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TO THE TSAR AND HIS ASSISTANTS

ȲÁ¦¿Í ±×ÀÇ º¸Á°ü µé¿¡°Ô
º¸³»´Â ¼­ÇÑ


By Leo Tolstoy

¡¡ ¡¡

    Again there are murders, again disturbances and slaughter in the streets, again we shall have executions, terror, false accusations, threats and anger on the one side; and hatred, thirst for vengeance, and readiness for self-sacrifice, on the other. Again all Russians are divided into two hostile camps, and are committing and preparing to commit the greatest crimes.

´Ù½Ã±Ý »ìÀεéÀÌ, ´Ù½Ã±Ý °Å¸®µé¿¡ ¼Ò¿äµé°ú »ìÀ°µéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϸç, ´Ù½Ã±Ý ¿ì¸®´Â ÇÑÆí¿¡ óÇüµé, °øÆ÷, ÇãÀ§ °í¹ßµé, À§Çùµé ¹× ºÐ³ë¸¦; ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, Áõ¿À, º¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¥¸Á, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ±â Èñ»ýÀ» ¸ÂÀÌÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã±Ý, ¸ðµç ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀεéÀº µÎ °³ÀÇ Àû´ëÀû Áø¿µµé·Î ³ª´©¾î Áö¸ç °¡Àå Å« ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ÀúÁö¸£°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀúÁö¸¦ Áغñ¸¦ Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

    Very possibly the disturbances that have now broken out may be suppressed, though it is also possible that the troops of soldiers and of police, on whom the Government place such reliance, may realize that they are being called on to commit the terrible crime of fratricide-and may refuse to obey. But even if the present disturbance is suppressed, it will not be extinguished, but will burn in secret more and more fiercely, and will inevitably burst out sooner or later with increased strength, and produce yet greater sufferings and crimes.

À۱ݿ¡ ¹ß¹ßÇÑ ¼Ò¿äµéÀÌ Áø¾ÐµÉ °¡´É¼ºÀº ¸Å¿ì ³ô´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¶ÇÇÑ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±×Åä·Ï ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ±ºÀÎ ¹× °æÂû ºÎ´ëµéÀÌ, ±×µé¿¡°Ô, ±×µéÀÌ µ¿Á· »ìÇØ¶ó´Â ²ûÂコ·± ¹üÁ˸¦ ÀúÁö¸£±â À§ÇØ ¼ÒÁýµÇ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ±ú´Ý°í¼­ - ±×¸®°í º¹Á¾Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ÉÁö¾î ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼Ò¿ä°¡ ÁøÁ¤µÈ´Ù°í ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼Ò¸êµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾Ï¾Ï¸®¿¡ ´õ¿í ´õ ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°Ô ºÒŸ ¿Ã¶ó Áõ°¡µÈ ÈûÀ» °¡Áö°í Á¶¸¸°£ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ Æø¹ßÇØ ¹ö¸± °ÍÀ̸ç, ÈξÀ ´õ Å« °íÅëµé°ú ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³¾ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

    Why is this? Why should these things occur, when they might so easily be avoided?

¿Ö ÀÌ·± °ÍÀΰ¡? ¿Ö ÀÌ·± »ç°ÇµéÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϴ°¡, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ½±°Ô ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡?

    We address all you who are in power, from the Tsar, the members of the Council of State, and Ministers, to the relations-uncles, brothers, and entourage of the Tsar, and all who can influence him by persuasion. We appeal to you not as to enemies, but as to brothers, who, whether willingly or not, are inseparably bound up with us, so that all the sufferings we undergo react on you also-and react much more painfully if you feel that you could remove these sufferings but have failed to do so- we appeal to you to act so that the existing state of things may cease.

¿ì¸®´Â, ȲÁ¦, ±¹°¡ ÆòÀÇȸÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµé, ¹× °¢·áµé¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ, ÀÎôµé-¼÷ºÎµé, ÇüÁ¦µé, ¹× ȲÁ¦ÀÇ Ãø±Ùµé¿¡°Ô ±îÁö, ±×¸®°í ¼³µæÀ¸·Î½á ±×¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ±Ç·Â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´ç½Åµé ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ´ç½Åµé¿¡°Ô, Àûµé·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿øÇÏµç ¾Æ´ÏÇÏµç ¿ì¸®¿Í ÇÔ²² ¶¼³¾ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¹­ÀÎ ÇüÁ¦µé·Î¼­, È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â ¹Ù, ¿ì¸®°¡ °Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °íÅëµéÀº ´ç½Åµé¿¡°Ô ¶ÇÇÑ µÇµ¹¾Æ °¥ °ÍÀ̸ç - ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ÀÌ·± °íÅëµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» ´À³¤´Ù¸é ´õ¿í ´õ Åë·ÄÇÏ°Ô µÇµ¹¾Æ °¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù - ¿ì¸®´Â ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇÏ¿© Çö »óŰ¡ ÁߴܵDZ⸦ È£¼ÒÇÑ´Ù.

    It seems to you, or to most of you, that it has all happened because, amid the regular current of life, some troublesome, dissatisfied men have arisen, who disturb the people and interrupt this regular current; and that what is wrong is all the fault of these people. So that these troublesome, dissatisfied people should be subdued and repressed and then everything will again go all right, and nothing will need to be altered.

´ç½Åµé, ¾Æ´Ï ´ç½Åµé ´ëºÎºÐ¿¡°Ô´Â, ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ, Á¤»óÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ È帧 °¡¿îµ¥¼­, ÀϺΠ±ÍÂúÀº ºÒ¸¸ ¼¯ÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀϾ¼­´Â, »ç¶÷µéÀ» È¥¶õ¿¡ ºüÆ®¸®°í ÀÌ·± Á¤»óÀûÀÎ È帧À» ±³¶õ½ÃÄױ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù°í, ±×¸®°í ¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀº ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ðµç À߸øÀ̶ó°í ´À²¸Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ·± ±ÍÂúÀº, ºÒ¸¸ ¼¯ÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ¾ï´­·¯Á®¼­ Áø¾ÐµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ±×·¯¸é ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ´Ù½Ã Á¦´ë·Î µ¹¾Æ °¥ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¹Ù²î¾îÁú Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

    But if, really, it were all due to troublesome and wicked men, it would be only necessary to catch them and shut them up in prison and execute them, and all disturbances would be at end. But, in fact, during more than thirty years, these people have been caught, imprisoned and executed, or banished by thousands- yet their number is ever increasing, and discontent with the conditions of life not only grows, but spreads so has now reached millions of the working classes- the great majority of the whole nation. Evidently this dissatisfaction is not caused by troublesome and wicked men, but by something else. And you of the Government need only turn your attention for a moment from the acute strife in which you are now absorbed, and cease to credit naively the statement made by the Minister of the Interior in a recent circular, namely, that it is only necessary for the police to disperse the crowd promptly, and to fire at it if it does not disperse, for all to be tranquil and quiet,' and you will clearly see the cause that produces discontent among the people, and finds expression in disturbances which are assuming, ever greater and wider and deeper dimensions.

±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ, Á¤¸»·Î, ±×°ÍÀÌ ±ÍÂú°í »ç¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé ¶§¹®À̶ó¸é, ¿À·ÎÁö ±×µéÀ» ºÙÀâ¾Æ¼­ °¨¿Á¿¡ °¡µÎ°í óÇüÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯¸é ¸ðµç ¼Ò¿äµéÀº ³¡ÀÌ ³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, »ç½Ç»ó, »ï½Ê ³â ÀÌ»óÀÇ ±â°£ µ¿¾È, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼öõ ¸íÀ̳ª ºÙÀâÈ÷°í, Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç óÇüµÇ¾ú°Å³ª, »ç¶óÁ³´Ù - ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ´Â ²÷ÀÓ ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »îÀÇ »óŵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¸¸Àº Ä¿Á®°¥ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, È®»êµÇ¾î¼­ ÀÌÁ¦ ¼ö¹é ¸¸ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±Þµé - Àüü ±¹¹ÎÀÇ Àý´ë ´ë´Ù¼ö - ¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÀÌ·± ºÒ¸¸Àº ±ÍÂú°í »ç¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ À¯¹ßµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎÀÇ ´ç½ÅµéÀº ¿À·ÎÁö ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» Àá½Ã µ¿¾È ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ Áö±Ý ¸ôµÎÇØ ÀÖ´Â °Ý·ÄÇÑ ÅõÀïÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¹·Á¼­ ÃÖ±Ù ±¤°í Àü´Ü¿¡¼­ ³»¹« Àå°üÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ¼±¾ð,Áï, '¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤µÇ°í Á¶¿ëÇØÁö±â À§Çؼ­', °æÂûÀÌ ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ±ºÁßÀ» ÇØ»ê½Ãų °Í°ú ÇØ»êÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¹ßÆ÷Ç϶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¼øÁøÇÏ°Ô ¹Ï´Â °ÍÀ» Áß´ÜÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¸é ´ç½ÅµéÀº »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ºÒ¸¸À» ¾ß±âÇÏ´Â ¿øÀÎÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ º¼ °ÍÀ̸ç, Àü¿¡ ¾øÀÌ ´õ¿í Å©°Ô, ´õ¿í Æø³Ð°Ô ±×¸®°í ´õ¿í ±í¾î°¡´Â ±Ô¸ðµéÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¼Ò¿äµéÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

    Those causes are, that because, unfortunately, a Tsar who had freed the serfs happened to be murdered by a small group of people who mistakenly imagined that they would thereby serve the nation, the Government has not only decided not to advance in the direction of gradually discarding despotic methods (at variance with all the present conditions of life), but, on the contrary, imagining safety to lie in those coarse and obsolete of despotism- instead of advancing in agreement with the general development and increasing complexity of modern life- has, for twenty years, not even stood still, but has receded, and by this retrograde movement has separated itself more and more from the people and their demands.

±×·¯ÇÑ ¿øÀεéÀº, ºÒÇàÇϰԵµ, ³ó³ëµéÀ» ÇØ¹æ½ÃŲ ÇÑ È²Á¦°¡ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ±¹°¡¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÑ´Ù°í À߸ø »ý°¢ÇÑ ÇÑ Á¶±×¸¸ Áý´Ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ìÇØµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̸ç, Á¤ºÎ´Â Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î Æø¾ÐÀûÀÎ (ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸ðµç »îÀÇ »óŵé°ú Ãæµ¹ÇÏ´Â) ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» ¹ö¸®´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡Áö ¾Ê±â·Î °áÁ¤ÇßÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹Ý´ë·Î, ¾ÈÀüÀº ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÅÄ¥°í ¾µµ¥ ¾ø´Â ÀüÁ¦ÁÖÀÇ - Çö´ëÀû »îÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû ¹ßÀü ¹× Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â º¹À⼺¿¡ ¹ß¸ÂÃß¾î ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³ª°¨ ´ë½Å - ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϸ鼭, ÀÌ½Ê ³â µ¿¾È, Á¤Ã¼ÇØ ÀÖ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÈÄÅðÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ °°Àº Åðº¸ÀûÀÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ½º½º·Î¸¦ »ç¶÷µé°ú ±×µéÀÇ ¿ä±¸µé·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ±«¸®µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

    So that it is not some wicked and troublesome people, but it is you yourselves- the rulers, who do not wish to consider anything but your own tranquillity for the passing moment. The thing needed is not that you should defend yourselves from enemies who wish to injure you-no one wishes to injure you-but the thing needed is, that having recognised the cause of the social discontent you should remove it. Men, as a whole, cannot desire discord and enmity, but always prefer to live in agreement and amity with their fellows. And if they now are disquiet and seem to wish you ill, it is only because you appear to them as an obstacle depriving not only them, but millions of their brothers, of the best human blessings- freedom and enlightenment.

µû¶ó¼­ ±×°ÍÀº ÀϺΠ»ç¾ÇÇÏ¸ç ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ç½Å Àڽŵé - ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀ̸ç, ´ç½ÅµéÀº ¿À·ÎÁö ÀϽÃÀû ¼ø°£À» À§ÇØ ´ç½Å ÀڽŵéÀÇ Æò¾È¸¸À» °í·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ç½ÅµéÀ» ÇØ·Ó°Ô ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â - ¾Æ¹«µµ ´ç½ÅµéÀ» ÇØ·Ó°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù - Àûµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀڽŵéÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »çȸÀû ºÒ¸¸À» ÀνÄÇÏ°í¼­ ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» Á¦°ÅÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒÈ­¿Í Áõ¿À¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÇ µ¿·áµé°ú È­ÇÕ ¹× Ä£¸ñ ¾È¿¡¼­ »ì±â¸¦ ´õ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ Áö±Ý µ¿¿äÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´ç½Åµé¿¡°Ô ±«·Ó±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â °Íó·³ º¸Àδٸé, ±×°ÍÀº  ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¿ÀÁ÷ ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ±×µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×µéÀÇ ¼ö¹é¸¸ ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô¼­, Àΰ£ÀÇ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Ãູµé - ÀÚÀ¯ ¹× °è¸ù - À» »©¾Ñ¾Æ °¡´Â Àå¾Ö¹°Ã³·³ º¸À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

    That they may cease to be perturbed and to attack you, very little is required, and that little is so necessary for you yourselves, and would so evidently give you peace, that it will be strange indeed if you do not grant it.

±×µéÀÌ ¼Ò¿ä¸¦ ¸ØÃß°í ´ç½ÅµéÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÏ·Á¸é, ¸Å¿ì ÀÛÀº °ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ÀÛÀº °ÍÀÌ ´ç½Å ÀڽŵéÀ» À§Çؼ­ ±×Åä·Ï ÇÊ¿äÇϸç, ´ç½Åµé¿¡°Ô ±×Åä·Ï ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÆòÈ­¸¦ ÁÙ °ÍÀ̶ó¼­, »ç½Ç ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ÀÌ»óÇÒ Á¤µµÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡¡ ¡¡

    What needs to be done at once is very little. Only the following:

Áö±Ý ´ç»ó ½ÃÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÆÁÖ Àû´Ù. ¿À·ÎÁö ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:
¡¡ ¡¡

First: To grant the peasants equal rights with all other citizens, and therefore to:

ù¹øÂ°: ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ½Ã¹Îµéó·³ µ¿µîÇÑ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Ç϶ó ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©,

(a) Abolish the stupid, arbitrary institution of the Zemsky Natchalniks.

(a) ¾î¸®¼®À¸¸ç µ¶´ÜÀûÀÎ ±â°üÀÎ Áª½ºÅ° ³ªÂû´ÏÅ©½º¸¦ ÆóÁöÇ϶ó.

(b) Repeal the special rules, framed to regulate the relations between workmen and their employers.

(b) ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé°ú ±×µéÀÇ °í¿ëÁÖµé »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ÅëÁ¦Çϵµ·Ï Â¥¸ÂÃß¾îÁø Ưº° ±ÔÁ¤µéÀ» Æó±âÇ϶ó.

(c) Free the peasants from the constraint of needing passports to move from place to place, and also from the compulsion laid only on them, to furnish lodging and horses for officials, and men for police service.

(c) À̰÷ Àú°÷À¸·Î À̵¿ÇÒ ¶§ ÅëÇàÁõÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â Á¦¾àÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ¶ÇÇÑ °ü¸®µé¿¡°Ô ¼÷½Ä°ú ¸»µéÀ», ±×¸®°í °æÂû ¾÷¹«¸¦ À§ÇØ ÀηÂÀ» Á¦°øÇϵµ·Ï ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ³»·ÁÁö´Â °­Á¦ ¡¹ß·ÎºÎÅÍ ³óºÎµéÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Ç϶ó.

(d) Free them from the unjust law which makes them jointly responsible for other peasants' debts, and from the land- redemption payments which have already, long ago, exceeded the value of the land received by them at the time of their emancipation.

(d) ´Ù¸¥ ³óºÎµéÀÇ Ã¤¹«µé¿¡ ¿¬´ëÀûÀ¸·Î Ã¥ÀÓÁöµµ·Ï ¸¸µå´Â ºÎ´çÇÑ ¹ý·ü·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¹Ì ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡, ±×µéÀÌ ÇØ¹æµÉ ´ç½Ã¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ ¹Þ¾Ò´ø, ÅäÁöÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÃʰúÇÏ´Â ÅäÁö º¸»ó ³³ºÎµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³óºÎµéÀ» ÇØ¹æÇ϶ó. 

(e) And, chiefly, abolish the senseless, utterly unnecessary and shameful system of corporal punishment, which has been retained only for the most industrious, moral, and numerous class of the population.

(e) ±×¸®°í, ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î, ¸ô»ó½ÄÇϸç, ±×¾ß¸»·Î ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ¼öÄ¡½º·± üÇü Á¦µµ¸¦ ÆóÁöÇ϶ó, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ °¡Àå ±Ù¸éÇϸç, µµ´öÀûÀ̸ç, ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ¸¹Àº °è±ÞÀÇ Àα¸µé¿¡¸¸ À¯ÁöµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

    To equalize the rights of the peasantry (who form the immense majority of the people) with the rights of the other classes is particularly important, for no social system can be durable or stable, under which the majority does not enjoy equal rights but is kept in a servile position, and is bound by exceptional laws. Only when the labouring majority have the same rights as the other citizens, and are freed from shameful disabilities, is a firm order of society possible.

(±¹¹ÎÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ´ë´Ù¼ö¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â) ³óºÎµéÀÇ ±Ç¸®µé°ú ´Ù¸¥ °è±ÞµéÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» µ¿µîÇÏ°Ô ÇÔÀº Ưº°È÷ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ´Ù¼ö°¡ µ¿µîÇÑ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» ÇâÀ¯ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ³ë¿¹ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¹ý·üµé·Î ¹­¿© ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² »çȸ üÁ¦µµ Áö¼ÓµÇÁö ¸øÇϰųª ¾ÈÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â ´Ù¼ö°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã¹Îµé°ú ¶È°°Àº ±Ç¸®µéÀ» °¡Áú ¶§, ±×¸®°í ¼öÄ¡½º·± ¹«´É·Âµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æµÉ ¶§¿¡, °ø°íÇÑ »çȸÁú¼­°¡ °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡¡ ¡¡

    Secondly: The Statute of Increased Protection- which abolishes all existing laws and hands over the population into the power of officials, who are often immoral, stupid, and cruel-must cease to be applied. Its disuse is specially important because, by stopping the action of the common law, it develops the practice of secret denunciations and the spy system, it encourages and evokes gross violence, often employed against working men who have differences with their employers or with the land-owners (nowhere are such cruelties practised as in the districts where this statute is in force). But above all is its disuse important, because to this terrible measure, and to it alone, do we owe the introduction and more and more frequent infliction of capital punishment-which most surely depraves men, is contrary to the Christian spirit of the Russian people, was formerly unknown in our code of laws, and is itself the greatest of crimes, and one forbidden by God and by conscience.

¡¡

µÎ¹øÂ°: [°­È­µÈ º¸È£ ¹ý] Àº - ÀÌ´Â ¸ðµç ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¹ý·üµéÀ» ÆóÁöÇÏ¿© ±¹¹ÎµéÀ» °¡²û ºÎµµ´öÇϸç, ¾î¸®¼®°í, ÀÜÀÎÇÑ °ø¹«¿øµéÀÇ ±Ç·Â ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ³Ñ°ÜÁֹǷΠ-, ¹Ýµå½Ã Àû¿ëÀÌ ÁߴܵǾî¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÇ ¹«È¿È­´Â Ưº°È÷ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, º¸Åë¹ýÀÇ È¿·ÂÀ» ÁßÁö½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á, ±×°ÍÀº ºñ¹Ð ±â¼Òµé ¹× øº¸ Á¦µµÀÇ °üÇàÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄѼ­, ±×µéÀÇ °í¿ëÁÖµé ¶Ç´Â ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯Áֵ鿡°Ô À̰ßÀ» °¡Áö´Â ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡 ÇØ·Ó°Ô »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. (ÀÌ ¹ýÀÌ ½ÇÇàÁßÀÎ Áö¿ªµé¿¡¼­¿Í °°Àº ±×·± ÀÜȤ ÇàÀ§µéÀº ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­µµ ¾ø´Ù). ±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ±× ¹«È¿°¡ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº, ÀÌ·± ¹«¼­¿î ¹ý¾È¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°Í¿¡¼­¸¸, ¿ì¸®°¡ »çÇü Á¦µµ - °¡Àå È®½ÇÈ÷ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Ÿ¶ô½Ã۸ç, ·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ Á¤½Å¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ¸ç, °ú°Å¿¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹ýÀüµé¿¡¼­ ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ °¡Àå Å« ¹üÁ˵éÀ̸ç, Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±×¸®°í ¾ç½É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±ÝÁöµÈ °Í - ÀÇ µµÀÔ ¹× Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºó¹øÇØÁö´Â ºÎ°ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿øÀÎÀ» µÑ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 
¡¡ ¡¡

    Thirdly: All barriers to education, instruction, and to imparting knowledge, should be destroyed. It is necessary-

¼¼¹øÂ°:  ±³À°, ±³¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ±×¸®°í Áö½ÄÀ» Àü´ÞÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç À庮µéÀº, ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼Ò¸êµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â,

(a) To make no distinctions debarring people of an class from education, and therefore to abolish all restrictions aimed specially at the peasant class (forbidding popular readings, classes, and books, for some reason supposed to be bad for the common people).

(a) ÀÏÁ¤ °è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±³À°¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Â÷º°À» µÎÁö ¸» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Ưº°È÷ ³óºÎ °è±ÞµéÀ» °Ü³ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¦ÇѵéÀ» öÆóÇ϶ó ( ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯·Î º¸Åë »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³ª»Ú´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÏ¹Ý ¼­Àûµé, ¼ö¾÷µé, ±×¸®°í ¼­Àûµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÝÁö)

(b) To allow people of any race or religion (not excepting the Jews, who for some reason are now deprived of that right) to have access to all schools.

(b) ¾î¶² ÀÎÁ¾À̳ª Á¾±³(À¯´ëÀεéÀ» ¿¹¿Ü·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â)ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ̵çÁö, (¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼­ ÇöÀç·Î ±×·± ±Ç¸®¸¦ ¹ÚÅ»´çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù) ¸ðµç Çб³µé¿¡ ´Ù´Ò ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇ϶ó.

(c) To cease to hinder teachers from using in school the language spoken by the children who attend the school.

(c) Çб³¿¡ ´Ù´Ï´Â ¾Æµ¿µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¾ð¾î¸¦ ±³»çµéÀÌ Çб³¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÁßÁöÇ϶ó.

(d) And, above all, to allow the establishment and continuance of all sorts of private schools (elementary and higher) by all who wish to devote themselves to education.

(d) ±×¸®°í, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù, ±³À°¿¡ Çå½ÅÇϰíÀÚ Èñ¸ÁÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ (ÃÊµî ¹× °íµî) »ç¸³ Çб³µéÀÇ ¼³¸³°ú À¯Áö¸¦ Çã¿ëÇ϶ó.

    To set education and instruction free from the restraints now imposed upon them is important, because these restraints alone hinder the working people from freeing themselves from that very ignorance which now serves the Government as a chief excuse for imposing restraints on the peasants. The liberation of the working classes from Governmental interference in matters of education would be the easiest and quickest way to enable the people to gain all the knowledge they need , in place of such knowledge as is now being forced upon them. Liberty for private schools to be opened and maintained by private people would end the disturbances now continually arising among students dissatisfied with the management of the establishments in which they find themselves. Were there no obstacles to opening private schools and colleges, both elementary and advanced, young people dissatisfied with the management of the Government educational institutions would enter private establishments which suited their requirements.

ÇöÀç ±×µé¿¡°Ô °¡ÇØÁö°í ÀÕ´Â Á¦Çѵé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±³À° ¹× ±³¼ö¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿ÀÁ÷ À̵é Á¦ÇѵéÀÌ, ÇöÀç Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ³óºÎµé¿¡ °¡Çϰí ÀÕ´Â Á¦Çѵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÁÖµÈ ±¸½Ç·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ±×¿Í °°Àº ¹«Áö ÀÚü·ÎºÎÅÍ, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁüÀ» ¹æÇØÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±³À° ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ À־ Á¤ºÎÂ÷¿øÀÇ °£¼·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °è±ÞµéÀ» ÇØ¹æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, ÇöÀç ±×µé¿¡°Ô °­¿äµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ±×·± Áö½Äµé ´ë½Å¿¡, ±×µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç Áö½ÄÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ½¬¿î ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ºü¸¥ ±æÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »çÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ç¸³ Çб³µéÀ» ¿­¾î¼­ À¯ÁöÇÒ ÀÚÀ¯´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¼ÓÇÑ ´ÜüµéÀÇ ¿î¿µ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÒ¸¸À» °¡Áø Çлýµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÇöÀç ²÷ÀÓ ¾øÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³ª°í ÀÖ´Â ¼Ò¿äµéÀ» ³¡³»°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¸³ Çб³µé ¹× ´ëÇеéÀ» ¿®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àå¾Ö¹°µéÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ÃʵîÀÌµç °íµîÀ̵ç, Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±³À° ±â°üµéÀÇ ¿î¿µ¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀþÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ±¸¹Ì¿¡ ¸Â´Â »ç¸³ ½Ã¼³µé¿¡ µé¾î°¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡¡ ¡¡

    Lastly, fourthly, and most important of all, all limitation of religious liberty should be abolished. It is necessary

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, ³×¹øÂ°·Î, °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, Á¾±³ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¦ÇÑÀÌ Ã¶ÆóµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â,

(a) To repeal all the laws under which any secession from the established Church is punished as a crime.

(a) Á¦µµ±Ç ±³È¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾î¶² Å»Åð¶óµµ ¹üÁ˷μ­ ó¹úµÇµµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ¹ý·üµéÀ» ÆóÁöÇ϶ó.

(b) To allow Old-Believers, Baptists, Molokans, Stundists, and others, to open and maintain churches, chapels, and houses of prayer.

(b) ±¸±³µµµé, ħ·Ê±³µµµé, ¸ô·ÎÄ«µé, ½ºÅ÷´Ù±³µµµé, ¹× ±âŸ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±³È¸µé, ¿¹¹è´çµé, ±×¸®°í ±âµµ¿øµéÀ» ¿­¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇ϶ó.

(c) To allow religious meetings and the preaching of all faiths.

(c) Á¾±³Àû Áýȸµé ¹× ¸ðµç ½Å¾Óµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àüµµ¸¦ Çã¿ëÇ϶ó.

(d) Not to hinder people of different faiths from educating their children in those faiths.

(d) ´Ù¸¥ ½Å¾ÓµéÀ» Áö´Ñ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ ½Å¾Óµé·Î ±³À°ÇÔÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó.

    It is necessary to do this because, apart from the fact shown by history and science, and generally admitted, that religious persecutions fail to, effect their object, and even produce a reverse effect by strengthening what people wish to destroy - and apart from the fact that the intervention of Government in matters of faith produces that most harmful and therefore worst of vices, hypocrisy, which Christ so strongly denounced, - not to hypocrisy, speak of all that, the interference of Government in matters of faith hinders each individual and the whole people from attaining that highest blessing union with one another. For union is attained, not by the forcible and impossible retention of all men in the bonds of one and the same external, once-accepted, confession of a religious teaching to which infallibility is attributed, but only by the free advance of the whole of humanity towards truth, which alone, therefore, can truly unite men.

À̰ÍÀ» ÇàÇÔÀº ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¿ª»ç ¹× °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ³ªÅ¸³­ »ç½Ç°ú´Â º°µµ·Î, ±×¸®°í ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, Á¾±³Àû ¹ÚÇØµéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϴµ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÆÄ±«ÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °­È­½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ¿ªÈ¿°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç - ±×¸®°í ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ À־ Á¤ºÎÀÇ °³ÀÔÀÌ ±×¿Í °°Àº °¡Àå ÇØ·Î¿ì¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °¡Àå ³ª»Û ¾ÇµéÀ», ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â °­·ÂÇÏ°Ô ºñ³­ÇÏ¿´´ø À§¼±À», ÃÊ·¡ÇÔ°ú´Â º°µµ·Î, -  ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ½Å¾Ó ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ °£¼·Àº Á¦°¢±â °³ÀÎ ¹× Àüü ±¹¹ÎµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé°úÀÇ Áö±ØÈ÷ Ãູ ¹Þ´Â ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÔÀ» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿¬ÇÕÀº, ´Ü ÇϳªÀÌÀÚ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ, ´Ü Çѹø ¼ö¿ëµÇ´Â, ¹«·ù¼ºÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÈ Á¾±³Àû °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ °í¹éÀ̶ó´Â Á·¼â ¾È¿¡¼­ °­¾ÐÀûÀÌ¸ç ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ Áö¼ÓÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÁ÷ Áø¸®¸¦ ÇâÇÑ Àüü ÀηùÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÀüÁø¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´Þ¼ºµÇ±â ¶§¹®À̸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ÀÁ÷ Áø¸®¸¸ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ¿¬ÇÕÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
¡¡ ¡¡

    Such are the modest and easily realizable desires, we believe, of the immense majority of the Russian people.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ï´Â ¹Ù, ¾öû³­ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ÀιεéÀÇ °¡Àå ¿Â°ÇÇÑ ±×¸®°í ½±°Ô ½ÇÇö °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹Ù¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù.

    The adoption of these measures would undoubtedly pacify the people, and free them from those terrible sufferings and (what is worse than sufferings) crimes, which will inevitably be committed on both sides, if the Government busies itself only with the suppression of these disturbances, leaving their cause untouched.

ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýµéÀÇ Ã¤ÅÃÀº ÀǽÉÇÒ ¹Ù ¾øÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô ¸¸µé¸ç, ±×µéÀ» ±×ó·³ ¹«¼­¿î °íÅëµé°ú (°íÅëµéº¸´Ù ´õ ¾ÇÇÑ) ¹üÁ˵é·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æ½ÃÄÑ ÁÙ °ÍÀ̳ª, ¸¸ÀÏ Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ¼Ò¿äµéÀÇ Áø¾Ð¿¡¸¸ ºÐÁÖÇϰí, ±×µéÀÇ ¿øÀεéÀ» ¼Õ´ëÁö ¾ÊÀº ä ³²°Ü µÐ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍµéÀº ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾çÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÀÚÇàµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

    We appeal to you all - to the Tsar, to the Ministers, to the Members of the Council of State, to the Privy Councillors, and to those who surround the Tsar - to all in general, who have power: to help to give peace to the nation., and free it from suffering and crime. We appeal to you, not as to men of a hostile camp, but as to men who must of necessity agree with us, as to fellow-workers and brothers.

¿ì¸®´Â ´ç½Åµé ¸ðµÎ - ȲÁ¦¿¡°Ô, °¢·áµé¿¡°Ô, ±¹°¡ ÆòÀÇȸÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øµé¿¡°Ô, ÀÚ¹®±â°üµé¿¡°Ô, ±×¸®°í ȲÁ¦¸¦ µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô - ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô È£¼ÒÇÑ´Ù: ³ª¶ó¿¡ ÆòÈ­¸¦ °¡Á®´Ù ÁÖ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ µµ¿Í ´Þ¶ó, ±×¸®°í ³ª¶ó¸¦ °íÅë°ú ¹üÁ˷κÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æ½ÃÄÑ ´Þ¶ó. ¿ì¸®´Â ´ç½Åµé¿¡°Ô, Àû´ë Áø¿µÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,  Çʿ信 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô µ¿ÀÇÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô·Î¼­, µ¿·á ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ¹× ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô·Î¼­, È£¼ÒÇÑ´Ù. 

    It cannot be that, in a society of men mutually bound together, one section should feel at case while it is ill with another. And especially is this so if it is the majority that suffers. It can be well for all, only when it is well for the strongest and most industrious majority, which supports the whole society.

»óÈ£ ÇÔ²² ¹­¿© ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »çȸ ¾È¿¡¼­, ÇÑ ºÎ·ùÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº Æí¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆí¿¡°Ô´Â °íÅëÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ °íÅë ¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¼ö¶ó¸é, À̰ÍÀº Ưº°È÷ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. ¿À·ÎÁö °¡Àå °­·ÂÇÏ¸ç °¡Àå ±Ù¸éÇÑ ´Ù¼ö°¡, Àüü »çȸ¸¦ ÁöÅÊÇÏ´Â ´Ù¼ö¸¦ À§ÇØ Æí¾ÈÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô Æí¾ÈÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

    Help, then, to improve the position of that majority, and help it in that which is most important: in what regards its freedom and enlightenment. Only then can your position also be safe and really strong.

±×·¸´Ù¸é, ±×·± ´Ù¼öÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ °³¼±Çϱâ À§ÇØ µµ¿ì¶ó, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ µµ¿ì¶ó: ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í °è¸ùÀ̶ó´Â Ãø¸é¿¡¼­. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¶§¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ ÁöÀ§ ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ÈÀüÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç Áø½Ç·Î Æ°Æ°ÇØ Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¡¡ ¡¡

    This is written by Leo Tolstoy, who in writing it has tried to express not his own thoughts only, but the opinion of many of the best, kindest, most disinterested, most reasonable people- who all desire these things.

À̰ÍÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÛ¼ºµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â À̰ÍÀ» ¾²¸é¼­ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç»óµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ù¼öÀÇ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢Çϸç, °¡Àå Ä£ÀýÇϸç, °¡Àå Æí°ßÀÌ ¾ø´Â, °¡Àå À̼ºÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ - ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀϵéÀ» ¹Ù¶ó´Â ¸ðµÎÀÇ - ÀǰßÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇϰíÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¡¡ ¡¡

[March 15, o.s., 1901.]

[1901³â 3¿ù 15ÀÏ]
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A Confession ] What I Believe ] Gospel In Brief ] Kingdom of God ] A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology ] An Examination of The Gospels ] A Harmony, Translation, and Examination of The Four Gospels ] 23 Tales ] Hadji Murad ] Resurrection ] His Life and Work ] Count Tolstoi and the Public Censor ] The Devil ] Last Days of Tolstoy ] First Recollections ] Father Sergious ] The Forged Coupon ] The Death of Ivan Ilych ] The Kreutzer Sonata ] Tolstoi's Kreutzer Sonata ] How Much Land Does A Man Need? ] What to do - On the Census in Moscow ] To A Kind Youth ] Master and Man ] Patriotism and Government ] Thou shall not kill ] [ To the Tsar and His Assistants ] A Letter to Russian Liberals ] A Letter to a Hindu ] Letter to Gandhi ] Letter to A Noncommissioned Officer ] To The Working People ] On Non-Resistance ] Last Message to Mankind ] The Slavery of Our Times ] Reminiscences Of Tolstoy ] Semenov's Peaseant Stories ] Strider ] The Works of Guy De Maupassant ] The Last Days of Leo Tolstoy ] The Tragedy of Tolstoy ]


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