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John Bunyan
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| Bunyan, John (b. November 1628, Elstow,
Bedfordshire, Eng.--d. Aug. 31, 1688, London), celebrated English minister and
preacher, author of The Pilgrim's Progress (1678), the book that was the most
characteristic expression of the Puritan religious outlook. His other works
include doctrinal and controversial writings; a spiritual autobiography, Grace
Abounding (1666); and the allegory The Holy War (1682). |
Á¸ ¹ø¿¬(John Bunyan). 1628. 11 À×±Û·£µå º£µåÆÛµå¼Å ¿¤½ºÅä~1688.
8. 31 ·±´ø.
À×±Û·£µåÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ ¸ñ»ç¡¤¼³±³°¡À̸ç û±³µµÀÇ Á¾±³°üÀ»
¸Å¿ì µ¶Æ¯ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÑ ¡´Ãµ·Î¿ªÁ¤
The Pilgrim's Progress¡µ(1678)ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ. ±×¹ÛÀÇ Àú¼·Î´Â
±³¸®¿¡ °üÇÑ ³íÀïÀûÀÎ Àú¼µéÀ» ºñ·ÔÇØ ¿µÀûÀÎ ÀÚ¼Àü ¡´³ÑÄ¡´Â
ÀºÇý Grace Abounding¡µ(1666), ¿ìÈÁý ¡´°Å·èÇÑ ÀüÀï
The Holy
War¡µ(1682) µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
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Early life.
Bunyan, the son of a brazier, or traveling
tinker, was brought up "among a multitude of poor plowmen's children"
in the heart of England's agricultural Midlands. He learned to read and write at
a local grammar school, but he probably left school early to learn the family
trade. Bunyan's mind and
imagination were formed in these early days by influences other than those of
formal education. He absorbed the popular tales of adventure that appeared in
chapbooks and were sold at fairs like the great one held at Stourbridge near
Cambridge (it provided the inspiration for Vanity Fair in The Pilgrim's
Progress). Though his family belonged to the Anglican church, he also became
acquainted with the varied popular literature of the English Puritans:
plain-speaking sermons, homely moral dialogues, books of melodramatic judgments
and acts of divine guidance, and John Foxe's The Book of Martyrs. Above
all he steeped himself in the English Bible; the Authorized Version was but 30
years old when he was a boy of 12.
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Bunyan speaks
in his autobiography of being troubled by terrifying dreams. It may be that
there was a pathological side to the nervous intensity of these fears; in the
religious crisis of his early manhood his sense of guilt took the form of
delusions. But it seems to have been abnormal sensitiveness combined with the
tendency to exaggeration that caused him to look back on himself in youth as
"the very ringleader of all . . . that kept me company into all manner of
vice and ungodliness."
In 1644 a series of misfortunes separated the country boy
from his family and drove him into the world. His mother died in June, his
younger sister Margaret in July; in August his father married a third wife. The English
Civil Wars had broken out, and in November he was mustered in a
Parliamentary levy and sent to reinforce the garrison at Newport Pagnell. The
governor was Sir Samuel Luke, immortalized as the Presbyterian knight of the
title in Samuel Butler's Hudibras. Bunyan remained in Newport until July 1647 and probably saw little
fighting.
His military service, even if uneventful, brought him in
touch with the seething religious life of the left-wing sects within Oliver
Cromwell's army, the preaching captains, and those Quakers,
Seekers, and Ranters
who were beginning to question all religious authority except that of the
individual conscience. In this atmosphere Bunyan became acquainted with the leading ideas of the Puritan
sectaries, who believed that the striving for religious truth meant an obstinate
personal search, relying on free grace revealed to the individual, and
condemning all forms of public organization. (see also New
Model Army, Puritanism)
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Some time after his discharge from the army (in July 1647)
and before 1649, Bunyan married.
He says in his autobiography, Grace Abounding, that he and
his first wife "came together as poor as poor might be, not having so much
household-stuff as a dish or spoon betwixt us both." His wife brought him
two evangelical books as her only dowry. Their first child, a blind daughter,
Mary, was baptized in July 1650. Three more children, Elizabeth, John, and
Thomas, were born to Bunyan's
first wife before her death in 1658. Elizabeth, too, was baptized in the parish
church there in 1654, though by that time her father had been baptized by
immersion as a member of the Bedford Separatist church.
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Conversion and ministry.
Bunyan's
conversion to Puritanism was a gradual process in the years following his
marriage (1650-55); it is dramatically described in his autobiography. After an
initial period of Anglican conformity in which he went regularly to church, he
gave up, slowly and grudgingly, his favourite recreations of dancing and bell
ringing and sports on the village green and began to concentrate on his inner
life. Then came agonizing temptations to spiritual despair lasting for several
years. The "storms" of temptation, as he calls them, buffeted him with
almost physical violence; voices urged him to blaspheme; the texts of
Scriptures, which seemed to him to threaten damnation, took on personal shape
and "did pinch him very sore." Finally one morning he believed that he
had surrendered to these voices of Satan and had betrayed Christ: "Down I
fell as a bird that is shot from the tree." In his psychopathic isolation
he presents all the features of the divided mind of the maladjusted as they have
been analyzed in the 20th century. Bunyan,
however, had a contemporary psychological instrument for the diagnosis of his
condition: the pastoral theology of 17th-century Calvinism,
which interpreted the grim doctrine of election and predestination in terms of
the real needs of souls, the evidence of spiritual progress in them, and the
covenant of God's grace. Both techniques, that of the modern analyst and that of
the Puritan preacher, have in common the aim of recovering the integrity of the
self; and this was what Bunyan achieved
as he emerged, from his period of spiritual darkness, gradually beginning to
feel that his sin was "not unto death" and that there were texts to
comfort as well as to terrify. He was aided in his recovery by his association
with the Bedford Separatist church and its dynamic leader, John Gifford. He
entered into full communion about 1655.
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The Bedford community practiced adult Baptism by
immersion, but it was an open-communion church, admitting all who professed
"faith in Christ and holiness of life." Bunyan
soon proved his talents as a lay preacher. Fresh from his own spiritual
troubles, he was fitted to warn and console others: "I went myself in
Chains to preach to them in Chains, and carried that Fire in my own Conscience
that I persuaded them to beware of." He was also active in visiting and
exhorting church members, but his main activity in 1655-60 was in controversy
with the early Quakers,
both in public debate up and down the market towns of Bedfordshire and in his
first printed works, Some Gospel Truths Opened (1656) and A
Vindication of Some Gospel Truths Opened (1657). The Quakers and the
open-communion Baptists
were rivals for the religious allegiance of the "mechanics," or small
tradesmen and artificers, in both town and country. Bunyan soon became recognized as a leader among the sectaries.
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| The Restoration of Charles II brought to an end the 20 years in
which the separated churches had enjoyed freedom of worship and exercised some
influence on government policy. On Nov. 12, 1660, at Lower Samsell in South
Bedfordshire, Bunyan was brought
before a local magistrate and, under an old Elizabethan act, charged with
holding a service not in conformity with those of the Church of England. He
refused to give an assurance that he would not repeat the offense, was condemned
at the assizes in January 1661, and was imprisoned in the county jail. In spite
of the courageous efforts of his second wife (he had married again in 1659) to
have his case brought up at the assizes, he remained in prison for 12 years. A
late 17th-century biography, added to the early editions of Grace Abounding, reveals
that he relieved his family by making and selling "long Tagg'd laces";
prison conditions were lenient enough for him to be let out at times to visit
friends and family and to address meetings. (see also Nonconformist) |
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¼øÈ¸ÀçÆÇ¼Ò¿¡¼ À¯ÁËÆÇ°áÀ» ¹Þ°í ÁÖ(ñ¶) °¨¿Á¿¡
°¤Çû´Ù. 2¹øÂ° ¾Æ³»(1659³â¿¡ ÀçÈ¥ÇÔ)°¡ ¼øÈ¸ÀçÆÇ¼Ò¿¡
Ç×¼ÒÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê ¿ë±âÀÖ°Ô ³ë·ÂÇßÁö¸¸
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°¨¿Á¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È '±ä ·¹À̽º'¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ÆÈ¾Æ °¡Á·À»
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Literary activity.
During this imprisonment Bunyan
wrote and published his spiritual autobiography (Grace Abounding, 1666).
Bunyan's release from prison came in March 1672 under Charles II's
Declaration of Indulgence to the Nonconformists. The Bedford community had
already chosen him as their pastor in January, and a new meetinghouse was
obtained. In May he received a license to preach together with 25 other
Nonconformist ministers in Bedfordshire and the surrounding counties. His
nickname "Bishop Bunyan"
suggests that he became the organizing genius in the area. When persecution was
renewed he was again imprisoned for illegal preaching; the circumstances of this
imprisonment have remained more obscure than those of the first, though it does
not appear to have lasted longer than six months. A bond of surety for his
release, dated June 1677, has survived, so it is likely that this second
detention was in the first half of that year. Since The Pilgrim's Progress was
published soon after this, in February 1678, it is probable that he had begun to
write it not in the second imprisonment but in the first, soon after the
composition of Grace Abounding, and when the examination of his inner
life contained in that book was still strong.
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Literary style.
Bunyan's
literary achievement, in his finest works, is by no means that of a naively
simple talent, as has been the view of many of his critics. His handling of
language, colloquial or biblical, is that of an accomplished artist. He brings
to his treatment of human behaviour both shrewd awareness and moral subtlety,
and he demonstrates a gift for endowing the conceptions of evangelical theology
with concrete life and acting out the theological drama in terms of flesh and
blood.
Bunyan thus
presents a paradox, since the impulse that originally drove him to write was
purely to celebrate his faith and to convert others, and like other Puritans he
was schooled to despise the adornments of style and to treat literature as a
means to an end. Bunyan's effort
to reach behind literary adornments so as to obtain an absolutely naked
rendering of the truth about his own spiritual experience causes him in Grace
Abounding to forge a highly original style. In this style, which is rich in
powerful physical imagery, the inner life of the Christian is described; body
and soul are so involved that it is impossible to separate bodily from mental
suffering in the description of his temptations. He feels "a clogging and a
heat at my breast-bone as if my bowels would have burst out"; a preacher's
call to abandon the sin of idle pastimes "did benumb the sinews of my best
delights"; and he can say of one of the texts of scripture that seemed to
him to spell his damnation that it "stood like a mill-post at my
back." The attempt to communicate the existential crisis of the human
person without style had created a style of its own.
The use of a highly subjective prose style to express
personal states of mind is Bunyan's
first creative achievement, but he also had at his disposal the more traditional
style he used in sermons, treatises, and scriptural exposition. In the
allegories some of his greatest imaginative successes are due to his dreamlike,
introspective style with its subtle personal music; but it is the workaday
vigour and concreteness of the prose technique practiced in the sermons which
provide a firm stylistic background to these imaginative flights.
|
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The Pilgrim's Progress.
Bunyan's
great allegorical tale was published by Nathaniel Ponder in 1678. Because it
recapitulates in symbolic form the story of Bunyan's own conversion, there is an intense, life-or-death quality
about Christian's pilgrimage to the Heavenly City in the first part of the book.
This sense of urgency is established in the first scene as Christian in the City
of Destruction reads in his book (the Bible) and breaks out with his lamentable
cry, "What shall I do?" It is maintained by the combats along the road
with giants and monsters such as Apollyon and Giant Despair, who embody
spiritual terrors. The voices and demons of the Valley of the Shadow of Death
are a direct transcription of Bunyan's own obsessive and neurotic fears during his conversion.
Episodes of stirring action like these alternate with more stationary passages,
and there are various conversations between the pilgrims and those they
encounter on the road, some pious and some providing light relief when
hypocrites like Talkative and Ignorance are exposed. The halts at places of
refreshment like the Delectable Mountains or the meadow by the River of Life
evoke an unearthly spiritual beauty. (see also allegory)
The narrative of The Pilgrim's Progress may seem
episodic, but Calvinist theology provides a firm underlying ground plan. Only
Christ, the Wicket Gate, admits Christian into the right road, and before he can
reach it he has to be shown his error in being impressed by the pompous snob
Worldly Wiseman, who stands for mere negative conformity to moral and social
codes. Quite early in his journey Christian loses his burden of sin at the
Cross, so he now knows that he has received the free pardon of Christ and is
numbered among the elect. It might seem that all the crises of the pilgrimage
were past, yet this initiation of grace is not the end of the drama but the
beginning. Christian, and the companions who join him, Faithful and Hopeful, are
fixed in the path of salvation, so that it is the horrors of the temptations
they have to undergo that engage the reader's attention. The reader views
Christian's agonized striving through his own eyes and shares Christian's
uncertainty about the outcome.
Though conscientiously symbolic throughout, the narrative
of The Pilgrim's Progress does not lose the feel of common life. In the
character sketches and humorous passages scattered throughout the book, Bunyan's
genius for realistic observation prevents the conversion allegory from becoming
too inward and obsessed. Bunyan displays
a sharp eye for behaviour and a sardonic sense of humour in his portrayals of
such reprobates as Ignorance and Talkative; these moral types are endowed with
the liveliness of individuals by a deft etching in of a few dominant features
and gestures. And finally, Christian himself is a transcript from life; Bunyan,
the physician of souls with a shrewd eye for backsliders, had faithfully
observed his own spiritual growth.
The Pilgrim's Progress
was instantly popular with all social classes upon its publication, though it
was perhaps the last great expression of the folk tradition of the common people
before the divisive effects of modern enlightened education began to be felt.
|
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À̾îÁö¸ç, À̵éÀº ¿µÀûÀÎ °øÆ÷¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Á×À½ÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚÀÇ °è°îÀÇ ¼Ò¸®µé°ú ¾Ç¸¶µéÀº ¹ø¿¬
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³Á¾ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¸Á»ó¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÈ÷°í ½Å°æ¼è¾àÀûÀÎ
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¼ø·ÊÀÚµé°ú ±×µéÀÌ ¸¸³ª´Â ÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ´Ù¾çÇÑ
´ëȵéÀÌ Àü°³µÇ¸ç, "¼ö´Ù(Talktive)"¿Í "¹«Áö(Ignorance)"
°°Àº À§¼±ÀÚµéÀÌ µîÀåÇÏ¸é¼ ¾à°£Àº Á¾±³ÀûÀ̸ç
°¡º¿î À§¾ÈÀ» ÁØ´Ù. "À¯ÄèÇÑ »ê(Delectable
Mountains)"°ú "»ý¸íÀÇ °(River of Life)" ¿·ÀÇ
ÃÊ¿ø °°Àº ÈÞ½Äó¿¡¼ÀÇ ¸Ó¹«¸§Àº ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ» ¹þ¾î³
¿µÀûÀÎ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» ºÒ·¯ ³½´Ù.
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|
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Later life and works.
Bunyan
continued to tend the needs of the Bedford church and
the widening group of East Anglian churches associated with it. As his fame
increased with his literary reputation, he also preached in Congregational
churches in London. Bunyan followed
up the success of The Pilgrim's Progress with other works. His The
Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680) is more like a realistic novel than an
allegory in its portrait of the unrelievedly evil and unrepentant tradesman Mr.
Badman. The book gives an insight into the problems of money and marriage when
the Puritans were settling down after the age of persecution and beginning to
find their social role as an urban middle class. (see also "Life
and Death of Mr. Badman, The")
The Holy War (1682), Bunyan's
second allegory, has a carefully wrought epic structure and is correspondingly
lacking in the spontaneous inward note of The Pilgrim's Progress. The
town of Mansoul is besieged by the hosts of the devil, is relieved by the army
of Emanuel, and is later undermined by further diabolic attacks and plots
against his rule. The metaphor
works on several levels; it represents the conversion and backslidings of the
individual soul, as well as the story of mankind from the Fall through to the
Redemption and the Last Judgment; there is even a more precise historical level
of allegory relating to the persecution of Nonconformists under Charles II. The
Pilgrim's Progress, Second Part (1684), tells the story of the pilgrimage of
Christian's wife, Christiana, and her children to the Celestial City. This book
gives a more social and humorous picture of the Christian life than the First
Part and shows Bunyan lapsing
from high drama into comedy, but the great concluding passage on the summoning
of the pilgrims to cross the River of Death is perhaps the finest single thing Bunyan
ever wrote. (see also "Holy
War, The")
In spite of his ministerial responsibilities Bunyan
found time to publish a large number of doctrinal and controversial works
in the last 10 years of his life. He also composed rough but workmanlike verse
of religious exhortation; one of his most interesting later volumes is the
children's book A Book for Boys and Girls (1686), vigorous poems serving
as comments on emblematic pictures.
Bunyan died
in 1688, in London, after one of his preaching visits, and was buried in Bunhill
Fields, the Nonconformists' traditional burying ground.
|
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µû¶ó¼ ¡´Ãµ·Î¿ªÁ¤¡µ¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ³»¸éÀû
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¸¶±ÍÀÇ ±º´ë°¡ ¿¡¸¶´º¿¤ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê °ø°Ý°ú
À½¸ð¸¦ °¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¾àȵǾú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀºÀ¯´Â Ÿ¶ô ¶§ºÎÅÍ ±¸¼Ó(ÏáÛ)°ú
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¸íÈ®ÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Â÷¿ø±îÁöµµ ´ã°Ü ÀÖ´Ù. ¡´¼Ó õ·Î¿ªÁ¤ The
Pilgrim's Progress, Second Part¡µ(1684)Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÇ ¾Æ³»
Å©¸®½ºÆ¼³ª°¡ ÀÚ³àµéÀ» µ¥¸®°í ¼ø·ÊÇÏ´Â À̾߱âÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ
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»ç±³ÀûÀ̰í À¯¸Ó·¯½ºÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¼ø·ÊÀڵ鿡°Ô 'Á×À½ÀÇ
°'À» °Ç³Êµµ·Ï ºÎ¸£´Â ³»¿ëÀÇ Àå¾öÇÑ °á·ÐºÎ´Â ¾Æ¸¶
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¸ÃÀº Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÄÇÁö¸¸ »ý¾ÖÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· 10³â µ¿¾È ½Ã°£À» ³»¾î
¼ö¸¹Àº ±³¸® ¹× ³íÀX¦ Æì³Â´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °ÅÄ¥±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸
½Å¾Ó±³ÈÆÀ» ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ½Ã¸¦ ½è´Âµ¥, ÀÌ °¡¿îµ¥
°¡Àå Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ¸»³âÀÇ ÀÛǰÁýÀº ¾î¸°À̵éÀÇ Ã¥ÀÎ ¡´¼Ò³â
¼Ò³àµéÀ» À§ÇÑ Ã¥ A Book for Boys and Girls¡µ(1686)À¸·Î¼ »ó¡ÀûÀÎ
»ðȵé°ú ÇÔ²² Ȱ±âÂù ½Ãµé·Î ¿«¾îÁ³´Ù.
Á¦ÀÓ½º 2¼¼
Ä¡ÇÏ¿¡¼ ºñ±¹±³µµµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ°¡ ´Ù½Ã ½ÃÀ۵ǾúÀ» ¶§,
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Àç»êÀ» ¹°·ÁÁÜÀ¸·Î½á °¡Á·À» º¸È£Çß´Ù(1685. 12). Á¦ÀÓ½º°¡
·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯±³µµµé¿¡°Ô ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Çã¶ôÇϱâ À§ÇØ
°³½Å±³ ºñ±¹±³µµµéÀ» ȸÀ¯ÇÏ·Á°í ÇßÀ» ¶§, ¹ö´Ï¾ðÀº °üÁ÷À»
Á¦ÀÇÇÏ´Â ¿ÕÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀÚ ¿¡ÀÏÁî¹ö¸® °æÀÇ °¨¾ðÀ̼³À»
ÁöÇý·Ó°Ô ¹°¸®ÃÆ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×´Â Àڱ⠱³È¸ÀÇ ±³ÀεéÀÌ
ÀçÁ¶Á÷µÈ º£µåÆÛµå ¹ýÀο¡¼ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
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·±´ø¿¡¼ Á×¾ú´Ù. ·±´ø¿¡ ¿À±â Àü¿¡ ±×´Â ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ¾Æµé
»çÀÌ¿¡ ¹ú¾îÁø ºÒȸ¦ ¹«¸¶ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÉÇÑ ºñ¸¦ ¸ÂÀ¸¸ç
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ºñ±¹±³µµµéÀÇ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ¹¦Áö·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹øÈúÇÊÁî¿¡ ¹¯Çû´Ù.
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Reputation.
Until the decline of religious faith and
the great increase in books of popular instruction in the 19th century, The
Pilgrim's Progress, like the Bible, was to be found in every English home
and was known to every ordinary reader. In literary estimation, however, Bunyan
remained beyond the pale of polite literature during the 18th century,
though his greatness was acknowledged by Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson.
After the Romantic movement he was recognized as a type of the natural genius
and placed alongside Homer and Robert Burns. Twentieth-century scholarship has
made it possible to see how much he owed to the tradition of homiletic prose and
to Puritan literary genres already developed when he began to write. But the
sublime tinker remains sublime, if less isolated from his fellows than was
formerly thought; the genius of The Pilgrim's Progress remains valid.
Nothing illustrates better the profound symbolic truth of this noted work than
its continuing ability, even in translation, to evoke responses in readers
belonging to widely separated cultural traditions.
(R.S./Ed.)
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Æò°¡
19¼¼±â¿¡ Á¾±³Àû ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ¼èÅðÇÏ°í ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ ±³ÈƼµéÀÌ
Å©°Ô ´Ã¾î³ª±â Àü¸¸ ÇØµµ ¹ö´Ï¾ðÀÇ Àú¼´Â ¼º¼Ã³·³ ¸ðµç
¿µ±¹ÀÎ °¡Á¤¿¡¼ ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í ¸ðµç ÀÏ¹Ý µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹®ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÁÁÀº Æò°¡¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇØ
18¼¼±â ³»³» ¼ø¼ö¹®ÇÐÀÇ ¹Ý¿¿¡ ³¢Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ À§´ë¼ºÀ»
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀº ½ºÀ§ÇÁÆ®¿Í Á¸½¼»ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ³¶¸¸ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ
³¡³ µÚ¿¡¾ß ¼±ÃµÀûÀÎ Àç´ÉÀ» Áö´Ñ ÀÛ°¡·Î ÀÎÁ¤À» ¹Þ¾Ò°í,
È£¸Þ·Î½º³ª ·Î¹öÆ® ¹ø½º¿Í ¾î±ú¸¦ ³ª¶õÈ÷ ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 20¼¼±â¿¡
µé¾î¿Í ¹ö´Ï¾ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ º»°ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁüÀ¸·Î½á
±×°¡ ±ÛÀ» ¾²±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ» ¶§ ÀÌ¹Ì ¹ßÀüÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¼³±³Ã¼
»ê¹®ÀÇ ÀüÅë°ú û±³µµ ¹®ÇÐ À帣µéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº
¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ãƴ°¡¸¦ ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¿¹Àü¿¡ »ý°¢Çß´ø
°Í¸¸Å Ź¿ùÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø°ÚÁö¸¸, ¡´Ãµ·Î¿ªÁ¤¡µÀÇ
õÀ缺Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Å©°Ô ´Ù¸¥ ¹®È ÀüÅë¿¡
¼ÓÇÑ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô±îÁö ¹ø¿ª¼¸¦ ÅëÇØ ²ÙÁØÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ»
ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ À¯¸íÇÑ Ã¥ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ½É¿ÀÇÑ »ó¡Àû
Áø¸®¸¦ ´ã°í Àִ°¡¸¦ ÀÔÁõÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
R.Sharrock ±Û
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Biographical and critical works include
John Brown, John Bunyan: His
Life, Times, and Work, new ed. rev. by Frank Mott Harrison (1928), heavily
documented and still useful; Henri Talon, John Bunyan: The Man and His Works (1951, reprinted 1976); Ola
Elizabeth Winslow, John Bunyan (1961),
a straightforward and readable biography; Monica Furlong, Puritan's Progress (1975);
Lynn Veach Sadler, John Bunyan (1979),
an introduction; Christopher Hill, A Turbulent, Seditious, and Factious
People: John Bunyan and His
Church, 1628-1688 (1988; also published as A Tinker and a Poor Man, 1989),
placing Bunyan within a radical
tradition; William York Tindall, John Bunyan, Mechanick Preacher (1934, reissued 1964), on the
background of the sects; Richard L. Greaves, John Bunyan (1969), on his theology; Roger Sharrock, John Bunyan,
new ed. (1968, reprinted 1984), and John Bunyan:
"The Pilgrim's Progress" (1966), both critical studies; E.
Beatrice Batson, John Bunyan:
Allegory and Imagination (1984), a study of the literary merits of Bunyan's
writings; and three collections of essays: Vincent Newey (ed.), The Pilgrim's
Progress: Critical and Historical Views (1980); N.H. Keeble (ed.), John Bunyan--Conventicle
and Parnassus (1988); and Robert G. Collmer (ed.), Bunyan
in Our Time (1989).
Á¸ ¹ö´Ï¾ðÀÇ »ý¾Ö : J. ¹ö´Ï¾ð,
¼Û±¤Åà ¿ª, »ý¸íÀǸ»¾¸»ç,
1990
õ·Î¿ªÁ¤ :
Á¸ ¹ö´Ï¾ð, Á¸ ¹ö´Ï¾ð,
Áö¼º¹®È»ç, 1984
ÀºÇý·Î ±¸¿ø¹Þ´Ù :
Á¸ ¹ö´Ï¾ð, ÀÌÁ¤¿Á ¿ª,
»ý¸íÀǸ»¾¸»ç,
1982
ÇÏ´Ã °¡´Â ±æ :
ÇÏ´Ã °¡´Â ±æ, ±èÃæ³² Æí¿ª,
¹éÇÕÃâÆÇ»ç,
1973
¿äÇÑ ¹ø¿¬ :
·ùÇü±â, Çѱ¹±âµ¶±³¹®È¿ø, 1978
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Related Links
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[ À§·Î ] [ John Bunyan - by Thomas Babington Macaulay ]
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