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GANDHI LETTERS
°£µð¿¡°Ô º¸³½ ÆíÁöµé
Written
by
M. K. GANDHI & Leo Tolstoy |
From Recollections & Essays by Leo Tolstoy. Oxford
University Press: London, New York, Toronto, 1937. (pp. 433-439)
|
To Gandhi. |
°£µð¿¡°Ô. |
I HAVE just received your very interesting letter, which gave
me much pleasure. God help our dear brothers and co-workers in the Transvaal!
Among us, too, this fight between gentleness and brutality, between humility and
love and pride and violence, makes itself ever more strongly felt, especially in
a sharp collision between religious duty and the State laws, expressed by
refusals to perform military service. Such refusals occur more and more often.
|
³ª´Â ¹æ±Ý ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸Å¿ì Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´Â
ÆíÁö¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ³»°Ô ¸¹Àº Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀ̽ÿ© Æ®¶õ½º¹ß¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ÇüÁ¦µé ±×¸®°í
µ¿·áµéÀ» µµ¿ì¼Ò¼! ¿ì¸®µé ¾È¿¡¼µµ, ¿ª½Ã, ÀÌ °°Àº ¿ÂÀ¯ÇÔ°ú ÀÜÀÎÇÔ »çÀÌÀÇ, °â¼Õ°ú »ç¶û ¹× ÀÚ¸¸°ú Æø·Â »çÀÌÀÇ ½Î¿òÀÌ, Ưº°È÷ Á¾±³Àû
Àǹ«¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·üµé »çÀÌÀÇ Ã·¿¹ÇÑ Ãæµ¹¿¡¼, º´¿ª ¼öÇàÀÇ °ÅºÎ·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª¸é¼, ÈξÀ ´õ °ÇÏ°Ô ´À²¸Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. |
I wrote the 'Letter to a Hindu', and am very pleased to have
it translated. The Moscow people will let you know the title of the book on
Krishna. As regards 're-birth' I for my part should not omit anything, for I
think that faith in a re-birth will never restrain mankind as much as faith in
the immortality of the soul and in divine truth and love. But I leave it to you
to omit it if you wish to. I shall be very glad to assist your edition. The
translation and diffusion of my writings in Indian dialects can only be a
pleasure to me. |
³ª´Â 'ÀεµÀο¡°Ô º¸³»´Â ÆíÁö'¸¦
½è½À´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹ø¿ªµÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿©¼ ¸Å¿ì ±â»Þ´Ï´Ù. ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Å©¸®½´³ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀ» ´ç½Å²² ¾Ë·Á µå¸± °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
'ºÎȰ'°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ³ª·Î¼´Â ¾î´À °Íµµ ºüÆ®¸®Áö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³ª´Â ºÎȰ¿¡ °üÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ¿µÈ¥ ºÒ¸ê¿¡ °üÇÑ ±×¸®°í ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Áø¸® ¹× »ç¶û¿¡
°üÇÑ ½Å¾Ó°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Àηù¸¦ °áÄÚ ¾ï´©¸£Áö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀ» »ý·«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ¸Ã±é´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¹ø¿ªÆÇÀ» µ½°Ô µÇ¾î ¸Å¿ì ±â»Þ´Ï´Ù. Àεµ ¹æ¾ðµé·Î ³ªÀÇ ÀÛǰµéÀÇ ¹ø¿ª°ú ¹èÆ÷´Â ¿À·ÎÁö ³ª¿¡°Ô´Â Áñ°Å¿òÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
The question of monetary payment should, I think, not arise
in connexion with a religious undertaking. |
±ÝÀüÀû ÁöºÒ ¹®Á¦´Â, ³ªÀÇ »ý°¢Àº,
Á¾±³Àû »ç¾÷°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©¼´Â ÀϾÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
I greet you fraternally, and am glad to have come in touch
with you. |
³ª´Â ¿ì¾Ö·Î¼ ´ç½ÅÀ» ¹Ý±â¸ç,
´ç½Å°ú ¿¬¶ôÇÏ¿´±â¿¡ Áñ°Ì½À´Ï´Ù. |
LEO TOLSTOY. |
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ |
(Undated, but probably written in March 1910.)
|
(³¯Â¥°¡ ¾øÀ¸³ª, ¾Æ¸¶µµ
1910 ³â 3 ¿ù¿¡ ¾²¿©Á³À½) |
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
To Count Leo Tolstoy, Yasnaya Polyana, Russia.
|
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛ´Ô²²
·¯½Ã¾Æ, ¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ª |
JOHANNESBURG, 4th April 1910.
|
¿äÇϳ׽º¹ö±×, 1910 ³â 4 ¿ù
4 ÀÏ |
Dear Sir,
|
¼±»ý´Ô²², |
You will remember that I wrote to you from London, where I
stayed in passing. As your very devoted adherent I send you together with this
letter, a little book I have compiled in which I have translated my own writings
from Gujarati. It is worth noting that the Indian government confiscated the
original. For that reason I hastened to publish the translation. I am afraid of
burdening you, but if your health permits and you have time to look through the
book I need not say how much I shall value your criticism of it. At the same
time I am sending you a few copies of your 'Letter to a Hindu' which you allowed
me to publish. It has also been translated into one of the Indian dialects.
|
Á¦°¡ Áö³ª°¡¸é¼ ¸Ó¹°·¶´ø ·±´ø¿¡¼
¼±»ý´Ô²² ÆíÁöÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀ» ¼±»ý´ÔÀº ±â¾ïÇÏ½Ç °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¼±»ý´ÔÀÇ ¸Å¿ì Çå½ÅÀûÀÎ ½ÅºÀÀڷμ Àú´Â ÀÌ ÆíÁö¿Í ÇÔ²², ÀúÀÇ ÀÛǰµéÀ» ±¸ÀÚ¶óÆ¼¾î·ÎºÎÅÍ
¹ø¿ªÇÏ¿© ¿«Àº Á¶±×¸¸ Ã¥À» º¸³»µå¸³´Ï´Ù. Àεµ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¿øº»À» ¾Ð¼ö ÇÏ¿´À½À» ¾Ë·Á µå¸²ÀÌ ÁÁÀ» °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¿Í °°Àº ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡ Àú´Â
¹ø¿ªº»À» ¼µÑ·¯ ¹ßÇàÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Á¦°¡ ¼±»ý´Ô²² ½É·Á¸¦ ³¢Ãĵ帱±î ¼Û±¸½º·´»ç¿À³ª, ¸¸ÀÏ ¼±»ý´ÔÀÇ °Ç°ÀÌ Çã¶ôÇÏ¸ç ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼ ±× Ã¥À» µÎ·ç
»ìÆìº¼ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸½Ã¸é, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±»ý´ÔÀÇ ºñÆòÀ» Á¦°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª °¡Ä¡¸¦ µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÒÁö Àú·Î¼´Â ¸»ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í ÇÔ²² ÃâÆÇÇÒ
°ÍÀ» Á¦°Ô Çã¶ôÇϽм±»ý´ÔÀÇ 'ÀεµÀο¡°Ô º¸³»´Â ÆíÁö'ÀÇ »çº» ¸î ºÎ¸¦ ¼±»ý´Ô²² º¸³»µå¸³´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÀεµÀÇ ¹æ¾ðµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª·Î
¹ø¿ªµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. |
Your humble servant, M. K. GANDHI.
|
¼±»ý´ÔÀÇ ÃµÇÑ Á¾, M. K. °£µð |
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
To Mahatma Gandhi.
|
¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð¿¡°Ô. |
YASNAYA POLYANA. 8th May 1910.
|
¾ß½º³ª¾ß Æú¸®¾ß³ª. 1910
³â 5 ¿ù 8 ÀÏ |
Dear friend,
|
»ç¶ûÇϴ ģ±¸¿©, |
I have just received your letter and your book, Indian
Home Rule.
|
³ª´Â ¸· ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÆíÁö¿Í ´ç½ÅÀÇ Ã¥,
ÀεµÀÇ °¡Á¤ ±ÔÄ¢À» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. |
I have read the book with great interest, for I consider the
question there dealt with-Passive Resistance-to be of very great
importance not only for Indians but for the whole of mankind.
|
³ª´Â ±× Ã¥À» ±²ÀåÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ¸·Î
Àоú½À´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³ª´Â ±×°÷¿¡¼ ´Ù·ç´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÎ, ¼öµ¿Àû ÀúÇ×ÀÌ, ÀεµÀε鿡°Ô »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àüü Àηù¿¡°Ô ¸Å¿ì Ä¿´Ù¶õ Á߿伺À» ¶í´Ù°í
¿©±â±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
I cannot find your first letter, but in looking for it have
come upon Doke's biography, which much attracted me and enabled me to know you
and understand you better.
|
³ª´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸ÕÀú ¹ø ÆíÁö¸¦ ãÀ»
¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀ» ã´Ù°¡ DokeÀÇ Àü±â¸¦ º¸¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù, ³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ¸¹ÀÌ
²ø·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ´ç½ÅÀ» ¾Ë°Ô ÇÏ°í ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÆíÁö¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. |
I am not very well at present, and therefore refrain from
writing all that is in my heart about your book and about your activity in
general, which I value highly. I will however do so as soon as I am better.
|
³ª´Â ÇöÀç ±×·¸°Ô ÆíÄ¡ ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´ç½ÅÀÇ Ã¥¿¡ °üÇØ¼ ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀÇ È°µ¿ ÀüºÎ¿¡ °üÇØ¼, ³ªÀÇ °¡½¿ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¾²±â¸¦ ¾ï´©¸£°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¸Å¿ì
±ÍÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ³ª¾ÆÁö´Â ´ë·Î ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
Your friend and brother, LEO TOLSTOY.
¡¡ |
´ç½ÅÀÇ Ä£±¸À̸ç ÇüÁ¦, ·¹¿À
Å罺ÅäÀÌ. |
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
To Gandhi, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa.
|
°£µð¿¡°Ô
¿äÇϳ׽º¹ö±×, Æ®¶õ½º¹ß, ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«. |
KOCHETY. 7th September 1910.
|
ÄÚüƼ, 1910³â 9¿ù
10ÀÏ |
I received your journal, Indian Opinion, and was glad
to see what it says of those who renounce all resistance by force, and I
immediately felt a wish to let you know what thoughts its perusal aroused in me.
|
³ª´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀâÁö, ÀεµÀÎÀÇ
ÀǰßÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¸ðµç ÀúÇ×À» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌ¶ó ¸»ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í¼ ±â»¼½À´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â
Áï½Ã ±×°ÍÀÇ Åëµ¶ÀÌ ³» ¾È¿¡¼ ¾î¶² »ý°¢µéÀ» Àϱú¿ü´ÂÁö ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ°í ½ÍÀº ¹Ù¶÷À» ´À²¼½À´Ï´Ù. |
The longer I live-especially now when I clearly feel the
approach of death-the more I feel moved to express what I feel more strongly
than anything else, and what in my opinion is of immense importance, namely,
what we call the renunciation of all opposition by force, which really simply
means the doctrine of the law of love unperverted by sophistries. Love, or in
other words the striving of men's souls towards unity and the submissive
behaviour to one another that results therefrom, represents the highest and
indeed the only law of life, as every man knows and feels in the depths of his
heart (and as we see most clearly in children), and knows until he becomes
involved in the lying net of worldly thoughts. This law was announced by all the
philosophies- Indian as well as Chinese, and Jewish, Greek and Roman. Most
clearly, I think, was it announced by Christ, who said explicitly that on it
hang all the Law and the Prophets. More than that, foreseeing the distortion
that has hindered its recognition and may always hinder it, he specially
indicated the danger of a misrepresentation that presents itself to men living
by worldly interests- namely, that they may claim a right to defend their
interests by force or, as he expressed it, to repay blow by blow and recover
stolen property by force, etc., etc. He knew, as all reasonable men must do,
that any employment of force is incompatible with love as the highest law of
life, and that as soon as the use of force appears permissible even in a single
case, the law itself is immediately negatived. The whole of Christian
civilization, outwardly so splendid, has grown up on this strange and flagrant-
partly intentional but chiefly unconscious-misunderstanding and contradiction.
At bottom, however, the law of love is, and can be, no longer valid if defence
by force is set up beside it. And if once the law of love is not valid, then
there remains no law except the right of might. In that state Christendom has
lived for 1,900 years. Certainly men have always let themselves be guided by
force as the main principle of their social order. The difference between the
Christian and all other nations is only this: that in Christianity the law of
love had been more clearly and definitely given than in any other religion, and
that its adherents solemnly recognized it. Yet despite this they deemed the use
of force to be permissible, and based their lives on violence - so that the life
of the Christian nations presents a greater contradiction between what they
believe and the principle on which their lives are built: a contradiction
between love which should prescribe the law of conduct, and the employment of
force, recognized under various forms-such as governments, courts of justice,
and armies, which are accepted as necessary and esteemed. This contradiction
increased with the development of the spiritual life of Christianity and in
recent years has reached the utmost tension. |
³»°¡ ¿À·¡ »ì¸é »ì¼ö·Ï - Ưº°È÷
³»°¡ Á×À½ÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ´À³¢´Â Áö±Ý - ³ª´Â ´õ¿í ³»°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ °ÇÏ°Ô ´À³¢´Â °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ »ý°¢¿¡¼ ¸·´ëÇÏ°Ô Áß¿äÇÑ
°ÍÀ», Áï ¼ÒÀ§ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¸ðµç ÀúÇ×ÀÇ Æ÷±â·Î¼, Áø½Ç·Î ±Ëº¯µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿Ö°îµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶ûÀÇ À²¹ýÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº
¸¶À½ÀÌ ³ª´Â °ÍÀ» ´À³§´Ï´Ù. »ç¶ûÀº, ¾Æ´Ï ¹Ù²Ù¾î ¸»ÇÏ¸é »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥µéÀÇ ÇÕÀÏÀ» ÇâÇÑ ³ë·Â ¹× ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ¼·Î¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼øÁ¾ÇÏ´Â
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ÀÇÇØ¼¿´À¸¸ç, ±×´Â ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϱ⸦, ¹Ù·Î ±×°Í À§¿¡ ¸ðµç [À²¹ý°ú ¼±ÁöÀÚµé]ÀÌ ºÎ°¡µÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×°Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°ÍÀÇ
ÀνÄÀ» ¹æÇØÇßÀ¸¸ç ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ¹æÇØÇÒ ¿Ö°îÀ» ¿¹°ßÇϰí¼, ±×´Â ƯÈ÷ ¼¼»óÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© »ì¾Æ°¡´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¿À¿ª(è¦æ») -
Áï, ±×µéÀÌ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϰųª, ¶Ç´Â, ±×°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ °Íó·³, ÁÖ¸Ô¿¡´Â ÁÖ¸ÔÀ¸·Î °±À¸¸ç µµ³ ´çÇÑ Àç»êÀ» Æø·Â¿¡
ÀÇÇÏ¿© µÇãÀ» ±Ç¸® µîµîÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â - ÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ÁöÀûÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â, ¸ðµç »ç¸®¸¦ ¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ, ¾î¶°ÇÑ Æø·ÂÀÇ
»ç¿ëÀÌ¶óµµ »îÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¹ýÀ¸·Î¼ »ç¶û°ú ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À», ±×¸®°í Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ½ÉÁö¾î ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡¶óµµ Çã¿ëµÇ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, ±×
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½ÅºÀÀÚµéÀº ¾ö¼÷ÇÏ°Ô ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×µéÀº Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» Çã¿ëµÈ´Ù°í ¿©°åÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ »îÀ» Æø·Â À§¿¡
±âÃÊÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù - ±×·¡¼ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ »îÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¹Ï´Â °Í°ú ±×µéÀÇ »îÀÌ ¼¼¿öÁø ¿ø¸® »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ´õ Å« ¸ð¼ø - ÇàÀ§ÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶û°ú Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë »çÀÌÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀ¸·Î¼, ´Ù¾çÇÑ Çüŵé - ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é Á¤ºÎµé, ÀçÆÇ ¹ýÁ¤µé, ±×¸®°í ±º´ëµé - À» Á¦±âÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¸ð¼øÀº
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ¿µÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ µû¶ó¼ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ³â µ¿¾È ÃÖ°íµµÀÇ ±äÀå¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß½À´Ï´Ù. |
The question now is, that we must choose one of two
things-either to admit that we recognize no religious ethics at all but let our
conduct of life be decided by the right of might; or to demand that all
compulsory levying of taxes be discontinued, and all our legal and police
institutions, and above all, military institutions, be abolished.
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¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌÁ¦, ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã µÎ
°¡Áö - ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾±³Àû À±¸®¸¦ ÀνÄÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ ÈûÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °áÁ¤µÇµµ·Ï ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Í; ¶Ç´Â ¸ðµç °Á¦ÀûÀÎ
¼¼±Ý ºÎ°ú°¡ Áß´ÜµÉ °Í, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ýÀû ¹× °æÂûÁ¦µµ, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ±º»çÁ¦µµ°¡ ÆóÁöµÉ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °Í - ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¸¦
¼±ÅÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù |
This spring, at a scripture examination in a Moscow girls'
school, first their religious teacher and then an archbishop who was also
present, questioned the girls on the ten commandments, especially on the sixth.
After the commandments had been correctly recited the archbishop sometimes put a
question, usually: 'Is it always and in every case forbidden by the law of God
to kill?' And the unfortunate girls, misled by their instructor, had to answer
and did answer: 'Not always, for it is permissible in war and at executions.'
When, however, this customary additional question-whether it is always a sin to
kill-was put to one of these unfortunate creatures (what I am telling you is not
an anecdote, but actually happened and was told me by an eyewitness) the girl coloured up and answered decidedly and with emotion - 'Always!' And despite all
the customary sophistries of the archbishop, she held steadfastly to it-that to
kill is under all circumstances forbidden even in the Old Testament, and that
Christ has not only forbidden us to kill, but in general to do any harm to our
neighbour. The archbishop, for all his majesty and verbal dexterity, was
silenced, and victory remained with the girl.
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À̹ø º½, ¸ð½ºÅ©¹ÙÀÇ ¿©ÀÚ Çб³¿¡¼
ÀÖÀº ¼º°æ ½ÃÇè¿¡¼, óÀ½¿£ ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³ ¼±»ýÀÌ ±×¸®°í ´ÙÀ½¿£ ¿ª½Ã Âü¼®Çß´ø ´ëÁÖ±³°¡, ¿©ÀÚ ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô ½Ê°è¸íÀ», ƯÈ÷ 6 ¹øÂ° °è¸í¿¡ ´ëÇØ
¹°¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. °è¸íµéÀÌ Á¤È®ÀÌ ¾Ï¼ÛµÈ µÚ¿¡ ´ëÁÖ±³´Â ¶§¶§·Î Áú¹®À» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÁÖ·Î ÀÌ·± Áú¹®À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù: '»ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×¸®°í
¾î´À °æ¿ì¿¡¼µµ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡¼ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾î Àִ°¡?' ±×¸®°í ±× ºÒÇàÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ±³»çµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ À߸ø ÀεµµÇ¾î¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú
°°ÀÌ ´ë´äÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇßÀ¸¸ç ´ë´äÇß½À´Ï´Ù: '¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×·± °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ÀüÀï ¹× »çÇüµé¿¡¼ Çã¶ôµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.' ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ·±
ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ Ãß°¡ Áú¹® - »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÁËÀΰ¡ - ÀÌ ÀÌµé ºÒ½ÖÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ ¾ÆÀ̵é ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿¡°Ô ³»·ÁÁ³½À´Ï´Ù (³»°¡ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â
°ÍÀº ÀÏȰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç½Ç·Î ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¾î¶² ¸ñ°ÝÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ³»°Ô ÀüÇØÁ³½À´Ï´Ù), ±× ¿©ÀÚ ¾ÆÀÌ´Â ¾ó±¼À» ºÓÇûÀ¸¸ç ´ÜÈ£ÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í °¨Á¤À»
µå·¯³»¸é¼ ´ë´äÇß½À´Ï´Ù - '¾ðÁ¦³ª ±ÝÁöÇÕ´Ï´Ù!' ±×¸®°í ´ëÁÖ±³ÀÇ ¸ðµç Åë»óÀûÀÎ ±Ëº¯µé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±× ¾ÆÀÌ´Â È®°íÇÏ°Ô ±×°ÍÀ»
ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù - Áï, »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµç »óȲµé¿¡¼ ½ÉÁö¾î ±¸¾à¼º¼¿¡¼µµ ±ÝÁöµÇ¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ »ìÀÎÇÏ´Â °Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡°Ô ¾î¶² ÇØ·Î¿òµµ ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
Yes, we may write in the papers of our progress in mastery of
the air, of complicated diplomatic relation, of various clubs, of discoveries,
of all sorts of alliances, and of so-called works of art, and we can pass
lightly over what that girl said. But we cannot completely silence her, for
every Christian feels the same, however vaguely he may do so. Socialism,
Communism, Anarchism, ' Salvation Armies, the growth of crime, freedom from toil,
the increasingly absurd luxury of the rich and increased misery of the poor, the
fearfully rising number of suicides-are all indications of that inner
contradiction which must and will be resolved. And, of course, resolved in such
a manner that the law of love will be recognized and all reliance on force
abandoned. Your work in the Transvaal, which to us seems to be at the end of the
earth, is yet in the centre of our interest and supplies the most weighty
practical proof, in which the world can now share, and not only the Christian
but all the peoples of the world can participate.
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±×·¸½À´Ï´Ù, ¿ì¸®´Â ½Å¹®µé¿¡¼
°øÁßÀÇ Á¤º¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Áøº¸¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, º¹ÀâÇÑ ¿Ü±³ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ´Ù¾çÇÑ Å¬·´µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ µ¿¸Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í ¼ÒÀ§
¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ±× ¿©ÀÚ ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ´ë¼ö·ÓÁö ¾Ê°Ô Áö³ªÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â
±×³à¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ħ¹¬½Ãų ¼ö´Â ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Á¦°¢±â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº, ±×°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°Ô ´À³¥Áö¶óµµ, ¶È°°ÀÌ ´À³¢±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »çȸÁÖÀÇ,
°ø»êÁÖÀÇ, ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ, ±¸¼¼±º, ¹üÁËÀÇ Áõ°¡, °íµÈ ÀÏ¿¡¼ÀÇ ÇØ¹æ, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÇ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÑ »çÄ¡ ±×¸®°í °¡³ÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÇ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â
ºÒÇà, ¹«¼·°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ»ìµéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ - ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×¸®°í ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ÇØ°áµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ±×¿Í °°Àº ³»ÀûÀÎ ¸ð¼øÀÇ Áõ°ÅµéÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í,
¹°·Ð, »ç¶ûÀÇ À²¹ýÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áµÈ´Ù¸é, Æø·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ÀÇÁ¸Àº Æ÷±âµÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Æ®¶õ½º¹ß¿¡¼ÀÇ ´ç½ÅÀÇ È°µ¿Àº, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô
ÀÖ¾î¼ Áö»óÀÇ ¹Ý´ë Æí¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °ü½ÉÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °¡Àå ¹«°Å¿î ½ÇõÀûÀÎ Áõ¸íÀ» Á¦°øÇϸç, ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¼¼°è°¡
ÇÔ²²ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎµé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. |
I think it will please you to hear that here in Russia, too,
a similar movement is rapidly attracting attention, and refusals of military
service increase year by year. However small as yet is with you the number of
those who renounce all resistance by force, and with us the number of men who
refuse any military service-both the one and the other can say: God is with us,
and God is mightier than man.
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³ª´Â À̰÷ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼µµ, ¿ª½Ã,
ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ±Þ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ÁÖÀǸ¦ ²ø°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, º´¿ª °ÅºÎµéÀÌ ÇØ¸¶´Ù ´Ã¾î°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» µè´Â´Ù¸é ´ç½ÅÀÌ ±â»µÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ¹«¸®
´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¸ðµç ÀúÇ×À» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ°¡, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾î¶² º´¿ªµµ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ°¡, ¾ÆÁ÷Àº
Àû´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÀüÀÚ¿Í ÈÄÀÚ´Â °øÈ÷ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù: Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿Í ÇÔ²² ÇϽøç, Çϳª´ÔÀº »ç¶÷º¸´Ù °ÇϽô٠|
In the confession of Christianity-even a Christianity
deformed as is that taught among us-and a simultaneous belief in the necessity
of armies and preparations to slaughter on an ever-increasing scale, there is an
obvious contradiction that cries to heaven, and that sooner or later, but
probably quite soon, must appear in the light of day in its complete nakedness.
That, however, will either annihilate the Christian religion, which is
indispensable for the maintenance of the State, or it will sweep away the
military and all the use of force bound up with it-which the State needs no
less. All governments are aware of this contradiction, your British as much as
our Russian, and therefore its recognition will be more energetically opposed by
the governments than any other activity inimical to the State, as we in Russia
have experienced and as is shown by the articles in your magazine. The
governments know from what direction the greatest danger threatens them, and are
on guard with watchful eyes not merely to preserve their interests but actually
to fight for their very existence.
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±×¸®½ºµµ±³ - ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ì¸®µé
°¡¿îµ¥¼ °¡¸£ÃÄÁø °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ±âÇüÀÌ µÇ¾î¹ö¸° ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ - ÀÇ °í¹é ¾È¿¡ ±×¸®°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ²ÙÁØÈ÷ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ±Ô¸ð·Î »ìÀ°Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ±º´ëÀÇ Çʿ伺¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½ ¾È¿¡´Â, ÇϴñîÁö µé¸®´Â, ±×¸®°í Á¶¸¸°£, ±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¸¶ ¸Å¿ì »¡¸®, ¹éÁÖ¿¡ ±× ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ½Çü°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã µå·¯³ª¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¸í¹éÇÑ ¸ð¼øÀÌ
ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº, ±¹°¡ÀÇ À¯Áö¿¡ ¾ø¾î¼´Â ¾ÈµÉ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸¦ Àü¸ê½ÃÄѹö¸®°Å³ª, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±× ¸ð¼øÀÌ ±º´ë¿Í ±×°Í¿¡¼ ³ª¿À´Â ¸ðµç Æø·Â-
±¹°¡´Â ±×°ÍÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» °áÄÚ Àû°Ô ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù - À» ¾µ¾î¹ö¸± °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎµéÀº, ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¿µ±¹ÀÌµç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æµç, ÀÌ·±
¸ð¼øÀ» ÀνÄÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀÇ ÀÎÁ¤Àº ±¹°¡¿¡ ÇØ·Î¿î ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² Ȱµ¿º¸´Ùµµ, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¿ì¸®°¡ °æÇèÇÏ¿´µíÀÌ ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÀâÁöÀÇ
±â»çµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ º¸¿©ÁöµíÀÌ, Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °·ÂÈ÷ ÀúÇ×À» ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Á¤ºÎµéÀº ¾î¶² ¹æÇâ¿¡¼ °¡Àå Å« À§ÇèÀÌ ±×µéÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵éÀ» º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×µéÀÇ Á¸Àç ÀÚü¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ½Î¿ì±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÁÖÀÇ ±íÀº ´«À¸·Î °æ°èÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. |
Yours etc., LEO TOLSTOY.
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·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ. |
¡¡ |
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[ A Confession ] [ What I Believe ] [ Gospel In Brief ] [ Kingdom of God ] [ A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology ] [ An Examination of The Gospels ] [ A Harmony, Translation, and Examination of The Four Gospels ] [ 23 Tales ] [ Hadji Murad ] [ Resurrection ] [ His Life and Work ] [ Count Tolstoi and the Public Censor ] [ The Devil ] [ Last Days of Tolstoy ] [ First Recollections ] [ Father Sergious ] [ The Forged Coupon ] [ The Death of Ivan Ilych ] [ The Kreutzer Sonata ] [ Tolstoi's Kreutzer Sonata ] [ How Much Land Does A Man Need? ] [ What to do - On the Census in Moscow ] [ To A Kind Youth ] [ Master and Man ] [ Patriotism and Government ] [ Thou shall not kill ] [ To the Tsar and His Assistants ] [ A Letter to Russian Liberals ] [ A Letter to a Hindu ] [ Letter to Gandhi ] [ Letter to A Noncommissioned Officer ] [ To The Working People ] [ On Non-Resistance ] [ Last Message to Mankind ] [ The Slavery of Our Times ] [ Reminiscences Of Tolstoy ] [ Semenov's Peaseant Stories ] [ Strider ] [ The Works of Guy De Maupassant ] [ The Last Days of Leo Tolstoy ] [ The Tragedy of Tolstoy ]
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