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Noam
Chomsky
(1928
- )
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Chomsky, Noam,
in full AVRAM NOAM CHOMSKY (b. Dec. 7, 1928, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.),
American linguist and political activist who founded transformational-generative
grammar, an original and highly influential system of linguistic
analysis.
Chomsky was introduced to the study of
linguistics by his father, a Hebrew scholar who worked within the
framework of historical linguistics. He studied under the linguist
Zellig S. Harris at the University of Pennsylvania and earned bachelor's
(1949) and master's (1951) degrees there. The early stages of Chomsky's
theories of language appear in his University of Pennsylvania Ph.D.
dissertation, "Transformational Analysis" (1955). After
receiving his degree, he began teaching modern languages and linguistics
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1955. He became a
full professor there in 1961 and was appointed Ferrari P. Ward professor
of foreign languages and linguistics in 1966.
Chomsky set out his theory of
transformational grammar in Syntactic
Structures (1957), a book that revolutionized the development
of theoretical linguistics. In this work he broke with the dominant
structural school, which held that language is essentially a system of
syntactical and grammatical habits established by means of training and
experience. Chomsky, by contrast, argued that human beings have an
innate facility for understanding the formal principles underlying the
grammatical structures of language. It is this innate capacity that
explains how young children, after hearing the speech of their elders,
are able to infer the grammatical rules underlying ordinary sentences
and then use those rules to generate an infinite number and variety of
sentences that they had never heard before.
In analyzing the innate ability to
construct these "generative grammars," Chomsky distinguished
between two levels of structure in sentences: "surface
structures," which are the actual words and sounds used, and
"deep structures," which carry a
sentence's underlying meaning. People are able to create and interpret
sentences by generating the words of surface structures from deep
structures according to a set of abstract rules that, though limited in
number, allow for unlimited variation. Chomsky called these rules
"grammatical transformations," or "transformational
rules." He argued that these rules are basically the same in all
languages and correspond to innate, genetically transmitted mental
structures in human beings.
Chomsky's work virtually defined the
methods of linguistic analysis used in the second half of the 20th
century. His assertions about humans' innate knowledge of language have
not been widely accepted, however. Chomsky's other books on linguistics
include Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965), Cartesian
Linguistics (1966), The Sound Pattern of English (with Morris
Halle, 1968), Language and Mind (1968; enlarged ed., 1972), The
Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1975), and Reflections on
Language (1975). Language and Responsibility (1979) discusses
the relation of language and politics and the ramifications of
generative grammar. His later books, including Language and Problems
of Knowledge (1988), further examine those subjects.
Chomsky also became well known for his
opposition to the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War during
the late 1960s and early '70s. His books criticizing American foreign
policy and the role played by giant corporations and the mass media
include American Power and the New Mandarins (1969), Towards a
New Cold War (1982), Pirates & Emperors (1986), On
Power and Ideology (1987), Necessary Illusions: Thought Control
in Democratic Societies (1989), and World Orders, Old and New
(1994).
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촘스키 (Avram) Noam Chomsky 1928. 12. 7 미국
펜실베이니아 필라델피아~ . 미국의
언어학자·작가·반전(反戰)운동가.
독창적 언어분석 체계인 변형생성문법의 창시자
가운데 한 사람이다. 촘스키는
아버지로부터 언어학의 기초를 배웠는데,
그의 아버지는 역사언어학의 테두리 안에서
히브리어를 연구하는 학자였다. 촘스키의
언어이론의 초기 단계가 나타나 있는 것은 그가
펜실베이니아대학교에 제출한 〈변형 분석 Transformational
Analysis〉(1955)이라는
박사학위논문이다. 1955년
이 논문으로 박사학위를 받은 그는
매사추세츠공과대학(MIT)에서
근대어와 언어학을 가르쳤고 1961년
교수가 되었다. 1966년에는
페라리 P. 워드 기금의
외국어 및 언어학 교수로 임명되었고 1976년에는
석좌교수가 되었다. 촘스키는
언어를 인간이 보편적으로 타고난 능력의 결과로
간주하고, 자신의 언어관이
17세기 합리주의
철학자들의 사상과 관계가 있다고 생각했다.
촘스키는 1960, 1970년대에
걸쳐 미국의 베트남 개입에 반대한 것으로 유명하다.
그는 많은 강연을 했고 〈미국의 힘과 새로운
관료들 American Powea and the New
Mandarins〉(1969)·〈인권의
정치경제학 Political Economy of Human
Rights〉(2권,
1979)·〈새로운 냉전을 위하여 Towards
a New Cold War〉(1982)를
비롯해 다양한 사회·경제
문제에 관한 자신의 정치적 견해를 표현하는 많은
논설을 썼다. 촘스키가
문법이론에서 발표한 주요저서로는 변형 문법이론을
제시한 〈통사적 구조 Syntatic
Structures〉(1957)·〈통사론의
여러 측면 Aspects of the Theory of
Syntax〉(1965)·〈데카르트파
언어학 Cartesian Linguistics〉(1966)·〈영어의
음 구조 The Sound Pattern of English〉(모리스
할과 공저, 1968)·〈언어와
정신 Languages and Mind〉(1968)·〈언어학
이론의 논리적 구조 The Logical
Structure of Linguastic Theory〉(1975)·〈언어에
관하여 Reflections on Language〉(1975)
등이 있다. 〈언어와
책임 Language and Responsibility〉(1979)은
언어와 정치의 관계, 사상과
과학의 역사, 생성문법의
세부 추이에 관한 탐구에 이르기까지 다양한 분야를
포괄하고 있는 책이다.
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Chomsky in Microsoft Encarta
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Chomsky, Noam (1928- ), American linguist,
educator, and political activist. Chomsky is the founder of
transformational-generative grammar, a system that revolutionized modern
linguistics. Avram Noah Chomsky was born and raised in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, and was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, where
he earned a Ph.D. degree in linguistics in 1955 under the direction of
American linguist Zellig Harris. While still a graduate student, Chomsky
held an appointment from 1951 to 1955 as a junior fellow at Harvard
University. He joined the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) in 1955 to teach French and German. In 1976 he became
Institute Professor of Linguistics at MIT. Chomsky created and
established a new field of linguistics, generative grammar, based on a
theory he worked on during the 1950s. In 1957 he published this theory,
called transformational-generative grammar, in his book Syntactic
Structures. Chomsky made a distinction between the innate, often
unconscious knowledge people have of their own language and the way in
which they use the language in reality. The former, which he termed competence,
enables people to generate all possible grammatical sentences. The
latter, which he called performance, is the transformation of
this competence into everyday speech. Prior to Chomsky, most theories
about the structure of language described performance; they were
transformational grammars. Chomsky proposed that linguistic theory also
should explain the mental processes that underlie the use of language-in
other words, the nature of language itself, or generative grammar.
Chomsky placed linguistics at the core of studies of the mind. He
claimed that linguistic theory must account for universal similarities
between all languages and for the fact that children are able to learn
language fluently at an early age in spite of insufficient data that has
no systematic logic. His contribution to the cognitive sciences-fields
that seek to understand how we think, learn, and perceive-emerges from
this claim. Of equal importance were Chomsky's arguments that a serious
theory of mental processes should replace empiricism, the belief that
experience is the source of knowledge, as the dominant model in American
science. Chomsky wrote on politics early in his life but began to
publish more on the subject during the 1960s in response to United
States policies in Southeast Asia. He deliberately scaled back his work
on linguistics to dedicate more time to writing about the role of the
media and academic communities in "manufacturing" the consent
of the general public for U.S. policies. Chomsky also addressed the
effects of U.S. foreign policy, and he felt that intellectuals have a
responsibility to use scientific method in criticizing government
policies that they find immoral and to develop practical strategies to
combat these policies. Chomsky's more important publications, in
addition to Syntactic Structures, include Aspects of the
Theory of Syntax (1965), American Power and the New Mandarins
(1967), Peace in the Middle East (1974), Lectures on
Government and Binding (1981), The Fateful Triangle (1983) Deterring
Democracy (1991), and The Minimalist Program (1995).
Contributed By: Daniel Everett "Chomsky, Noam," Microsoft(r)
Encarta(r) Encyclopedia 99.
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[ Deterring Democracy ] [ Necessary Illusions ] [ The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many ] [ Keeping the Rabble in Line ] [ Rethinking Camelot ] [ Powers and Prospects ] [ Year 501 ] [ Secrets, Lies and Democracy ] [ What Uncle Sam Really Wants ] [ Interviews, Debates and Talks ] [ About Noam Chomsky ]
[ 홈 ]
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