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[ Home ] [ Up ] [ A Confession ] [ What I Believe ] [ Gospel In Brief ] [ Kingdom of God ] [ A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology ] [ An Examination of The Gospels ] [ A Harmony, Translation, and Examination of The Four Gospels ] [ 23 Tales ] [ Hadji Murad ] [ Resurrection ] [ His Life and Work ] [ Count Tolstoi and the Public Censor ] [ The Devil ] [ Last Days of Tolstoy ] [ First Recollections ] [ Father Sergious ] [ The Forged Coupon ] [ The Death of Ivan Ilych ] [ The Kreutzer Sonata ] [ Tolstoi's Kreutzer Sonata ] [ How Much Land Does A Man Need? ] [ What to do - On the Census in Moscow ] [ To A Kind Youth ] [ Master and Man ] [ Patriotism and Government ] [ Thou shall not kill ] [ To the Tsar and His Assistants ] [ A Letter to Russian Liberals ] [ A Letter to a Hindu ] [ Letter to Gandhi ] [ Letter to A Noncommissioned Officer ] [ To The Working People ] [ On Non-Resistance ] [ Last Message to Mankind ] [ The Slavery of Our Times ] [ Reminiscences Of Tolstoy ] [ Semenov's Peaseant Stories ] [ Strider ] [ The Works of Guy De Maupassant ] [ The Last Days of Leo Tolstoy ] [ The Tragedy of Tolstoy ]
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'Thou Shalt Not
Kill'
»ìÀÎÇÏÁö ¸»Áö´Ï¶ó
By Leo Tolstoy
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¡¡ |
¡¡ |
'Thou shalt not kill.' -
EXOD. xx. 13.
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'»ìÀÎÇÏÁö ¸»Áö´Ï¶ó'
- Ãâ¾Ö±Þ±â 20:13 |
'The disciple is not above his master: but every one when he
is perfected shall be as his master.' -
LUKE vi. 40
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'Á¦ÀÚ°¡ ±× ¼±»ýº¸´Ù ³ôÁö ¸øÇϳª ¹«¸© ¿ÂÀüÄÉ µÈ ÀÚ´Â ±× ¼±»ý°ú °°À¸¸®¶ó' -
´©°¡º¹À½
6:40
¡¡ |
'For all they that take the sword shall perish with the
sword.' - MATT xxvi. 52.
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'°ËÀ» °¡Áö´Â ÀÚ´Â ´Ù °ËÀ¸·Î ¸ÁÇÏ´À´Ï¶ó' -
¸¶Åº¹À½ 26:52
¡¡ |
'Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do
to you, do ye even so to them.' - MATT. vii. 12.
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'±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ³²¿¡°Ô ´ëÁ¢À» ¹Þ°íÀÚ Çϴ´ë·Î ³ÊÈñµµ ³²À» ´ëÁ¢Ç϶ó' -
¸¶Åº¹À½ 7:12
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
When Kings are executed after trial, as in the case of
Charles I, Louis XVI, and Maximilian of Mexico; or when they are killed in
Court conspiracies, like Peter III, Paul, and various Sultans, Shahs, and
Khans - little is said about it; but when they are killed without a trial and
without a Court conspiracy- as in the case of Henry IV of France, Alexander
II, the Empress of Austria, the late Shah of Persia, and, recently, Humbert-
such murders excite the greatest surprise and indignation among Kings and
Emperors and their adherents, just as if they themselves never took part in
murders, nor profited by them, nor instigated them. But, in fact, the mildest of
the murdered Kings (Alexander II. or Humbert, for instance), not to speak of
executions in their own countries, were instigators of, and accomplices and
partakers in, the murder of tens of thousands of men who perished on the field
of battle; while more cruel Kings and Emperors have been guilty of hundreds of
thousands, and even millions, of murders.
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¿ÕµéÀÌ ÀçÆÇ µÚ¿¡ óÇüµÉ ¶§¿¡, Âû½º 1¼¼, ·çÀÌ 14¼¼, ±×¸®°í
¸ß½ÃÄÚÀÇ ¸Æ½Ã¹Ð¶õÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡¼¿Í °°ÀÌ; ¶Ç´Â ÇÇÅÍ 3¼¼, Æú, ±×¸®°í ¿©·¯ ¼úź, »þ, ±×¸®°í ĵéÀÌ ¿ª¸ð ÀçÆÇ¿¡¼ »çÇüµÉ ¶§¿¡ - ±×°Í¿¡
´ëÇØ °ÅÀÇ ³í¶õÀÌ ¾øÀ¸³ª; ±×µéÀÌ ÀçÆÇÀ̳ª ¿ª¸ð ÀçÆÇÀ» °ÅÄ¡°í ¾Ê°í »çÇüµÉ ¶§´Â - ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ Ç 4¼¼, ¾Ë·º»ê´õ 2¼¼, ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾ÆÀÇ È²³à,
±Ù·¡ÀÇ Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀÇ »þ, ±×¸®°í ÃÖ±Ù¿¡, Çè¹öÆ®ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡¼¿Í °°ÀÌ - ¸¶Ä¡ ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀº °áÄÚ »ìÀε鿡 Âü¿©ÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç,
±×°Íµé·Î ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÃëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ºÎÃß±ä ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³, ±×·¯ÇÑ »ìÀεéÀº ¿Õµé°ú ȲÁ¦µé ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¾öû³
³î¶ó¿ò°ú ºÐ³ë¸¦ Ã˹߽ÃŲ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, »ç½Ç»ó, »ìÇØµÈ ¿Õµé (¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼, ¾Ë·º»ê´õ 2¼¼ ¶Ç´Â Çè¹öÆ®) Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå À¯¼øÇÑ ÀÚµµ, ±×µé
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼ÀÇ Ã³ÇüµéÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ, ÀüÀïÅÍ¿¡¼ »ç¶óÁ® °£ ¼ö¸¸ ¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ìÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±µ¿ÀÚ µéÀ̸ç, °ø¹üÀÚÀÌÀÚ °¡´ãÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù;
ÇÑÆí ´õ¿í ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ¿Õµé°ú ȲÁ¦µéÀº ¼ö½Ê¸¸ ¸í, ±×¸®°í ¼ö¹é¸¸ ¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ìÀεéÀ» ¹üÇØ¿Ô´Ù. |
The teaching of Christ repeals the law, 'An eye for an
eye, and a tooth for a tooth'; but those who have always clung to that law, and
still cling to it, and who apply it to a terrible degree - not only claiming 'an
eye for an eye,' but without provocation decreeing the slaughter of thousands,
as they do when they declare war- have no right to be indignant at the
application of that same law to themselves in so small and insignificant a
degree that hardly one King or Emperor is killed for each hundred thousand, or
perhaps even for each million, who are killed by the order and with the consent
of Kings and Emperors. Kings and Emperors not only should not be indignant at
such murders as those of Alexander II. and Humbert, but they should be surprised
that such murders are so rare, considering the continual and universal example
of murder that they give to mankind.
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±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº À²¹ý, '´«¿¡´Â ´«, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿¡´Â ÀÌ'¸¦
ÆóÁöÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×¿Í °°Àº À²¹ý¿¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¸Å´Þ·Á ÀÖ¾ú´ø, ±×¸®°í ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸Å´Þ·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¹«¼¿ï Á¤µµ·Î Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº - '´«¿¡´Â
´«,'À» ÁÖÀåÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ» ¼±¾ðÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ÇàÇϵíÀÌ, ¼öõ ¸íÀÇ »ìÀ°À» °Å¸®³¦ ¾øÀÌ ¼±Æ÷Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù - ¿ÕµéÀ̳ª ȲÁ¦µéÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡
ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×¸®°í µ¿ÀǷμ »ìÇØµÇ´Â ¼ö¸¸ ¸í´ç, ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¹é¸¸ ¸í´ç ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ ¿ÕÀ̳ª ȲÁ¦µµ °ÅÀÇ »ìÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â Á¤µµ·Î Áö±ØÈ÷ °æ¹ÌÇÏ°í »ç¼ÒÇÑ
ÀÏ¿¡, ¶È°°Àº ¹ýÀ» ±×µé Àڽſ¡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÔ¿¡ ºÐ°³ÇÒ ¾Æ¹«·± ±Ç¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿Õµé°ú ȲÁ¦µéÀº ¾Ë·º»ê´õ 2¼¼ ¹× Çè¹öÆ®ÀÇ °æ¿ìµé°ú °°Àº »ìÀε鿡
ºÐ°³Çؼ´Â ¾ÈµÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×·¯ÇÑ »ìÀεéÀÌ, ±×µéÀÌ Àηù¿¡°Ô ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Â Áö¼ÓÀûÀÌ°í º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ »ìÀÎÀÇ ¿¹¸¦ °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×Åä·Ï µå¹°´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
³î¶ó¿Í ÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. |
The crowd are so hypnotized that they see what is going
on before their eyes, but do not understand its meaning. They see what constant
care Kings, Emperors, and Presidents devote to their disciplined armies; they
see the reviews, parades, and manaeuvres the rulers hold, about which they boast
to one another; and the people crowd to see their own brothers, brightly dressed
up in fools' clothes, turned into machines to the sound of drum and trumpet,
all, at the shout of one man, making one and the same movement at one and the
same moment-but they do not understand what it all means. Yet the meaning of
this drilling is very clear and simple: it is nothing but a preparation for
killing.
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±ºÁßµéÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ÃÖ¸éÀÌ µÇ¾î¼ ±×µéÀÇ ´« ¾Õ¿¡ ¹ú¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ»
±×µéÀº º¸Áö¸¸, ±× Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿Õµé, ȲÁ¦µé, ±×¸®°í ´ëÅë·ÉµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÈÆ·ÃµÈ ±º´ëµé¿¡ ¾î¶² Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °ü½ÉÀ» ½ñ°í
ÀÖ´ÂÁö º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù; ±×µéÀº ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀÌ °ÅÇàÇÏ´Â ¿º´½Äµé , ÇàÁøµé, ¹× ±âµ¿¿¬½ÀµéÀ» º¸°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×µéÀº ¼·Îµé »Ë³»°í ÀÖ´Ù;
±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ, ¹Ùº¸µéÀÇ Á¦º¹µéÀ» È·ÁÇÏ°Ô Â÷·Á ÀÔ°í¼, µå·³°ú Æ®·³Æê ¼Ò¸®¿¡, ¸ðµÎ´Ù ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿Üħ¿¡ ¸ÂÃß¾î
±â°èµé·Î º¯Çϸç, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÇÑ °¡Áö·Î ¶È°°Àº µ¿ÀÛµéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀ» º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù - ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´ÂÁö ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù. |
It is stupefying men in order to make them fit
instruments for murder. And those who do this, who chiefly direct this and are
proud of it, are the Kings, Emperors and Presidents. And it is just these men -
who are specially occupied in organizing murder and who have made murder their
profession, who wear military uniforms and carry murderous weapons (swords) at
their sides - that are horrified and indignant when one of themselves is murdered.
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±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ µµ±¸µé·Î ¸¸µé±â À§Çؼ ±×µéÀ»
¸¶Ãë½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â, ÁÖ·Î À̰ÍÀ» Áö½ÃÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿ö ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿Õµé, ȲÁ¦µé ±×¸®°í ´ëÅë·ÉµéÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ - Ưº°È÷ »ìÀÎÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÔ¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â ±×¸®°í »ìÀÎÀ» ±×µéÀÇ Á÷¾÷À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â, ±ºº¹µéÀ» ÀÔ°í¼ »ìÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹«±âµé(Ä®µé)À»
±×µéÀÇ ¾ç ¿·¿¡ Â÷°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ - Àڽŵé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ »ìÇØµÉ ¶§ ÀüÀ²ÇÏ¸ç ºÐ³ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
The murder of Kings- the murder of Humbert- is terrible,
but not on account of its cruelty. The things done by command of Kings and
Emperors-not only past events such as the massacre of St.. Bartholomew religious
butcheries, the terrible repressions of peasant' rebellions, and Paris coups
d' etat, but the present-day Government executions, the doing-to-death of
prisoners in solitary confinement, the Disciplinary Battallions, the hangings,
the beheadings, the shootings and slaughter in wars-are incomparably more cruel
than the murders committed by Anarchists. Nor are these murders terrible because
undeserved. If Alexander II. and Humbert did not deserve death, still less did
the thousands of Russians who perished at Plevna, or of Italians who perished in
Abyssinia. Such murders are terrible, not because they are cruel or unmerited,
but because of the unreasonableness of those who commit them.
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¿ÕµéÀÇ »ìÇØ - Çè¹öÆ®ÀÇ »ìÇØ - ´Â ¹«¼¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÇ
ÀÜÇÐÇÔ ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿Õµé°ú ȲÁ¦µéÀÇ ¸í·Éµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÇàÇØÁø ÀϵéÀº - ¼º ¹Ùµ¹·Î¸ÞÀÇ Á¾±³Àû µµ»ìµéÀÇ ´ëÇлì, ³ó¹ÎµéÀÇ ´ëÇл쿡 ´ëÇÑ
¹«¼¿î Áø¾Ðµé, ±×¸®°í ÆÄ¸®ÀÇ ±¸µ¥Å¸¿Í °°Àº °ú°ÅÀÇ »ç°Çµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ Á¤ºÎÀÇ Ã³Çüµé, µ¶¹æ °¨±ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ Áö°Ü¿î Á×À½,
±ÔÀ²ºÎ´ëµé, ±³¼öÇüµé, Âü¼öÇüµé, ÀüÀï¿¡¼ÀÇ ÃÑ»ìÇüµéÀº ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀÚÇàµÈ »ìÀε麸´Ù ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ÈξÀ ÀÜÇÐÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í
°°Àº »ìÀεéÀÌ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹«¼¿î °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¾Ë·º»ê´õ 2¼¼¿Í Çè¹öÆ®°¡ Á×¾î¾ß ÇÒ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é, Ç÷¹ºê³ª¿¡¼ »ç¶óÁ®°£
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀεé, ¶Ç´Â ¾Æºñ½Ã´Ï¾Æ¿¡¼ »ç¶óÁ®°£ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÎµé ¼öõ ¸íµéÀº ´õ¿í ´õ ±×·² ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »ìÀεéÀº ¹«¼¿î °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ
ÀÜÇÐÇϴٰųª °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀúÁö¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
If the regicides act under the influence of personal
feelings of indignation evoked by the sufferings of an oppressed people, for
which they hold Alexander or Carnot or Humbert responsible; or if they act from
personal feelings of revenge, then - however immoral their conduct may be - it is at
least intelligible; but how is it that a body of men (Anarchists, we are told)
such as those by whom Bresci was sent, and who are now threatening another
Emperor - how is that they cannot devise any better means of improving the
condition of humanity than by killing people whose destruction can no more be of
use than the decapitation of that mythical monster on whose neck a new head
appeared as soon as one was cut off? Kings and Emperors have long ago arranged
for themselves a system like that of a magazine-rifle : as soon as one bullet
has been discharged another takes its place. Le roi est mort, vive le roi!
So what is the use of killing them?
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¸¸ÀÏ ±¹¿Õ »ìÇØ¹üµéÀÌ ¾ï¾Ð ¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °íÅëµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼Ú¾Æ³
°³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ºÐ³ëÀÇ °¨Á¤ÀÇ ¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡¼ ÇൿÇϸé¼, ¾Ë·º»ê´õ, Ä«³ëÆ®, ¶Ç´Â Çè¹öÆ®°¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù¸é; ¶Ç´Â º¹¼ö¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ
°¨Á¤µé·Î¼ ÇൿÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×·¸´Ù¸é - ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ºñµµ´öÀûÀÌ¶óµµ - ±×°ÍÀº Àû¾îµµ ³³µæÀº °£´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¾îÂîÇÏ¿© ºê·¹½ºÅ°¸¦ º¸³»¾ú´ø,
±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦ ´Ù¸¥ ȲÁ¦¸¦ À§ÇùÇϰí ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé °°Àº ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ »ç¶÷µé(¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé)ÀÌ - ¾îÂîÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¸ê¸ÁÀ¸·Î,
Àß·ÁÁöÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ »õ·Î¿î ¸Ó¸®°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Àü¼³ÀûÀÎ ±«¹°ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¸¦ º£´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³, »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÀηùÀÇ »óŸ¦ ´õ ÁÁ°Ô
°³¼±ÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ» °í¾ÈÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀΰ¡? ¿Õµé°ú ȲÁ¦µéÀº ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ¿¬¹ßÃѰú °°Àº üÁ¦¸¦ ÁغñÇÏ¿´´Ù: ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ÃѾËÀÌ ¹ß»çµÇÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ ´Ù¸¥
°ÍÀÌ ±× ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù: Le roi est mort, vive le roi!
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÔÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¼Ò¿ëÀΰ¡? |
Only on a most superficial view, can the killing of these
men seem a means of saving the nations from oppression and from wars
destructive of human life.
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¿ÀÁ÷ °¡Àå ÇÇ»óÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢ À§¿¡¼¸¸, ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÔÀÌ ÀηùÀÇ
»îÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â ¾ï¾ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®°í ÀüÀïµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¹¹ÎµéÀ» ±¸ÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
One only need remember that similar oppression and
similar war went on, no matter who was at the head of the Government- Nicholas
or Alexander, Frederick or Wilhelm, Napoleon or Louis, Palmerston or Gladstone,
McKinley or anyone else-in order to understand that it is not any particular
person who causes these oppressions and these wars from which the nations
suffer. The misery of nations is caused not by particular persons, but by the
particular order of Society under which the people are so tied up together that
they find themselves all in the power of a few men, or more often in the power
of one single man: a man so perverted by his unnatural position as arbiter of
the fate and lives of millions, that he is always in an unhealthy state, and
always suffers more or less from a mania of self-aggrandizement, which only his
exceptional position conceals from general notice.
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¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷, ±¹¹ÎµéÀÌ °Þ´Â ÀÌ·± ¾ï¾Ðµé°ú ÀÌ·± ÀüÀïµéÀº ¾î¶²
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» ±ú´Ý±â À§Çؼ, ´©°¡ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¼ö¹Ý¿¡ ÀÖµçÁö - ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ¶Ç´Â ¾Ë·º»ê´õ, ÇÁ·¹µ¥¸¯ ¶Ç´Â ÀªÇ︧, ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë
¶Ç´Â ·çÀÌ, ÆÄ¸Ó½ºÅæ ¶Ç´Â ±Û·¡½ºÅæ, ¸ÆÅ²¸® ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ -, À¯»çÇÑ ¾ï¾Ð°ú À¯»çÇÑ »ç°ÇµéÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.
±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ ºÒÇàÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿øÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´Ü´ÜÈ÷ ¹¿©¼ ±×µéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ¸î »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±Ç·Â ¾È¿¡, ¶Ç´Â ´õ¿í ÈçÈ÷ ´Ü ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ -
¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ ¿î¸í°ú ¸ñ¼ûµéÀÇ ÁÖÀçÀڷμ ±×ÀÇ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ³Ê¹«³ª º¯ÁúµÇ¾î¼, ±×´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª °Ç°ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾ðÁ¦³ª
´Ù¼Ò°£ °ú´ë¸Á»óÁõÀ» °Þ°í ÀÖ¾î¼, À̰ÍÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×ÀÇ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ ÁöÀ§·Î¼ ÀϹÝÀÎÀÌ ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸²À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼û±â´Â ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ - ±Ç·Â ¾È¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »çȸÁú¼¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ »ý°Ü³´Ù. |
Apart from the fact that such men are surrounded from
earliest childhood to the grave by the most insensate luxury dud an atmosphere
of falsehood and flattery which always accompanies them, their whole education
and all their occupations are centred on one object: learning about former
murders, the best present-day ways of murdering, and the best preparations for
future murder. From childhood they learn about killing in all its possible
forms. They always carry about with them murderous weapons-swords or sabres;
they dress themselves in various uniforms; they attend parades, reviews and
manoeuvres; they visit one another, presenting one another with Orders and
nominating one another to the command of regiments-and not only does no one tell
them plainly what they are doing or say that to busy one's self with
preparations for killing is revolting and criminal, but from all sides they hear
nothing but approval and enthusiasm for all this activity of theirs. Every time
they go out, and at each parade and review, crowds of people flock to greet them
with enthusiasm, and it seems to them as if the whole nation approves of their
conduct. The only part of the Press that reaches them, and that seems to them
the expression of the feelings of the whole people, or at least of its best
representatives, most slavishly extols their every word and action, however
silly or wicked they may be. Those around them, men and women., clergy and
laity- all people who do not prize human dignity- vying with one another in
refined flattery, agree with them about anything and deceive them about
everything making it impossible for them to see life as it is. Such rulers might
live a hundred years without ever seeing one single really independent man or
ever hearing the truth spoken. One is sometimes appalled to hear of the words
and deeds of these men ; but one need only consider their position in order to
understand that anyone in their place would act as they do. If a reasonable man
found himself in their place, there is only one reasonable action he could
perform, and that would be to get away from such a position. Any one remaining
in it would behave as they do.
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±×¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂï À¯³â±âºÎÅÍ ¹«´ý¿¡ °¥ ¶§±îÁö °¡Àå
ºÐº°¾øÀÌ »çÄ¡½º·´°í ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â À§¼±ÀûÀÎ ºÐÀ§±â¿Í ±×µéÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÃ·¿¡ µÑ·¯ ½Î¿© ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº º°µµ·Î, ±×µéÀÇ Àüü ±³À° ¹× ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç
Á÷¾÷µéÀº ÇÑ °¡Áö ¸ñÀû¿¡ ÁýÁߵǾî ÀÖ´Ù: °ú°ÅÀÇ »ìÀεéÀ» ¹è¿ì´Â °Í, Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº »ìÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµé, ±×¸®°í ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ °¡Àå
ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Áغñµé. ¾î¸° ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀº °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç ÇüŵéÀÇ »ìÀο¡ ´ëÇØ ¹è¿î´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×µé ÁÖÀ§¿¡ »ìÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹«±âµé - Ä®°ú °Ëµé -
À» Áö´Ï¸ç; ±×µéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¦º¹µéÀ» ÀÔÀ¸¸ç; ±×µéÀº Çà·Äµé, ¿º´½Äµé ¹× ±âµ¿ÈƷÿ¡ Âü°¡Çϸç; ±×µéÀº ¼·Î¸¦ ¹æ¹®ÇÏ¿© ¼·Î¿¡°Ô Á÷À§¸¦
¼ö¿©ÇÏ¸ç ¼·Î¸¦ ¿¬´ëÀÇ ÁöÈÖ°üÀ¸·Î ÀÓ¸íÇÑ´Ù - ±×¸®°í ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ±×µéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¸»ÇØÁְųª ±×µéÀÌ »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇØ ÁغñÇÔÀ¸·Î
¹Ù»Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Çø¿À½º·¯¿ì¸ç ¹üÁËÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, µµÃ³·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÎÁ¤°ú
¿±¤¸¸À» µè´Â´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ³ª°¥ ¶§¸é ¾ðÁ¦³ª, ±×¸®°í Á¦°¢±â Çà·Ä°ú ¿º´½Ä¿¡¼, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹«¸®µéÀº ¿±¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀ» ȯ¿µÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸ð¿©µé¸ç,
±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ¸¶Ä¡ Àüü ±¹¹ÎÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×µé¿¡ ÀüÇØÁö¸ç, ±×µé¿¡°Ô Àüü ±¹¹ÎÀÇ, ¶Ç´Â Àû¾îµµ ±×µéÀÇ
°¡Àå ³ªÀº ´ëÇ¥ÀÚµéÀÇ Á¤¼µéÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ´À²¸Áö´Â ¾ð·ÐÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀϺδÂ, ±×µéÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ¾î¸®¼®°Å³ª »ç¾ÇÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ±¼ÇÏ°Ô ±×µéÀÇ
¸ðµç ¸»°ú ÇൿÀ» ±ØÂùÇÑ´Ù. ±×µé ÁÖº¯ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé, ³²ÀÚµé°ú ¿©ÀÚµé, ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ¿Í Æò½ÅµµµéÀº - Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾öÀ» ±ÍÁßÈ÷ ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº
- ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¾ÆÃ·À¸·Î ¼·Î¿Í °æÀïÇϸé¼, ¹«¾ù¿¡ °üÇØ¼µçÁö ±×°Íµé¿¡ Âù¼ºÇϸç, ±×µéÀÌ »îÀ» ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡
°üÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» ¼ÓÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·± ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀº ¹é³â µ¿¾È ´Ü ÇÑ ¸íÀÇ Áø½Ç·Î µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µµ º¸Áö ¸øÇϰųª ½ÉÁö¾î Áø½ÇÀ» ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µèÁö
¸øÇÏ°í¼ »ì °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¶§¶§·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ðÇàµéÀ» µè°í¼ ³î¶õ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ´©±¸¶óµµ ±×µéÀÌ
ÇàÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ÇàÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý±â À§ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¾î¶² À̼ºÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡ ÀÖÀ½À» ¾È´Ù¸é, ±×°¡
¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ °¡ÁöÀÇ À̼ºÀûÀÎ ÇൿÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ À§Ä¡¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª´Â °ÍÀ̸®¶ó. ±× ¾È¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÖ´Â ´©±¸¶óµµ
±×µéÀÌ ÇàÇϵíÀÌ Ã³½ÅÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
What, indeed, must go on in the head of some Wilhelm of
Germany - a narrow-minded, ill-educated, vain man, with the ideals of a German
Junker- when there is nothing he can say so stupid or so horrid that it will not
be met by an enthusiastic 'Hoch!' and be commented on by the Press of the
entire world as though it were something highly important? When he says that, at
his word, soldiers should be ready to kill their own fathers, people shout
'Hurrah !' When he says that the Gospel must be introduced with an iron fist-
'Hurrah!' When he says the army is to take no prisoners in China, but to
slaughter everybody, he is not put into a lunatic asylum, but people shout
'Hurrah!' and set sail for China to execute his commands. Or Nicholas II. (a man
naturally modest) begins his reign by announcing to venerable old men who had
expressed a wish to be allowed to discuss their own affairs, that such ideas of
self-government were 'insensate dreams,'- and the organs of the Press he sees
and the people he meets, praise him for it. He proposes a childish, silly, and
hypocritical project of universal peace, while at the same time ordering an
increase in the army - and there are no limits to the laudations of his wisdom
and virtue. Without any need, he foolishly and mercilessly insults and oppresses
a whole nation, the Finns, and again he hears nothing but praise. Finally, he
arranges the Chinese slaughter - terrible in its injustice, cruelty and
incompatibility with his peace projects - and from all sides, people applaud
him, both as a victor and as a continuer of his father's peace policy.
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³Ê¹«³ª ¾î¸®¼®°Å³ª ³Ê¹«³ª ÀüÀ²½º·¯¿ö¼ ¿±¤ÀûÀÎ 'Hoch!'·Î¼
ȯȣ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ±×°¡ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, Àü ¼¼»óÀÇ ¾ð·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÎ °Íó·³ ³íÆòÇÒ ¶§,
µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ÀϺΠºôÇ︧ °°Àº »ç¶÷ - µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ÀþÀº ±ÍÁ·ÀÇ »ç»óµéÀ» Áö´Ñ, ¿ËÁ¹Çϰí, À߸ø ¹è¿ì°í, Ç㿵¿¡ Âù »ç¶÷ - ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡´Â Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ
ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ±×ÀÇ ÇÑ ¸¶µð¿¡ º´»çµéÀÌ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöµéÀ» »ìÇØÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ±×°¡ ¸»ÇÒ ¶§, »ç¶÷µéÀº
'¸¸¼¼'¶ó°í ¼Ò¸®Ä£´Ù. º¹À½¼´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ö±ÇÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǿî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ±×°¡ ¸»ÇÒ ¶§µµ - '¸¸¼¼'ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áß±¹¿¡¼´Â ±º´ë°¡ Á˼öµéÀ» ºÙµéÁö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ´©±¸¶óµµ »ìÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï, ±×´Â Á¤½Åº´ÀÚ ¼ö¿ë¼Ò¿¡ °¡µÎ¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, »ç¶÷µéÀº '¸¸¼¼'¶ó°í ¼Ò¸®Ä¡¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ¸í·ÉµéÀ»
ÁýÇàÇϱâ À§ÇØ Áß±¹À¸·Î ÃâÇ×ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º 2¼¼ (õ¼ºÀûÀ¸·Î Á¡ÀÝÀº »ç¶÷)°¡, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ÅäÀÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¿ëµÉ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Èñ¸ÁÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ Á¸°æÇÏ´Â ¿¬ÀåÀڵ鿡°Ô ÀÚÄ¡ Á¤ºÎ¿Í °°Àº »ç»óµéÀº '¾µµ¥ ¾ø´Â ²Þµé'À̶ó°í ¼±Æ÷ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇϸé - ±×°¡ ¸¸³ª´Â
¾ð·Ð ±â°üµé ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ¸¸³ª´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×·± ±×¸¦ μÛÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â À¯Ä¡Çϰí, ¾î¸®¼®À¸¸ç, À§¼±ÀûÀÎ ¼¼°è Æòȸ¦ Á¦¾ÈÇϸç, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±º´ë¸¦
Áõ°ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù - ±×·¯¸é ±×ÀÇ ÁöÇý¿Í ´öÀÇ ÄªÂùµé¿¡ ³¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¾Æ¹« ÇÊ¿ä ¾øÀÌ, ±×´Â ¾î¸®¼®°í ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ Àüü ±¹¹Î, Áï
ÇɶõµåÀεéÀ» ¸ð¿åÇÏ°í ¾ï¾ÐÇÑ´Ù - ±×·¯¸é ´Ù½Ã ±×´Â ¿À·ÎÁö ĪÂù¸¸À» µè´Â´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, ±×´Â Áß±¹ÀÎ ÇлìÀ» ÁغñÇÑ´Ù - ±×ÀÇ ÆòÈ °èȹµé¿¡
ºñÃß¾î ºÎ´çÇÔ, ÀÜÀÎÇÔ ±×¸®°í »ó¹ÝµÊ¿¡¼ ²ûÂïÇÏ´õ¶ó°í - ±×·¯¸é °¢Ã³·ÎºÎÅÍ, ½Â¸®Àڷμ ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ÆòÈ Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ °è½ÂÀڷμ,
»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×¸¦ μÛÇÑ´Ù. |
What, indeed, must be going on in the heads and hearts of
these men?
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ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸Ó¸®µé°ú ¸¶À½µé¿¡´Â Áø½Ç·Î ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ°í Àִ°¡? |
So it is not the Alexanders and Humberts, nor the
Wilhelms, Nicholases, and Chamberlains- though they decree these oppressions of
the nations and these wars- who are really the most guilty of these sins, but it
is rather those who place and support them in the position of arbiters over the
lives of their fellow-men. And, therefore, the thing to do is not to kill
Alexanders, Nicholases, Wilhelms, and Humberts, but to cease to support the
arrangement of society of which they are a result. And what supports the present
order of society is the selfishness and stupefaction of the people, who sell
their freedom and honour for insignificant material advantages.
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¾Ë·º»ê´õ¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µé ±×¸®°í Çè¹öÆ®¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µé, ¶Ç´Â ºôÇ︧
°°Àº »ç¶÷µé, ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º °°Àº »ç¶÷µé, ±×¸®°í è¹ö¸° °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌó·³ ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ï¾Ðµé°ú ÀÌó·³ ÀüÀïµéÀ» ¼±Æ÷ÇÏÁö¸¸,
Áø½Ç·Î ÀÌ·± Á˾ǵ鿡 À¯ÁËÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×µéÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µéÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÀçÀÚµéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ±×µéÀ» ¾ÉÈ÷°í ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÎ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÀÏÀº ¾Ë·º»ê´õ¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µé, ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º °°Àº »ç¶÷µé, ºôÇ︧ °°Àº »ç¶÷µé, ±×¸®°í Çè¹öÆ®¿Í °°Àº
»ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â »çȸ Á¦µµ¸¦ ÁöÁöÇϱ⸦ ¸ØÃß´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÇöÀçÀÇ »çȸ Áú¼¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
À̱â½É°ú Áßµ¶»óÅÂÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í ¸í¿¹¸¦ ÆÈ¾Æ¼ ÇüÆí¾ø´Â ¹°ÁúÀû ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» »ç·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
People who stand on the lowest rung of the ladder - partly
as a result of being stupefied by a patriotic and pseudo-religious education,
and partly for the sake of personal advantages- cede their freedom and sense of
human dignity at the bidding of these who stand above.
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»ç´Ù¸®ÀÇ °¡Àå ¾Æ·¡ ´Ü¿¡ ¼ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº - ÀϺδ ¾Ö±¹ÀûÀ̸ç À¯»ç
Á¾±³¿Í °°Àº ±³À°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¼¼³úµÈ °á°ú·Î¼, ±×¸®°í ÀϺδ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» À§Çؼ - ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í Àΰ£ Á¸¾ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ý°¢À» ±×µé À§¿¡
¼ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ µû¶ó ¾çµµÇÑ´Ù. |
In them and offer them material advantages. In the same
way - in consequence of stupefaction, and chiefly for the sake of advantages - those
who are a little higher up the ladder cede their freedom and manly dignity, and
the same thing repeats itself with those standing yet higher, and so on to the
to most rung - to those who, or to him who, standing at the apex of the social
cone have nothing more to obtain: for whom the only motives of action are love
of power and vanity, and who are. generally so perverted and stupefied by the
power of life and death which they hold over their fellow-men, and by the
consequent servility and flattery of those who surround them, that, without
ceasing to do evil, they feel quite assured that they are benefactors to the
human race.
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±×µé ¾È¿¡ ±×¸®°í ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¹°ÁúÀû ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ¶È°°Àº
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î - ¼¼³úÀÇ °á°ú·Î, ±×¸®°í ÁÖ·Î ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© - »ç´Ù¸®ÀÇ ´Ü°è ¿¡¼ ¾à°£ À§¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í ³²ÀڷμÀÇ Á¸¾öÀ»
¾çµµÇϸç, ±×¸®°í ¶È°°Àº ÀÏÀÌ Á¶±Ý ´õ ³ôÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼µµ °è¼Ó µÇÇ®À̵Ǿî¼, ÃÖ »óÀ§ ´Ü°è±îÁö - ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¾òÀ» °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Â »çȸÀû
¿øÃßÀÇ Á¤Á¡¿¡ ¼ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±îÁö À̸¥´Ù: ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Çൿ µ¿±âµéÀº ±Ç·Â°ú Ç㿵¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ µ¿Æ÷µé À§¿¡
±×µéÀÌ Áã°í ÀÖ´Â »ý»ç ¿©Å»±Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³Ê¹«³ª Ÿ¶ôÇÏ°í ¸¶ÃëµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×µé µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µÚ¸¦ µû¸£´Â ÃßÁ¾°ú
¾ÆÃ·¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼, ¾ÇÀ» ÇàÇÔÀ» Áß´ÜÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ, ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÃÇýÀÚµéÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¸Å¿ì ´ç´çÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
It is the people who sacrifice their dignity as men for
material profit that produce these men who cannot act otherwise than as they do
act, and with whom it is useless to be angry for their stupid and wicked
actions. To kill such men is like whipping children whom one has first spoilt.
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±×µéÀÌ ÇൿÇÏ´Â °Í Àܷ̿δ ÇൿÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀ» âÃâÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ¹°ÁúÀû ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ Á¸¾öÀ» Èñ»ýÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̸ç, ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ±×µéÀÇ ¾î¸®¼®°í »ç¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§µé¿¡
´ëÇØ ºÐ³ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¼Ò¿ë¾ø´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ óÀ½À¸·Î ¿ìÀ¯¸¦ ½ñÀº ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ȸÃʸ®¸¦ µå´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù. |
That nations should not be oppressed, and that there
should be none of these useless wars, and that men may not be indignant with
those who seem to cause these evils, and may not kill them- it seems that only a
very small thing is necessary. It is necessary that men should understand things
as they are, should call them by their right names, and should know that an army
is an instrument for killing, and that the enrolment and management of an
army-the very things which Kings, Emperors, and Presidents occupy themselves
with so self-confidently- is a preparation for murder.
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±¹¹ÎµéÀÌ ¾ï¾Ð ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê±â À§Çؼ, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â
ÀüÀïµéÀÌ Çϳª¶óµµ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á¸é, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¾ÇµéÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ºÐ³ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀ» »ìÇØÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ¸·Á¸é - ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº Çϳª°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¹°µéÀ» ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß Çϸç, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ±×°ÍµéÀÇ Á¤´çÇÑ
À̸§µé·Î ºÒ·¯¾ß Çϸç, ±º´ë´Â »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ µµ±¸À̸ç, ÀÔ´ë¿Í ±º´ëÀÇ ¿î¿µÀº - ¿Õµé, ȲÁ¦µé, ¹× ´ëÅë·ÉµéÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï Àڽſ¡ Â÷¼ Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â
¹Ù·Î ±×°Íµé·Î¼ - »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ÁغñÀÓÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. |
If only each King, Emperor, and President understood that
his work of directing armies is not an honourable and important duty, as his
flatterers persuade him it is, but a bad and shameful act of preparation for
murder-and if each private individual understood that the payment of taxes
wherewith to hire and equip soldiers, and, above all, army-service itself, are
not matters of indifference, but are bad and shameful actions by which he not
only permits but participates in murder-then this power of Emperors, Kings, and
Presidents, which now arouses our indignation, and which causes them to be
murdered, would disappear of itself.
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¸¸ÀÏ ¿Õ, ȲÁ¦, ±×¸®°í ´ëÅë·É °¢ÀÚ°¡ ±º´ëµéÀ» ÁöÈÖÇÏ´Â ±×ÀÇ
¾÷¹«°¡, ±×¸¦ ±ØÂùÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ¼³µæÇϵíÀÌ, ¸í¿¹·Ó°Å³ª Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÓ¹«°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ÇÇÏ¸ç ¼öÄ¡½º·± »ìÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ÁغñÀÓÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù¸é -
±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ Á¦°¢±â °³ÀÎÀÌ º´»çµéÀ», ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ±º´ë ¿î¿µ ÀÚü¸¦ °í¿ëÇϰí ÁغñÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼¼±ÝµéÀÇ ³³ºÎ°¡ ¹«°ü½ÉÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¾ÇÇÏ¸ç ¼öÄ¡½º·± ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ¸ç ±×·Î½á ±×´Â »ìÀÎÀ» Çã¿ëÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Âü¿©ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù¸é - ±×·¸´Ù¸é ȲÁ¦µé, ¿Õµé, ±×¸®°í ´ëÅë·ÉµéÀÇ
ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±Ç·ÂÀº, ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ºÐ³ë¸¦ ²ú°Ô ¸¸µé°í, ±× ºÐ³ë´Â ±×µéÀ» »ìÇØÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÀúÀý·Î »ç¶óÁ³À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
So that the Alexanders, Carnots, Humberts, and others
should not be murdered, but it should be explained to them that they are
themselves murderers, and, chiefly, they should not be allowed to kill people:
men should refuse to murder at their command.
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±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾Ë·º»ê´õ¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µé, Ä«¸£³ë¾Æ °°Àº »ç¶÷µé, Çè¹öÆ®¿Í
°°Àº »ç¶÷µé ¹× ±âŸÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ìÇØµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀº ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀÌ »ìÀÎÀÚµéÀ̶õ °ÍÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼³¸íµÇ¾îÁ®¾ß Çϸç,
ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î, ±×µéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ¾î¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù: »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ µû¶ó »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
If people do not yet act in this way, it is only because
Governments, to maintain themselves, diligently exercise a hypnotic influence
upon the people. And, therefore, we may help to prevent people killing either
Kings or one another, not by killing- murder only increases the hypnotism- but
by arousing people from their hypnotic condition.
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¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ, ½º½º·Î¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ºÎ´ÜÈ÷ ÃÖ¸éÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¿ì¸®´Â, »ìÇØÇÔ - »ìÀÎÀº
¿ÀÁ÷ ÃÖ¸éÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų »ÓÀÌ´Ù - ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ ÃÖ¸é »óÅ¿¡¼ ±ú¿òÀ¸·Î½á, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿Õµé ¶Ç´Â ¼·Î¸¦ »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
And it is this I have tried to do by these
remarks. |
±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ³íÆòµé·Î¼ ³»°¡ ÇàÇϰíÀÚ Çß´ø
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
¡¡ |
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[August 8, o.s., 1900.] |
1900³â 8¿ù 8ÀÏ |
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Prohibited in Russia, an attempt was made to
print this article in the Russian language in Germany; but the edition was
seized in July, 1903, and after a trial in the Provincial Court of Leipzig
(August, 1903) it was pronounced to be insulting to the German Kaiser, and all
copies were ordered to be destroyed.
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·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ ±â»ç¸¦ µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾î·Î ÀμâÇÏ·Á´Â
½Ãµµ°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ±× Àμ⺻Àº 1903³â 7¿ù¿¡ ¸ô¼öµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¶óÀÌÇÁÂîÈ÷ÀÇ Áö¹æ ¹ý¿ø¿¡¼ ÀçÆÇ ³¡¿¡(1903³â 8¿ù) µ¶ÀÏ È²Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¸ð¿åÀÌ¶ó ¼±¾ðµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç »çº»µéÀÌ Æó±âµÉ °ÍÀ» ¸í·É¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. |
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[ A Confession ] [ What I Believe ] [ Gospel In Brief ] [ Kingdom of God ] [ A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology ] [ An Examination of The Gospels ] [ A Harmony, Translation, and Examination of The Four Gospels ] [ 23 Tales ] [ Hadji Murad ] [ Resurrection ] [ His Life and Work ] [ Count Tolstoi and the Public Censor ] [ The Devil ] [ Last Days of Tolstoy ] [ First Recollections ] [ Father Sergious ] [ The Forged Coupon ] [ The Death of Ivan Ilych ] [ The Kreutzer Sonata ] [ Tolstoi's Kreutzer Sonata ] [ How Much Land Does A Man Need? ] [ What to do - On the Census in Moscow ] [ To A Kind Youth ] [ Master and Man ] [ Patriotism and Government ] [ Thou shall not kill ] [ To the Tsar and His Assistants ] [ A Letter to Russian Liberals ] [ A Letter to a Hindu ] [ Letter to Gandhi ] [ Letter to A Noncommissioned Officer ] [ To The Working People ] [ On Non-Resistance ] [ Last Message to Mankind ] [ The Slavery of Our Times ] [ Reminiscences Of Tolstoy ] [ Semenov's Peaseant Stories ] [ Strider ] [ The Works of Guy De Maupassant ] [ The Last Days of Leo Tolstoy ] [ The Tragedy of Tolstoy ]
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