¢ÀÎµÈ µµ´öÀû À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅÁßÇÑ º¹Á¾¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù," ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ±×´Â "¾î´À ´©±¸µµ, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¾Æ¹«¸® °ü´ëÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Á®¿Ã °ÍÀ̶ó ÀǹÌÇÏ¿©µµ, ÀüÀïÀ» ¿øÇϰųª ¿ËÈ£ÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù"°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù.
In his Confession Tolstoy describes the spiritual crisis he had in 1879 when he contemplated suicide. He explains how literary minds fall away from traditional religion only to get lost in an aesthetic nihilism. Neither science nor theology satisfied his quest for meaning in life, but living a simple and good life to benefit others awakened in him a feeling of faith in God that reasoning could not find. He returned to religion, but after a while he left the dogma and ritual of the church behind to explore for himself the original teachings of Christ especially as presented in the Sermon on the Mount. He made his own translation, harmony, and summary of the gospels and expounded their precepts in his writings for the rest of his life. He was particularly moved by the command not to resist him that is evil but to love your enemies. With this foundation he criticized the hypocrisy of Christian societies which practiced violence in warfare and criminal executions. He felt that the three causes of war in his time were the unequal distribution of property, the military establishment, and false and deceptive religion. In What I Believe he contrasted the teachings of Jesus to the dogma and practices of the Orthodox Church. In What Shall We Do Then? Tolstoy presented his observations of the slums in Moscow and analyzed the causes of poverty. In deciding what to do he suggests three things: ±×ÀÇ "³ªÀÇ °í¹é"¿¡¼­ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÚ»ìÀ» °èȹÇÏ´ø 1879³â¿¡ ±×°¡ °Þ¾ú´ø ¿µÀûÀÎ À§±â¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ¹®ÇÐÀû »ý°¢µéÀÌ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ Á¾±³¿¡¼­ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª°¡¼­ °á±¹ ¹ÌÀûÀÎ Ç㹫ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ºüÁ®µå´ÂÁö ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. °úÇеµ ½ÅÇеµ ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å½±¸¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑÁÖÁö ¸øÇßÀ¸³ª, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À¯ÀÍÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÏ¸ç ¼±ÇÑ »îÀ» »ç´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¾È¿¡¼­ Ãß·ÐÀÌ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀÇ °¨Á¤À» Àϱú¿ö ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â Á¾±³·Î µ¹¾Æ ¿Ô´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¾ó¸¶ µÚ¿¡ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¿Í ÀǷʵéÀ» µÚ·ÎÇÏ°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¿ø·¡, ƯÈ÷ »ê»ó ¼³±³¿¡¼­ Á¦½ÃµÈ ´ë·ÎÀÇ, °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ»  ½º½º·Î ޱ¸Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¶°³µ´Ù. ±×´Â º¹À½¼­µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ø¿ª, Á¶È­ ¹× ¿ä¾àÀ» ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ ¿©»ý µ¿¾È ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛǰµé ¾È¿¡ ±× °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â Ưº°È÷ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¸ç ³ÊÈñ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó´Â °è¸í¿¡ °¨¸í ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Åä´ë¸¦ °¡Áö°í ±×´Â ÀüÀï ±×¸®°í ¹üÁËÀÚÀÇ Ã³Çüµé¿¡¼­ Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »çȸµéÀÇ À§¼±À» ÁúŸÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÇ ¼¼°¡Áö ¿øÀεéÀÌ Àç»êÀÇ ºÒÆòµîÇÑ ºÐ¹è, ±º»ç Á¦µµ, ±×¸®°í °ÅÁþµÇ¸ç ±â¸¸ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³¶ó°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ï´Â°¡¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» Á¤Åë ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸® ¹× °üÇàµé°ú ´ëºñÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? ¿¡¼­ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¸ð½ºÅ©¹ÙÀÇ ºó¹Î°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ °üÂûµéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ºó°ïÀÇ ¿øÀεéÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÔ¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ¼¼°¡Áö¸¦ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù:

1) not to lie to oneself or be afraid of the truth,
2) to renounce one's sense of righteousness, prerogatives, and privileges, and
3) to labor with one's whole being to support oneself and others.

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1) ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¼ÓÀÌÁö ¸»¶ó ¶Ç´Â Áø¸®¸¦ µÎ·Á¿ö Ç϶ó,
2) ÀǷοò, ƯÀüµé, Ư±Çµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀνÄÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó, ±×¸®°í
3) ÀÚ±â ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÎ¾çÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿Â¸öÀ» ´ÙÇÏ¿© ³ëµ¿Ç϶ó.

In 1891 a severe famine occurred in Russia, and visiting a friend in Ryazan Province, Tolstoy was moved to work in relief efforts, although his pleas for help were attacked by government officials. In 1897 he published What is Art? propounding that in good art the soul of the artist infects his audience by means of sympathetic feelings, and he hailed religious art which flows from the love of God and man as the highest art. True art encourages peaceful co-existence of people not by the external means of courts, police, and institutions, but "through the free and joyous activity of men. Art should remove violence." Art can teach people how to feel for other people and recognize the universal brotherhood of humanity so that the kingdom of love may be established. 1891³â Áöµ¶ÇÑ ±â±ÙÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¸®¾ÆÀÜ Áö¹æÀÇ ÇÑ Ä£±¸¸¦ ¹æ¹®Çϸ鼭, ºñ·Ï µµ¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ È£¼Ò´Â Á¤ºÎ °ü¸®µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ø°Ý ¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±¸È£ Ȱµ¿µé¿¡ ÀÏÇϸ鼭 °¨¸í ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 1897³â ±×´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¸¦ ÃâÆÇÇÏ°í¼­, ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú¿¡´Â ¿¹¼ú°¡ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÌ ¿¬¹ÎÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ Ã»ÁßÀ» °¨È­½ÃÅ´À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Çϳª´Ô°ú »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Èê·¯ ³ª¿À´Â Á¾±³ ¿¹¼úÀ» Áö°íÀÇ ¿¹¼ú·Î ȯȣÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀº, ¹ýÁ¤µé, °æÂû ±×¸®°í Á¦µµµé °°Àº ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¼ö´Üµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, "»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ±â»Ý¿¡ Âù ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿©" »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÆòÈ­·Î¿î °øÁ¸À» Àå·ÁÇÑ´Ù. "¿¹¼úÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Æø·ÂÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù." ¿¹¼úÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î¶»°Ô ´À³¥ °ÍÀΰ¡ ±×¸®°í ÀηùÀÇ º¸ÆíÀû ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀνÄÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °¡¸£Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© »ç¶ûÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ¼¼¿öÁú ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 
Near the close of the century about 12,000 Dukhobors were being persecuted in Russia because they refused to serve in the army since it is against Christian teachings. The persecutions had depleted their resources so that they did not have the funds to migrate to America. Tolstoy rapidly completed his novel Resurrection and turned the considerable sum of money he received from it over to the Dukhobors and along with other donations, particularly from English and American Quakers, they were able to move to Canada. ¼¼±â¸» ¹«·Æ¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÊÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±º´ë¿¡ º¹¹«ÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¾à 12,000¸íÀÇ µÎÈ£º¸¸£ÀÎ µéÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ¹ÚÇØ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¹ÚÇØ°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ¿øµéÀ» °í°¥½ÃÄ×À¸¹Ç·Î ¹Ì´ë·úÀ¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÒ ÀÚ±ÝÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ ºÎȰÀ» ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÞÀº »ó´çÇÑ ±Ý¾×À», ´Ù¸¥, ƯÈ÷ ¿µ±¹°ú ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÄùÀÌÄ¿ µé·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±âÁõǰµé°ú ÇÔ²² µÎÈ£º¸¸£¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ij³ª´Ù·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Tolstoy had adopted a new life-style after his conversion, giving all his property to his wife and living almost like a peasant. He gave up smoking and drinking and became a vegetarian. He worked in the fields, cleaned his own room and made his own boots. Because of his radical ideas he was excommunicated by the church. Finally after conflicts between his wife and the leading Tolstoyan disciple Chertkov the old man left his home at the age of 82 and died shortly after starting on this pilgrimage as a religious hermit. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â °³Á¾ ÈÄ¿¡ »õ·Î¿î »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» äÅÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç Àç»êÀ» ¾Æ³»¿¡°Ô ¹°·ÁÁØ µÚ¿¡ °ÅÀÇ ³óºÎó·³ »ì¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â Èí¿¬ ¹× À½ÁÖ¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ä½ÄÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â µéÆÇ¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æÀ» û¼ÒÇϰí ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÎÃ÷¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ±ÞÁøÀû »ç»óµé ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×´Â ±³È¸¿¡¼­ ÆÄ¹® ´çÇß´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³», ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³»¿Í Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÇÙ½É Á¦ÀÚÀΠüȣÇÁÀÇ ´ÙÅù µÚ¿¡ 82¼¼ ³ªÀÌÀÇ ³ëÀÎÀ¸·Î ÁýÀ» ¶°³µÀ¸¸ç Á¾±³Àû ÀºµÐÀڷμ­ ÀÌ °°Àº ¼ø·Ê¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ Á÷ÈÄ¿¡ »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù.
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Tolstoy's major book on nonviolence and the way to peace is The Kingdom of God is Within You which was completed in 1893. He begins by surveying the non-resistants in America such as the Quakers, William Lloyd Garrison, and Adin Ballou who dedicated their lives to these principles. He recounts how some people in Russia refused to do military service because of religious convictions. Tolstoy explains how not resisting evil with evil is the way to eliminate evil altogether. Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ºñÆø·Â ¹× ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ±æ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁÖ¿ä ¼­ÀûÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ Àִٷμ­ 1893³â ¿Ï¼ºµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.±×´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀ» ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶µé¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÑ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµµé, Àª¸®¾ö ·ÎÀÌµå °Ô¸®½¼ ¹× ¾Æµò ¹ß·ç¿Í °°Àº ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹«ÀúÇ×µéÀ» °íÂûÇϸ鼭 ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ÀϺΠ·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô Á¾±³Àû ½Å³äµéÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î º´¿ªÀ» ÀÌÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´´ÂÁö ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¾ÇÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¾ÇÀ» ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÎÁö ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.

It alone makes it possible to tear the evil out by the root, both out of one's own heart and out of the neighbor's heart. This doctrine forbids doing that by which evil is perpetuated and multiplied. He who attacks another and insults him, engenders in another the sentiment of hatred, the root of all evil. To offend another, because he offended us, for the specious reason of removing an evil, means to repeat an evil deed, both against him and against ourselves.

¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°Í¸¸ÀÌ, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¶À½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ ¸¶À½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ¾ÇÀ» »Ñ¸® ä »Ì¾Æ ³»´Â °ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù. ÀÌ ±³¸®´Â ¾ÇÀÌ ¿µ¼ÓÈ­µÇ¸ç ¹è°¡µÇ´Â ÇàÀ§¸¦ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» °ø°ÝÇÏ¸ç ¸ð¿åÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ ¾È¿¡, ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀÇ »Ñ¸®ÀÎ, Áõ¿ÀÀÇ °¨Á¤À» ½ÏÆ®°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°¡ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ºÐ³ëÄÉ Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¾ÇÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù´Â Çã¿ï ÁÁÀº ÀÌÀ¯·Î ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» ºÐ³ëÄÉ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ±×¸¦ ÇâÇØ¼­³ª ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ» ÇâÇØ¼­³ª ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§¸¦ µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. 
Tolstoy responds to five typical criticisms of non-resistance. First, some assert that violence does not contradict Christ's teachings, believing that government is not bound by the admonitions toward humility, forgiveness, and love of enemies; they simply quote Biblical passages to their liking and ignore the essence of the teachings. Second, people feel that turning the other cheek and giving up one's shirt is too high a moral demand for this world, and that if force were not used to stop evildoers they would destroy all the good people; however, this argument destroys the Christian teachings because true Christians do not wish to judge evil-doers, nor do they consider themselves capable of judging accurately, nor would they be willing to execute punishment. The third argument is that although one ought not to defend oneself he ought to defend his neighbors; this still contradicts Christ's teaching because Jesus did not allow his disciples to defend him and because the violence used to defend against threatened violence may be even worse since we never know what will result beforehand. Fourth, theologians and defenders of the church and state consider violations of non resistance as accidental and even justifiable under certain circumstances such as wars and executions; yet they do not try to justify the breaking of other commandments such as against fornication, and one reason why people ignore non-resistance is because church preachers do not recognize it. The fifth device is merely to ignore the question and criticize non-resistants for being one-sided or extremists; these people are the hardest to reach, because they are not willing to discuss the issue and assume they are right without any logical justification whatsoever, being under a kind of "hypnotic suggestion."
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Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¹«ÀúÇ׿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¼¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ºñÆÇµé¿¡ ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù. ù ¹øÂ°·Î, ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀº, Á¤ºÎ°¡ °â¼Õ, ¿ë¼­, ¹× ¿ø¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ» À§ÇÑ Ãæ°íµé¿¡ ±¸¼ÓµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¿©±â¸é¼­, Æø·ÂÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé¿¡ ¸ð¼øµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù; ±×µéÀº ±×Àú ±×µéÀÇ ±âºÐ´ë·Î ¼º°æ ±¸ÀýÀ» ÀοëÇϸ鼭 °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÇ º»ÁúÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÑ´Ù. µÎ ¹øÂ°·Î, »ç¶÷µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »´À» ³»¹Ð°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿ÊÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ¸·Î¼­´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ³ôÀº µµ´öÀû ¿ä±¸À̸ç, ¸¸ÀÏ Çà¾ÇÀÚµéÀ» ¸ØÃß±â  À§ÇØ ÈûÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ±×µéÀº ¸ðµç ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÆÄ¸ê½Ãų °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÂüµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀº Çà¾ÇÀÚµéÀ» ½ÉÆÇÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶óÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ±×µéÀº ½º½º·Î°¡ Á¤È®È÷ ½ÉÆÇÇÒ ´É·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ Ã³¹úÀ» °¡ÇÒ Àǻ簡 ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼ ¹øÂ°ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹æ¾îÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇÁö¸¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; À̰ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¸ð¼øµÈ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé À§ÇùÇÏ´Â Æø·Â¿¡ ¸Â¼­¼­ ¹æ¾îÇϰíÀÚ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Æø·ÂÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ »çÀü¿¡ ¾î¶² °á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö °áÄÚ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ½ÉÁö¾î ´õ ¾ÇÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ³× ¹øÂ°´Â, ½ÅÇÐÀÚµé°ú ±³È¸ ¹× ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼öÈ£ÀÚµéÀº ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ À§¹ÝµéÀ» ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ½ÉÁö¾î ÀüÀïµéÀ̳ª »çÇüÁýÇàµé°ú °°Àº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »óȲµé¿¡¼­ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº °£À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Í°ú °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ °è¸íµéÀÇ À§¹ÝÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹«ÀúÇ×À» ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¼¸ ¹øÂ° ÀåÄ¡´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù ±×¸®°í ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÚµéÀÌ ÆíÆÄÀûÀ̰ųª ±Ø´ÜÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ̶ó°í ºñ³­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå Á¢±ÙÇÏ±â ¾î·Æ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ ³íÀÇÇϱ⸦ ²¨¸®¸ç µµ´ëü ¾Æ¹«·± ³í¸®Àû Á¤´çÈ­µµ ¾øÀÌ, ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ "ÃÖ¸é ¾Ï½Ã" ¾Æ·¡¿¡ À־, ±×µéÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù°í °¡Á¤Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù
Tolstoy delineates the following five ideals and commandments of Christ expressed in the Sermon on the Mount: Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ »ê»ó ¼³±³¿¡¼­ Ç¥¸íÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ÀÌ»óµé°ú °è¸íµéÀ» ¿ä¾àÇÏ¿´´Ù:

1) have no ill-will against anyone, but love all; don't even offend with a word;
2) complete chastity, even in thought;
3) live only in the present and don't worry about the future; don't swear and don't promise;
4) never use violence nor repay evil with evil, but suffer insult and give up possessions; and
5) love our enemies and those who hate us by treating them as ourselves.

1) ¾Æ¹«¿¡°Ôµµ ÀûÀǸ¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¸»¶ó, ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµÎ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó; ½ÉÁö¾î ¸»·Î¼­ ±âºÐÀ» »óÇϰԵµ ¸»¶ó;
2) ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¼ø°á, ½ÉÁö¾î »ý°¢Á¶Â÷µµ;
3) ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇöÀç¿¡ »ì °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿°·ÁÄ¡ ¸»¶ó; ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; ±×¸®°í ¾à¼ÓÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó;
4) °áÄÚ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó ±×¸®°í ¾ÇÀ» ¾ÇÀ¸·Î °±Áö ¸»¶ó; ±×·¯³ª ¸ð¿åÀ» ÂüÀ¸¶ó ±×¸®°í Àç»êÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó; ±×¸®°í
5) ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àû°ú ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ì¸® Àڽŵéó·³ ´ë¿ìÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ç¶ûÇ϶ó.

For Tolstoy these commandments are to be practiced now, and they will be followed by higher ones on the path to perfection. These teachings transcend the social conception of life which may be limited by exclusive love of one's family, tribe, nation, race, or even humanity. These and socialistic brotherhoods are based on the love of personality, but the Christian love ever expands because it is based on the love of God. Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡°Ô À־ ÀÌµé °è¸íµéÀº ¹Ù·Î Áö±Ý ½ÇÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿Ï¼ºÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ±æ¿¡¼­ ´õ¿í ³ôÀº °Íµé·Î ÀÌÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§µéÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡Á·, Á¾Á·, ±¹°¡, ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹èŸÀûÀÎ »ç¶û¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Á¦ÇÑµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ´Ù. À̰͵é°ú »çȸÁÖÀÇÀû ÇüÁ¦¾ÖµéÀº °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¶û¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµÀû »ç¶ûÀº ¿µ¿øÈ÷ È®ÀåµÈ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶û¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
Tolstoy points out the contradiction of the military in a society which professes itself to be Christian - believing in the brotherhood of men and being prepared for hostility and murder - "of being at the same time a Christian and a gladiator." Tolstoy finds three prevalent attitudes to war. Those who consider it accidental and propose diplomatic and international solutions. Others deplore the horrors of war but believe that it is inevitable; these are the pessimistic writers who describe how terrible life is but offer no real solution. The third group has lost its conscience and justifies wars as part of natural evolution and the survival of the fittest. For Tolstoy even the first group which organizes societies and diplomatic methods to resolve conflicts is rather like trying to catch a bird by putting salt on his tail; the salt can only be used if the bird is as good as caught anyway. Thus international agreements will only be effective when men have decided to renounce the use of weapons. Therefore the critical step is to refuse to participate in or support military forces. Tolstoy compares the advantages and disadvantages for a person to submit or not to submit to military service and summarizes the advantages in these words: ½º½º·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÓÀ» °í¹éÇÏ´Â »çȸ¿¡¼­ ±º´ëÀÇ -- »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¸¦ ¹ÏÀ¸¸é¼­ µ¿½Ã¿¡ Àû´ë ÇàÀ§¿Í »ìÀÎÀÇ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â -- ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ °ËÅõ»çÀÎ" ¸ð¼øÀ» ÁöÀûÇØ ³½´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ¼¼°¡Áö ŵµµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù. ÀüÀïÀ» ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ¶ó ¿©±â¸ç ¿Ü±³Àû ¹× ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áµéÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé. ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀüÀïÀÇ °øÆ÷¸¦ À¯°¨À¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù; ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº »îÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ²ûÁ÷ÇÑÁö¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â ºñ°üÀûÀÎ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ¸ç ¾Æ¹«·± Çö½ÇÀû ÇØ´äÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¼¼ ¹øÂ° ±×·ìÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ÀÒ¾î ¹ö¸®°í¼­ ÀüÀïµéÀ» ÀÚ¿¬Àû ÁøÈ­ ¹× ÀûÀÚ»ýÁ¸ÀÇ ÀϺημ­ Á¤´çÈ­ÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡°Ô´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ºÐÀïµéÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ ´Üüµé°ú ¿Ü±³Àû ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» Á¶Á÷Çϴ ù ¹øÂ° ±×·ì¸¶Àúµµ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ²¿¸®¿¡ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¹¯È÷°í¼­ »õ¸¦ ÀâÀ¸·Á ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¼Ò±ÝÀº ¾î·µç »õ°¡ ÀâÈú Á¤µµ¶ó¸é ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÇùÁ¤µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹«±âµéÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» Æ÷±âÇÑ´Ù°í °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¶§¿¡ È¿°úÀûÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ´Ü°è´Â ±º´ë¿¡ Âü¿©Çϰųª ÁöÁöÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ º´¿ª¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϰųª º¹Á¾ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ À־ ÀÌÀÍµé ¹× ºÒÀÌÀ͵éÀ» ºñ±³Çϸç ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¸»µé·Î ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» ¿ä¾àÇÑ´Ù: 

For him who has not refused, the advantages will consist in this, that, having submitted to all the humiliations and having executed all the cruelties demanded of him, he may, if he is not killed, receive red, golden, tin-foil decorations over his fool's garments, and he may at best command hundreds of thousands of just such bestialized men as himself, and be called a field-marshall, and receive a lot of money.

°ÅºÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô À־, ÀÌÀ͵éÀº ÀÌ¿Í °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, Áï, ¸ðµç ±¼¿åµé¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ°í ±×¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ¸ðµç ÀÜÇÐ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ³ª¸é, ±×´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ, ±×°¡ »ìÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ±×ÀÇ ¹Ùº¸ °°Àº Á¦º¹µé À§¿¡ ºÓ°í, ±Ý»öÀÇ, Àº¹ÚÁö¸¦ ¾º¿î ÈÆÀåµéÀ» ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ±â²¯ÇØ¾ß ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ½Åó·³ Áü½Âó·³ º¯ÇÑ ¼ö½Ê¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» È£·ÉÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, À°±º ¿ø¼ö¶ó ºÒ¸± °ÍÀ̸ç, ¸¹Àº µ·À» ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.   

But the advantages of him who refuses will consist in this, that he will retain his human dignity, will earn the respect of good men, and, above all else, will know without fail that he is doing God's work, and so an incontestable good to men.

±×·¯³ª °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀ͵éÀº ÀÌ¿Í °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, Áï, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Á¸¾öÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¼±·®ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¸°æÀ» ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¸ÕÀú, Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×°¡, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ¼±ÇÑ, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÏÀ» Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

How, then, does society make soldiers of its men? by intimidation, bribery, hypnotization, and segregation from civilian society. Observing the stirrings of revolutionary movements Tolstoy correctly predicts that the communists and socialists will put even the economic sphere under the control of the government. The Christian solution of nonviolence must be used if men are ever to free themselves from enslavement to violent institutions. Those who follow a merely social concept of life do not refuse to submit, and many fight and kill in the name of liberty, equality, and fraternity. However, the true Christian is liberated from social powers because he lives "the divine law of love, which is implanted in the soul of every man and is brought into consciousness by Christ." Although he may suffer external violence or physical imprisonment, the Christian is free (not a slave of sin) and therefore is not compelled by external threats. Freedom is not found in external things but in the inward liberation of choosing what is loving. Tolstoy cites cases where conscientious Christians refused to submit to military service and to swear such an oath or refused to pay taxes; he observes that they are more effective with peaceful disobedience than are the socialists, communists, and anarchists with their bombs, riots, and revolutions, for governments know how to handle external threats. Force can fight force, but love and peace have a subtle power all their own. He concludes, "The governments feel their indefensibleness and weakness, and the men of the Christian consciousness are awakening from their lethargy and are beginning to feel their strength. ±×·¸´Ù¸é, »çȸ´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ±×µéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» º´»çµé·Î ¸¸µå´Â°¡? Çù¹Ú, ³ú¹°, ÃÖ¸é ±×¸®°í ¹Î°£ »çȸ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ °Ý¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­. Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓµéÀÇ ºÐÁÖÇÔÀ» °üÂûÇÏ°í¼­ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ½ÉÁö¾î °æÁ¦Àû ¹üÁÖµé ¸¶Àú Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÅëÁ¦¾Æ·¡ µÑ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¿¹°ßÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¤¸»·Î Æø·ÂÀûÀΠüÁ¦µé¿¡ ¿¹¼ÓµÊÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ö Áö°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ºñÆø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÃ¥ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ü¼øÈ÷ »çȸÀû °³³äÀÇ »îÀ» µû¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº º¹Á¾ÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚÀ¯, Æòµî, ±×¸®°í ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ½Î¿ì°í Á×ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª, ÂüµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº »çȸÀû ±Ç·Âµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æµÈ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â "½Å¼ºÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ À²¹ýÀ¸·Î »ì¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ½É¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿À±â" ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Æø·ÂÀ̳ª ½ÅüÀû °¨±ÝÀ» °ÞÀ» Áö¶óµµ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ì¸ç (ÁËÀÇ ³ë¿¹°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç) ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Çù¹Úµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °­Á¦µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯´Â ¿ÜÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶ûÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¼±ÅÃÇÔ¿¡ °üÇÑ ³»ÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀÌ º´¿ª¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °Í ¶Ç´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´°Å³ª ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³³ºÎÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ ¿¹µéÀ» ÀοëÇÏ´Ù; ±×´Â ÆòÈ­ÀûÀÎ ºÒº¹Á¾À» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ÆøÅºµé, Æøµ¿µé, ±×¸®°í Çõ¸íµéÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, ±×¸®°í ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé º¸´Ù, ´õ¿í È¿°úÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº Æø·Â¿¡ ¸Â¼³ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, »ç¶û°ú ÆòÈ­´Â ¸ðµÎ ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÈûÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸°´Ù: "Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¹æ¾îÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½°ú ³ª¾àÇÔÀ» ´À³¤´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¹«±â·Â¿¡¼­ ±ú¾î³ª°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ÈûÀ» ´À³¢±â ½ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù." 
Those who try to rule with violence are obviously breaking the golden rule and are morally inferior to those who prefer suffering violence to doing violence. The state tries to justify its violence with the assumption that it prevents violence, but Tolstoy holds that if the government stopped all its violence then the total amount of violence would decrease. Since it is the bad or morally inferior who do violence, the government has placed itself among the bad. Violence will never cease due to the threat of violence but only when people become good and refrain from it altogether. Thus society improves as more and more people renounce the cruelty of violence. Violence distorts public opinion as to what is right and obscures people's recognition of the true spiritual forces of humanity. When public opinion condemns violence, then using violence in government becomes less desirable and those holding positions tend to use less violence. Inevitably people will eventually see the uselessness, silliness, and indecency of violence, and weapons will no longer be employed. The kingdom of God will come as we live by the light within us. Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ´Ù½º¸®°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ Ȳ±Ý·ü(Golden Rule)À» ±úÆ®¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç Æø·ÂÀ» ÇàÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â Æø·ÂÀ» ÂüÀ½À» ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé º¸´Ù µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ¿­µîÇÏ´Ù. ±¹°¡´Â ±×µéÀÌ Æø·ÂÀ» ¹æÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀüÁ¦·Î¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¸¸ÀÏ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀ» Áß´ÜÇÑ´Ù¸é Æø·ÂÀÇ Àüü ¾çÀº ÁÙ¾îµé °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÇÇϰųª µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ¿­µîÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ̹ǷÎ, Á¤ºÎ´Â ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚµé °¡¿îµ¥ µÎ¾ú´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº °áÄÚ Æø·ÂÀÇ À§Çù ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸ØÃßÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼±ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¶§¿¡ ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î »ï°¥ ¶§¿¡ ¸ØÃâ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© »çȸ´Â ´õ¿í ´õ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Æø·Â°ú °°Àº ÀÜÇÐ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Æ÷±âÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó °³¼±µÈ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©·ÐÀ» ¿Ö°îÇϸç ÀηùÀÇ ÂüµÈ ¿µÀûÀÎ Èûµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀ» È帮°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ¿©·ÐÀÌ Æø·ÂÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÒ ¶§, Á¤ºÎ¿¡¼­ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÔÀÌ ´ú ¹Ù¶÷Á÷½º·¯¿öÁö°í, ÁöÀ§µéÀ» °¡Áø ÀÚµéÀÌ Æø·ÂÀ» ´ú »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀº °á±¹ Æø·ÂÀÇ ¹«¿ëÇÔ, ¾î¸®¼®À½ ±×¸®°í ²Ã»ç³ª¿òÀ» º¼ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹«±âµéÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºû¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© »ì¾Æ°¨¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
In the last fifteen years of his life Tolstoy wrote numerous articles and letters promoting the philosophy of nonviolence and the technique of civil disobedience. He expressed his gratitude to several American writers who especially influenced him, namely, Garrison, Parker, Emerson, Ballou, and Thoreau. He repeated the basic principle that murder is wrong and that killing one's fellow human beings in any circumstances is murder. Thus the simple truth is that war and executions are murder, even though people try to justify them. The essential solution to war is for people to realize what it really is and call it by its right name. "It should be understood that an army is an instrument of murder, that the recruiting and drilling of armies which Kings, Emperors, and Presidents carry on with so much self-assurance are preparations for murder." Therefore a Christian cannot be a soldier, that is, a murderer, and a man with any sense will not enslave himself to a master whose business is killing. The way to end war, then, is for those who recognize that it is wrong to refrain from fighting and even to cease supporting warlike governments by refusing to pay their taxes. Those who are not hypnotized into the wrongdoing must refuse; those who do follow reason, conscience, and God will always attain the best results for themselves and for the world. They say something like this: ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· 15³â¿¡, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ºñÆø·ÂÀÇ Ã¶Çаú ½Ã¹Î ºÒº¹Á¾ÀÇ ±â¼úÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ³í¹®µé°ú ¼­ÇѵéÀ» ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô Ưº°È÷ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿©·¯ ÀÛ°¡µé - Áï, °Ô¸®½¼, ÆÄÄ¿, ¿¡¸Ó½¼, ¹ß·ç, ±×¸®°í ¼Ò·Î - ¿¡°Ô °¨»ç¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù. ±×´Â »ìÀÎÀº ¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼­µç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿·á Àΰ£µéÀ» Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀº »ìÀÎÀ̶ó´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¿øÄ¢µéÀ» ¹Ýº¹Çß´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ´Ü¼øÇÑ Áø¸®´Â ÀüÀï°ú »çÇüµéÀº, ºñ·Ï »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÒ Áö¶óµµ,  »ìÀÎÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÃ¥Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×°ÍÀÇ Á¤´çÇÑ À̸§À¸·Î ºÎ¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. "±º´ë´Â »ìÀÎ µµ±¸ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í, ¿Õµé, ȲÁ¦µé, ±×¸®°í ´ëÅë·ÉµéÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï ¸¹Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀ» °¡Áö°í °è¼ÓÇÏ´Â ±º´ëµéÀÇ Ãæ¿ø ¹× ÈÆ·ÃÀº »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ÁغñµéÀÓÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù." ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº ±ºÀÎÀÌ, Áï »ìÀÎÀÚ°¡, µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ±×¸®°í Àϸ»ÀÇ °¨Á¤ÀÌ¶óµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº »ìÀÎÀÌ »ç¾÷ÀÎ ÁÖÀο¡°Ô ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¿¹¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ÀüÀïÀ» ³¡³»´Â ±æÀº ÀüÀïÀÌ ³ª»Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½Î¿ì±â¸¦ ¸ØÃß°í, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼¼±Ý ³³ºÎ¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á È£ÀüÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎµéÀ»  ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃß´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çà¾ÇÇÔÀ¸·Î ÃÖ¸éµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã °ÅºÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; À̼º, ¾ç½É, ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ µû¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ±×¸®°í ¼¼»óÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÃÖ»óÀÇ °á°úµéÀ» ¾òÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

What you tell us about the danger threatening us, and about your anxiety to guard us against it, is a fraud. All the states are assuring us that they desire peace, and yet at the same time all are arming themselves against the others. Moreover, according to that law, which you yourselves recognize, all men are brothers, and it makes no difference whether one belongs to this state or to that; therefore the idea of our being attacked by other nations, with which you try to frighten us, has no terror for us; we regard it as a matter of no importance. The essential thing, however, is that the law given to us by God and recognized even by you who are requiring us to participate in killing, distinctly forbids, not killing only, but also every kind of violence. Therefore we cannot, and will not, take part in your preparations for murder, we will give no money for the purpose, and we will not attend the meetings arranged by you with the object of perverting men's minds and consciences, and transforming them into instruments of violence, obedient to any bad man who may choose to make use of them.

¿ì¸®¸¦ À§ÇùÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ±× À§Çè¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ ¸Â¼­¼­ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÁöÄÑÁÖ·Á´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¿°·Á¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ç±â´Ù. ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÆòÈ­¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù°í ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¼Ò¸®Ä£´Ù, ±×·¯³ª µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé¿¡ ¸Â¼­¼­ ½º½º·Î ¹«ÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ ¹ý·ü¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ±×°ÍÀ» ´ç½Åµé ½º½º·Î°¡ ÀÎÁ¤ Çϰí ÀÖµíÀÌ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ÇüÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ÀÌ ±¹°¡¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏµç ¾Æ´Ï¸é Àú ±¹°¡¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏµç ¾Æ¹«·± Â÷À̰¡ ¾ø´Ù; ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °ø°Ý ´çÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç»óÀº, ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô´Â ¾Æ¹«·± µÎ·Á¿òÀ» ÁÖÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. º»ÁúÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº, ±×·¯³ª, Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ì¸®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý »ìÀÎÇÒ °Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ´ç½Åµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÎÁ¤µÈ ±× À²¹ýÀº, »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Æø·ÂÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ Áغñµé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â ¾î¶² µ·µµ ³³ºÎÇÏÁö ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ý°¢µé°ú ¾ç½ÉµéÀ» ¿Ö°î½ÃŰ·Á´Â, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» Æø·ÂÀÇ µµ±¸µé·Î º¯Çü½ÃÄѼ­, ±×µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϰíÀÚ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ¾î´À ¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ôµµ ¼øÁ¾Åä·Ï ÇÏ·Á´Â Àǵµ·Î ´ç½Åµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °èȹµÈ ¸ðÀӵ鿡 Âü¼®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  

Now the real struggle is between those who use violence and those who refuse to be violent. Thus Tolstoy urges both officers and soldiers to resign. He exposes the cruel punishments the army uses to turn men into less than animals, into machines, which perform deeds most repulsive to human nature. He exhorts men to obey God rather than the shameful commands of men. ÀÌÁ¦ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÅõÀïÀº Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú Æø·ÂÀûÀ̱⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â Àå±³µé°ú º´»çµé¿¡°Ô ¹°·¯³¯ °ÍÀ» Ã˱¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ±º´ë°¡ »ç¶÷µéÀ» µ¿¹°µé ¸ð´Ù ¸øÇÑ »óÅ·Î, À̵éÀ» Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ °¡Àå Çø¿À½º·± ´À³¢´Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ±â°è·Î, º¯Çü½Ã۴µ¥ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÜȤÇÑ Ã³¹úµéÀ» Æø·ÎÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼öÄ¡½º·± ¸í·Éµé¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´À´Ï Çϳª´Ô¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÒ °ÍÀ» °­±ÇÇÑ´Ù.
We must learn to see through the perverted rationalizations that governments use to justify war. Tolstoy particularly warns against the dangerous sentiment of patriotism which he defines as "the preference for one's own country or nation above the country or nation of any one else" and finds it aptly illustrated in the German patriotic song, Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles. This sentiment he regards as immoral because it violates the golden rule by trying to benefit oneself at the expense of others. In patriotism Tolstoy sees "a means of obtaining for the rulers their ambitions and covetous desires, and for the ruled the abdication of human dignity, reason, and conscience, and a slavish enthrallment to those in power." Patriotism must inevitably yield to universal brotherhood. Tolstoy proposes that the most important changes in the life of humanity are not brought about by armies nor machines nor exhibitions nor labor unions nor revolutions nor inventions but by a change in public opinion. We need only to stop lying to ourselves and realize that "strength is not in force but in truth." Oppressive governments fear the clear expression of thought more than anything else; spiritual force is free and always accessible in the depths of human consciousness. We must learn to use the consciousness of truth by expressing what we know is right. By expressing the truth the new public opinion will become enlightened. This truth is found in our consciences and is given to us by God. Christ gave us his peace, but it is up to us to bring it into realization. ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀüÀïÀ» Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿Ö°îµÈ ÇÕ¸®È­µéÀ» ²ç¶Õ¾î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â "ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¹°¡ ¶Ç´Â ¹ÎÁ·À» ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±¹°¡³ª ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ìÀ§¿¡ µÎ´Â" °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇϸç, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¾Ö±¹°¡ÀÎ, Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles¿¡ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ¿¹½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â, ¾Ö±¹½ÉÀ̶ó´Â À§Ç轺·± Á¤¼­¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ °æ°íÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Á¤¼­¸¦ ±×´Â ºñµµ´öÀûÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â¸ç, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀÌ·Ó°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Ȳ±Ý·üÀ» À§¹ÝÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Ö±¹½É¿¡¼­ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â "Áö¹èÀÚ¿¡°Ô À־ ±×µéÀÇ ¾ß¸Áµé°ú Ž¿å½º·± ¿å¸ÁµéÀ», ±×¸®°í ÇÇÁö¹èÀÚ¿¡°Ô À־ Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾ö, À̼º ±×¸®°í ¾ç½ÉÀÇ Æ÷±â, ±×¸®°í ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áå Àڵ鿡°Ô ³ë¿¹¿Í °°Àº ¿¹¼ÓÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ» ²ç¶Õ¾î º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Ö±¹½ÉÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö·Î ¹°·¯¼­¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀηùÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Â °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ º¯È­´Â ±º´ëµé, ±â°èµé, Àü½ÃÀûÀÎ °Íµé, ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕµé, Çõ¸íµé, ±×¸®°í ¹ß¸íµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­µµ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿©·ÐÀÇ º¯È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¶ó°í Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ» ¼ÓÀ̱⸦ ¸ØÃß°í "Èû"Àº Æø·ÂÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Áø¸®¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù"´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ï¾ÐÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎµéÀº »ç»óÀÇ ¸í·áÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÑ´Ù; ¿µÀûÀÎ ÈûÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ¾ðÁ¦³ª Àΰ£ ÀǽÄÀÇ ±íÀº °÷¿¡¼­ ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿Ç´Ù°í ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Áø¸®ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. Áø¸®¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »õ·Î¿î ¿©·ÐÀº °è¸ùµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Áø¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸ç Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ ÆòÈ­¸¦ ÁÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÇÇöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù.
The heroes in this struggle for peace are the martyrs who have died for refusing to do violence or who have been locked up in prisons. Many were little known; yet the spiritual power of their actions can influence consciences of countless people. Tolstoy prophesies that war must disappear, and he sees many signs of its demise. "These signs are such as the helpless position of governments, which more and more increase their armaments; the multiplication of taxation and the discontent of the nations; the extreme degree of efficiency with which deadly weapons are constructed; the activity of congresses and societies of peace; but above all, the refusals of individuals to take military service." All of these indicators are much more pronounced now than they were in the last century. Just as slavery was recognized as wrong in the nineteenth century and was eventually eradicated, so too war is now being considered a useless, wicked, harmful madness which must also be eliminated. Those who are persecuted for the sake of peace and justice gradually awaken the consciences of their persecutors, not by coercive force but by love and persuasion. By renouncing violence the non-resistance principle recognizes the freedom of every individual to make his own decisions. By love and rational persuasion humanity can truly progress toward a better way of life. Tolstoy elucidates three ways we can know how to act. First, the collective wisdom of mankind advises us to act toward others as we would have them act toward us. Second, we can use our reason to see that if people acted in this way it would be best for everyone. Third, by listening to our hearts we know by intuition that the loving action leads to happiness. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÆòÈ­¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÅõÀï¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿µ¿õµéÀº Æø·ÂÀ» ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á×Àº ¶Ç´Â °¨¿Á¿¡ °¤ÇôÀÖ´Â ¼ø±³ÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ ¿µÀûÀÎ ÈûÀº ¹«¼öÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ç½Éµé¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀüÀïÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¶óÁ®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿¹¾ðÇϸç, ±×´Â ÀüÀïÀÇ ¼Ò¸êÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¡ÈĵéÀ» º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. "À̵é ¡Á¶µéÀº Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ ¹«±â·ÂÇÑ »óÅÂ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ ±×µéÀÇ ±ººñ¸¦ Áõ°­Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù; ¼¼±ÝÀÇ ¹è°¡ ±×¸®°í ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ºÒ¸¸; Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ¹«±âµéÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î Áö´Â ±ØµµÀÇ È¿À²¼º; ÀÇȸµé ¹× ÆòÈ­ ´ÜüµéÀÇ È°µ¿; ±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, °³ÀεéÀÇ º´¿ª ¼öÇàÀÇ °ÅºÎµéÀÌ´Ù." À̵é Ç¥½Ãµé ¸ðµÎ´Â Áö³­ ¼¼±â¿¡ ÇàÇØÁ³´ø °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ¸¹ÀÌ ¼±¾ðµÇ¾ú´Ù. 19¼¼±â¿¡ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ°¡ ³ª»Û °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀνĵǾúÀ¸¸ç °á±¹ ±ÙÀýµÇ¾úµíÀÌ, ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÀüÀïµµ ÀÌÁ¦ ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹«ÀÍÇϰí, »ç¾ÇÇϸç, ÇØ·Î¿î Á¤½ÅÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÆòÈ­¿Í Á¤ÀǸ¦ À§ÇÔ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ÚÇØ ¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ¹ÚÇØÀÚ µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉµéÀ», °­¾ÐÀûÀÎ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶û°ú ¼³µæÀ¸·Î¼­, ±ú¿ìÃÄÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀ» Æ÷±âÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®´Â Á¦°¢±â °³ÀÎÀÌ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °áÁ¤µéÀ» ³»¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶û ±×¸®°í À̼ºÀû ¼³µæ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àηù´Â ´õ ³ªÀº »îÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î Áø½ÇµÇ°Ô ÀüÁøÇØ ³ª°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇൿÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼¼°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¹àÇôÁØ´Ù. ù°·Î, ÀηùÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀû ÁöÇý´Â '¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¹Ù¶ó´Â °Íó·³, ¿ì¸®µµ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÒ °Í'À» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Ãæ°íÇØ ÁØ´Ù. µÑ°·Î, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô °¡Àå ÁÁÀº °ÍÀÓÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À̼ºÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼Â°·Î, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¡½¿µé¿¡ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÓÀ¸·Î½á, ¿ì¸®´Â Á÷°ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§°¡ ÇູÀ¸·Î À̲ö´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù.   
Tolstoy's last book was The Law of Love and the Law of Violence. He begins the preface, "The only reason why I am writing this is because, knowing the one means of salvation for Christian humanity, from its physical suffering as well as from the moral corruption in which it is sunk, I, who am on the edge of the grave, cannot be silent." He could see the increasing conflicts between revolutionaries and governments, between oppressed nations and their oppressors, state against state and West against East, but few are aware of the remedies to these problems. Tolstoy observes that animalistic man is unhappy and that evil weakens the soul and usually rebounds. Force does not keep people social, and cruelty and lies must eventually be replaced by Christ's law of love. "It is this law of love and its recognition as a rule of conduct in all our relations with friends, enemies and offenders which must inevitably bring about the complete transformation of the existing order of things, not only among Christian nations, but among all the peoples of the globe." This obviously rules out violence. Although reason is often used to justify sin, the horrors of wars are much worse than the motives and justifications for them ever consider. Governments really use violence so that a minority may continue to exploit a majority by maintaining the established "order." The majority allows themselves to be exploited, because they are deceived and because they have no faith in God but are manipulated by considerations of self-interest. Tolstoy reiterates the need to refuse military service and describes the joy experienced by some of those he saw in prison. Although conditions in the world seem to be reaching a point where there seems to be no solution, the supreme law of love is still the way to salvation. Conscience has been the moving impulse behind the gradual evolution and recognition of human rights. The type of political or social system, whether to preserve a monarchy or a republic or replace it with a socialist or communist regime, if the method is violent, they cannot but fail until the supreme law of love is universally practiced, for love transcends all the social systems. We are free and happy according to how closely we follow the supreme law of life which is love; when everyone observes the law of love, union will be realized without effort. These ideas Tolstoy wanted to convey before he died, that by perfecting our love toward our fellow man we free ourselves from illusions. Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· Ã¥Àº »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ý ±×¸®°í Æø·ÂÀÇ ¹ýÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¼­¹®À» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù, "³»°¡ À̰ÍÀ» ¾²´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â, À°Ã¼Àû °íÅë »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °¡¶ó ¾É°í ÀÖ´Â µµ´öÀû Ÿ¶ôÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀû ÀηùÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±¸¿øÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ» ¾Ë°í Àֱ⿡, ³ª´Â, ¹«´ýÀÇ ¸ðÅüÀÌ¿¡ ¾É¾Æ¼­µµ ħ¹¬ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù." ±×´Â Çõ¸íÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú Á¤ºÎµé »çÀÌÀÇ, ¾ï¾Ð ¹Þ´Â ±¹°¡µé°ú ±×µéÀÇ ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÚµé »çÀÌÀÇ, ±¹°¡¿Í ±¹°¡°£ÀÇ ´ëÄ¡ ±×¸®°í ¼­¾ç°ú µ¿¾ç »çÀÌÀÇ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °¥µîµéÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹«µµ ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÃ¥µéÀ» °ÅÀÇ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â µ¿¹°Àû »ç¶÷Àº ºÒÇàÇÏ¸ç ¾ÇÇÔÀÌ ¿µÈ¥À» ¾àÈ­½Ã۸ç ÈçÈ÷ µÇµ¹¾Æ ¿ÈÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» Ä£ÀýÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µéÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÀÜȤÇÔ°ú °ÅÁþµéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ±Ã±Ø¿¡´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀ¸·Î ´ëüµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. "±×¸®½ºµµ ±¹°¡µé ¾È¿¡¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Áö±¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼­, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¼¼»ó Áú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ º¯È­¸¦ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀ̸ç, Ä£±¸µé, ¿ø¼öµé ±×¸®°í À§¹ÝÀÚµé°úÀÇ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç °ü°èµé¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇàÀ§ ¿øÄ¢À¸·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù." À̰ÍÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ Æø·ÂÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. ºñ·Ï Á˸¦ Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© À̼ºÀÌ °¡²û »ç¿ëµÇÁö¸¸, ÀüÀïÀÇ ÀüÀ²Àº ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿±âµé°ú Á¤´çÈ­µéÀÌ ¿©Å²¯ °í·ÁÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ùµµ ÈξÀ ´õ ½É°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¤ºÎµéÀº È®¸³µÈ "Áú¼­"¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼Ò¼ö°¡ ´Ù¼ö¸¦ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¼ö´Â ½º½º·Î°¡ ÀÌ¿ë´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ¼Ó±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀº Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À̱âÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ »ý°¢µé·Î Á¶À۵DZ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â º´¿ªÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ Çʿ伺À» µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÏ¿© ¸»ÇÏ¸ç ±×°¡ °¨¿Á¿¡¼­ ÀϺÎÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °æÇèµÈ Áñ°Å¿ò µéÀ» ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¼¼»óÀÇ »óȲµéÀÌ ¾Æ¹«·± ÇØ´äÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â ÁöÁ¡±îÁö µµ´ÞÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÏÁö¶óµµ, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±¸¿øÀÇ ±æÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾ç½ÉÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀÇ Á¡ÁøÀû °³¼±°ú ÀνÄÀÇ µÚ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿·Â¿øÀÌ µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. Á¤Ä¡Àû ¹× »çȸÀû üÁ¦ÀÇ ÇüÅ´Â, ±ºÁÖÁ¦ÀÌµç °øÈ­Á¦À̵ç, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±×°ÍÀ» »çȸÁÖÀdzª °ø»êÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦·Î ¹Ù²Ùµç, ±× ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Æø·ÂÀûÀ̶ó¸é, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀÌ º¸ÆíÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÉ ¶§±îÁö´Â ½ÇÆÐÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »ç¶ûÀº ¸ðµç »çȸÀû üÁ¦µéÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Àý´ëÀû »îÀÇ ¹ý, Áï »ç¶ûÀ», ¾ó¸¶³ª °¡±îÀÌ µû¸£´Â°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ÇູÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; Á¦°¢±â »ç¶ûÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ÁؼöÇÒ ¶§¿¡, ÈûµéÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í ¿¬ÇÕÀÌ ½ÇÇöµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ Á×±â Àü¿¡ ÀÌ·± »ç»óµéÀ» ¾Ë¸®±â¸¦ ¿øÇß´Ù, Áï ¿ì¸®ÀÇ µ¿·á Àΰ£µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ» ¿Ï¼ºÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿ì¸®´Â ȯ»óµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

At the end of his life Tolstoy corresponded with Mohandas Gandhi concerning the way of love and non-resistance. Two months before his death he wrote to Gandhi, "Socialism, communism, anarchism, the Salvation Army, the growth of crime, unemployment among the population, the growth of the insane luxury of the rich and the destitution of the poor, the terrible growth in the number of suicides-all these things are signs of this internal contradiction which ought to and must be solved - and, of course, solved in the sense of recognizing the law of love and renouncing all violence." He praised Gandhi's work in South Africa and reported about refusals to do military service in Russia. "However insignificant may be the number of your people who practice non-resistance and of our people in Russia who refuse military service, both can boldly say that God is with them. And God is more powerful than men." Thus the baton of peace and nonviolence passed to a humble Indian thousands of miles away whose use of the peace philosophy and nonviolent technique on a mass scale was to astound the world.

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Intro by Aylmer Maude ] Intro by Flowers ] [ by Sanderson Beck ] by E.T. Simmons ] by Gary Saul Morson ] Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¿¬º¸ ]


Home ] About Tolstoy ] Works Before 1876 ] Works After 1876 ] A Confession ] What I Believe ] Gospel In Brief ] Kingdom of God ] What Is Art? ] Tolstoy and His Message ] Tolstoy As a Schoolmaster ] Introduction to Tolstoy's Writings ] Non-Violence / Non-Resistant ] Tolstoy Links ] Patriotism and Government ] Thou Shall Not Kill ] To the Tsar and His Assistants ] A Letter to Russian Liberals ] A Letter to a Hindu ] Letter to Gandhi ] To The Working People ] On Non-Resistance ] Last Message to Mankind ]


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